ulrich krause - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by ulrich krause

Batteries

In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate th... more In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate thermal runaway and the release of gases from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Single cells, double cells, and a four-cell battery stack were forced to undergo thermal runaway inside an air-tight reactor vessel with a volume of 100 dm3. The study involved two series of tests with two types of ignition sources. In the Series 1 tests, a heating plug was used to initiate thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 80–89% and 90–100% SOC. In the Series 2 tests, a heating plate was used to trigger thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 30–50%, 80–89%, and 90–100% SOC. Thermal runaway started at an onset temperature of 344 ± 5 K and 345 K for the Series 1 tests and from 393 ± 36 K to 487 ± 10 K for the Series 2 tests. Peak reaction temperatures ranged between 642 K and 1184 K, while the maximum pressures observed were between 1.2 bar and 7.28 bar. Thermal runaway induced explosion of the cells and l...

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2016

At some universities process engineering graduates quit having heard little or even nothing about... more At some universities process engineering graduates quit having heard little or even nothing about process safety. Consequently, in their professional live they have two options to tackle process safety issues: training on-the-job or leaving process safety issues entirely to specialists or external consultants. Firstly, the question arises what might be an "optimum" level of safety-related knowledge to be taken up during chemical and process engineering university programmes. Secondly, the professional profile of the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Manager is discussed. HSE managers in industry have to cover a wide range of different items ranging from occupational safety and health to hazardous materials management and environmental protection including even legal problems. Hence, they have to be all-rounders with a good engineering background, but inevitably they will have limited knowledge concerning details of process safety. In this case the question is, if this p...

TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series, 2016

Engineering based calculation procedures in fire safety science often consist of unknown or uncer... more Engineering based calculation procedures in fire safety science often consist of unknown or uncertain input data which are to be estimated by the engineer using appropriate and plausible assumptions. Thereby, errors in this data are induced in the calculation and thus, impact the number as well as the reliability of the results. In this paper a procedure is presented to directly quantify and consider unknown input properties in the process of calculation using distribution functions and Monte-Carlo Simulations. A sensitivity analysis reveals the properties which have a major impact on the calculation reliability. Furthermore, the results are compared to the numerical models of CFAST and FDS.

Investigation of the ignition behavior (minimum ignition temperature (MIT)) of hybrid mixtures of... more Investigation of the ignition behavior (minimum ignition temperature (MIT)) of hybrid mixtures of dusts and gases has been undertaken. This was achieved by performing series of test in the modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace. The materials used are, gases (methane, propane and hydrogen) and dust (starch, lycopodium, toner, wood and CN4 (mixture of bituminous and brown coal)). The test protocol for testing the MIT for dust was according to E1491-06 while in the case of gas and hybrid mixture the same standard was used but with slight modification. The experimental results demonstrate the significant decrease of the MIT of either gas or dust and increase in explosion likelihood when small amount dust which is either below the minimum explosion concentration or not ignitable itself are admixture with gas and vice versa. For example the MIT of methane decreases from 600°C to 530° when small amount of toner which is not ignitable at the MIT of methane was added to it. The same effect was noticed when a small amount of gas was added to dust for example, wood with MIT of 460°C decreases to 420°C when a small amount of methane which is not ignitable at the MIT of wood was added. The result also confirm that an explosion is possible for a process or a system where hybrid mixtures are generated even if the temperature is below the MIT of a single substance and hence the MIT of hybrid mixtures cannot be predicted by simply overlapping the effects of the single dust or gas.

This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known... more This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nanopowders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nanopowders. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified setup. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano aluminium did not generally show such behaviour.

TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series, 2014

For assessing fire loads in industrial buildings it is essential to quantify the burning behavior... more For assessing fire loads in industrial buildings it is essential to quantify the burning behavior of materials as accurate as adequate. There for the combustion efficiency is used. To determine the combustion efficiency required energies and energy rates can be measured via Cone Calorimeter. Exemplified by two polymers, polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate, these parameters are determined and analyzed with regard to the calculation of the combustion efficiency.

cause fire or explosion if precautionary measures are not recommended circuit protection. • Do no... more cause fire or explosion if precautionary measures are not recommended circuit protection. • Do not Fire Prevention Handbook, 20th Edition, available. fire protection engineering, is Chief Fire Prevention Engineer at Saudi Aramco, and the third edition of his book, "Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles People involved with fire and explosion prevention, such as engineers and designers, will. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering-2nd Edition. Tank Fire Protection.pdf * NFPA/1_2000 Fire Prevention Code.pdf * NFPA/1000-2000. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles-for Oil, Gas, fire and explosion prevention and protection aspects of these critical facilities. In this study, the critical fire and explosion properties stand for the explosion sensitivity (lower industrial processes for a proactive loss prevention program. The experimentally Fire protection handbook. 17th ed. National Fire for future research. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 09/2012, 90(5):389-403.

Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2005

It has been known for a long time that combustible bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if st... more It has been known for a long time that combustible bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if stored in sufficient amounts at adequate ambient temperatures. Most of the studies according to this problem refer to atmospheric ambient conditions (oxygen volume fraction of 21 %). In some technical applications, however, bulk materials are processed or stored at a reduced level of oxygen concentration. Besides the oxygen volume fraction, the moisture content of the bulk material itself as well as the humidity of the ambient air effect self-ignition. The current paper presents experimental investigations on the influence of the volume fraction of oxygen on the self-ignition temperature of the bulk materials. The lower the oxygen volume fraction in the surrounding gas, the higher is the self-ignition temperature as a general trend. Furthermore, tests on this topic showed that sub-critical deposits of bulk materials could become super-critical by pouring water into the bulk or by exposing a dry bulk sample to humid air. Besides the experiments, a numerical model was established which allows to compute the process of heating and self-ignition in bulk deposits. Technical applications of the model cover safe storage of dusts, granulate, bulk materials and wastes.

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 2002

On draftmg a new European standard "Gas Explosion Venting Protective Systems" a lack of data has ... more On draftmg a new European standard "Gas Explosion Venting Protective Systems" a lack of data has been tdenttfied for ventmg at low acttvation pressures Therefore, expertments have been performed on vented gas explosions usmg bursting fads of different strength Cyhnders of dtfferent volumes and length-to-dtameter ratios (L/D) have been used as explosion vessels The vessels were made from glass to make the flame propagatron observable by a high-speed vtdeo system For the dependence of the reduced explosion pressure pred on L/D a maxtmum occurred for L/D about 3. Thts could be shown for vessels of different volumes and for drfferent vent stzes Usmg bursting foils of different strength tt could be shown that the pressure evolutton after the vent had opened, depended on the acttvatton pressure only, when the vent srze was to small to prevent a second peak in the pressurettme curve

Fire Safety Science, 2008

Fires in storage facilities of bulk goods, recycling materials, granules or dusts are mostly smou... more Fires in storage facilities of bulk goods, recycling materials, granules or dusts are mostly smouldering or glowing fires producing large amounts of gases which are released to the environment. Many of these fires are due to preceding self-ignition of the material. The current paper presents investigations on lab-scale on the influence of the volume fraction of oxygen in the gas surrounding the bulk material on the reaction temperatures, the mass loss and the composition of the flue gas during smouldering fires triggered by selfignition. This reflects the conditions present e.g. in silo fires, where the access of oxygen to the reaction zone is hampered. The composition of gaseous reaction products was measured using FTIR spectroscopy, the mass loss of the solid fraction during the combustion was observed using a thermogravimetric scale. It was found that the volume fraction of oxygen significantly changes reaction temperatures, the rate of mass loss and the composition of the flue gas.

Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards, 2013

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2015

ABSTRACT Behavior of dust/air mixtures is very complex and difficult to predict since it depends ... more ABSTRACT Behavior of dust/air mixtures is very complex and difficult to predict since it depends on material properties as well as boundary conditions. Without other influences airborne particles deposit due to gravity but the time it takes for total deposition as well as easiness of resurrection depends very much on the specific dust sample and the boundary conditions. It still lacks a complete understanding of all interacting reasons and one approach is using experimentally determined characteristics, one is named dustiness.

Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2012

Process Safety Progress, 1994

ABSTRACT

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2014

ABSTRACT Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel ... more ABSTRACT Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel can only be done with some uncertainty due to the complexity of the behavior of dust/air mixtures. Dust concentration was measured in a 50 m³ vessel and compared to simulations with a commercial CFD code. A 50 m³ silo was used with two different filling methods. In one setup dust was conveyed with pneumatic filling at the top. The other filling was done with pressurized air and a homogenous injection via eight nozzles. Experiments were repeated three to four times with two kinds of dusts and the results were used to evaluate reproducibility of dust concentration measurements over time in a vessel depending on the filling method. Dust concentrations over time varied up to 30% from the average for homogenous injection and even more for pneumatic filling. Numerical investigations were done with maize starch. Measured concentrations were compared to simulated ones with the commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX R14 using an Euler/Lagrange approach. Drag force, turbulent dispersion force, particle size distribution, particle surface area and particle/particle interaction were modeled. A general agreement of measurement and simulation was achieved. Numerical simulations of filling processes were used to predict parts of the vessel were the lower explosion limit is reached and exceeded. This could help to improve dust explosion protection, if it is used to find configurations where the dust concentration exceeds the lower explosion limit only in small parts of the vessel during filling, e.g. using different injection points or injection angles. The volume were LEL is reached or exceeded in a 50 m³ silo are shown for pneumatic and homogenous filling. Volume of combustible atmosphere in the vessel over time is compared for two pneumatic filling configurations and one worst-case homogenous injection configuration.

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2000

Dust explosions are time-dependent flame propagation processes. Their description with “lumped pa... more Dust explosions are time-dependent flame propagation processes. Their description with “lumped parameter models” like the KSt value are of limited validity only. More evidence of the process of flame propagation may be expected from an investigation of the flame velocity being composed by the laminar and turbulent velocities and the flow velocity. In the present paper the influences of the dust concentration and the flow velocity have been investigated by experiments in tube apparatus of three different diameters showing the dominating influence of the flow velocity and the turbulent rms velocity on the flame propagation.In addition, laminar and turbulent flame propagation has been investigated by an appropriate numerical model. Furthermore flow structures and particle distributions have been computed in a real size grain silo to assess the effects of possible explosions.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003

Letter to the Editor Some comments on the paper of H. Fierz: Influence of heat transport mechanis... more Letter to the Editor Some comments on the paper of H. Fierz: Influence of heat transport mechanisms on transport classification by SADT-measurement as measured by the Dewar-method We would like to comment on a paper by Fierz [1], recently published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials. Fierz [1] draws some conclusions concerning the scale-up applicability of the H.4 Dewar test method [2] to solid self-reactive substances. His main points are:

Fire Safety Journal, 2001

ABSTRACT

Batteries

In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate th... more In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate thermal runaway and the release of gases from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Single cells, double cells, and a four-cell battery stack were forced to undergo thermal runaway inside an air-tight reactor vessel with a volume of 100 dm3. The study involved two series of tests with two types of ignition sources. In the Series 1 tests, a heating plug was used to initiate thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 80–89% and 90–100% SOC. In the Series 2 tests, a heating plate was used to trigger thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 30–50%, 80–89%, and 90–100% SOC. Thermal runaway started at an onset temperature of 344 ± 5 K and 345 K for the Series 1 tests and from 393 ± 36 K to 487 ± 10 K for the Series 2 tests. Peak reaction temperatures ranged between 642 K and 1184 K, while the maximum pressures observed were between 1.2 bar and 7.28 bar. Thermal runaway induced explosion of the cells and l...

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2016

At some universities process engineering graduates quit having heard little or even nothing about... more At some universities process engineering graduates quit having heard little or even nothing about process safety. Consequently, in their professional live they have two options to tackle process safety issues: training on-the-job or leaving process safety issues entirely to specialists or external consultants. Firstly, the question arises what might be an "optimum" level of safety-related knowledge to be taken up during chemical and process engineering university programmes. Secondly, the professional profile of the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Manager is discussed. HSE managers in industry have to cover a wide range of different items ranging from occupational safety and health to hazardous materials management and environmental protection including even legal problems. Hence, they have to be all-rounders with a good engineering background, but inevitably they will have limited knowledge concerning details of process safety. In this case the question is, if this p...

TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series, 2016

Engineering based calculation procedures in fire safety science often consist of unknown or uncer... more Engineering based calculation procedures in fire safety science often consist of unknown or uncertain input data which are to be estimated by the engineer using appropriate and plausible assumptions. Thereby, errors in this data are induced in the calculation and thus, impact the number as well as the reliability of the results. In this paper a procedure is presented to directly quantify and consider unknown input properties in the process of calculation using distribution functions and Monte-Carlo Simulations. A sensitivity analysis reveals the properties which have a major impact on the calculation reliability. Furthermore, the results are compared to the numerical models of CFAST and FDS.

Investigation of the ignition behavior (minimum ignition temperature (MIT)) of hybrid mixtures of... more Investigation of the ignition behavior (minimum ignition temperature (MIT)) of hybrid mixtures of dusts and gases has been undertaken. This was achieved by performing series of test in the modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace. The materials used are, gases (methane, propane and hydrogen) and dust (starch, lycopodium, toner, wood and CN4 (mixture of bituminous and brown coal)). The test protocol for testing the MIT for dust was according to E1491-06 while in the case of gas and hybrid mixture the same standard was used but with slight modification. The experimental results demonstrate the significant decrease of the MIT of either gas or dust and increase in explosion likelihood when small amount dust which is either below the minimum explosion concentration or not ignitable itself are admixture with gas and vice versa. For example the MIT of methane decreases from 600°C to 530° when small amount of toner which is not ignitable at the MIT of methane was added to it. The same effect was noticed when a small amount of gas was added to dust for example, wood with MIT of 460°C decreases to 420°C when a small amount of methane which is not ignitable at the MIT of wood was added. The result also confirm that an explosion is possible for a process or a system where hybrid mixtures are generated even if the temperature is below the MIT of a single substance and hence the MIT of hybrid mixtures cannot be predicted by simply overlapping the effects of the single dust or gas.

This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known... more This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nanopowders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nanopowders. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified setup. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano aluminium did not generally show such behaviour.

TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series, 2014

For assessing fire loads in industrial buildings it is essential to quantify the burning behavior... more For assessing fire loads in industrial buildings it is essential to quantify the burning behavior of materials as accurate as adequate. There for the combustion efficiency is used. To determine the combustion efficiency required energies and energy rates can be measured via Cone Calorimeter. Exemplified by two polymers, polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate, these parameters are determined and analyzed with regard to the calculation of the combustion efficiency.

cause fire or explosion if precautionary measures are not recommended circuit protection. • Do no... more cause fire or explosion if precautionary measures are not recommended circuit protection. • Do not Fire Prevention Handbook, 20th Edition, available. fire protection engineering, is Chief Fire Prevention Engineer at Saudi Aramco, and the third edition of his book, "Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles People involved with fire and explosion prevention, such as engineers and designers, will. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering-2nd Edition. Tank Fire Protection.pdf * NFPA/1_2000 Fire Prevention Code.pdf * NFPA/1000-2000. Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles-for Oil, Gas, fire and explosion prevention and protection aspects of these critical facilities. In this study, the critical fire and explosion properties stand for the explosion sensitivity (lower industrial processes for a proactive loss prevention program. The experimentally Fire protection handbook. 17th ed. National Fire for future research. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 09/2012, 90(5):389-403.

Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2005

It has been known for a long time that combustible bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if st... more It has been known for a long time that combustible bulk materials may undergo self-ignition if stored in sufficient amounts at adequate ambient temperatures. Most of the studies according to this problem refer to atmospheric ambient conditions (oxygen volume fraction of 21 %). In some technical applications, however, bulk materials are processed or stored at a reduced level of oxygen concentration. Besides the oxygen volume fraction, the moisture content of the bulk material itself as well as the humidity of the ambient air effect self-ignition. The current paper presents experimental investigations on the influence of the volume fraction of oxygen on the self-ignition temperature of the bulk materials. The lower the oxygen volume fraction in the surrounding gas, the higher is the self-ignition temperature as a general trend. Furthermore, tests on this topic showed that sub-critical deposits of bulk materials could become super-critical by pouring water into the bulk or by exposing a dry bulk sample to humid air. Besides the experiments, a numerical model was established which allows to compute the process of heating and self-ignition in bulk deposits. Technical applications of the model cover safe storage of dusts, granulate, bulk materials and wastes.

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 2002

On draftmg a new European standard "Gas Explosion Venting Protective Systems" a lack of data has ... more On draftmg a new European standard "Gas Explosion Venting Protective Systems" a lack of data has been tdenttfied for ventmg at low acttvation pressures Therefore, expertments have been performed on vented gas explosions usmg bursting fads of different strength Cyhnders of dtfferent volumes and length-to-dtameter ratios (L/D) have been used as explosion vessels The vessels were made from glass to make the flame propagatron observable by a high-speed vtdeo system For the dependence of the reduced explosion pressure pred on L/D a maxtmum occurred for L/D about 3. Thts could be shown for vessels of different volumes and for drfferent vent stzes Usmg bursting foils of different strength tt could be shown that the pressure evolutton after the vent had opened, depended on the acttvatton pressure only, when the vent srze was to small to prevent a second peak in the pressurettme curve

Fire Safety Science, 2008

Fires in storage facilities of bulk goods, recycling materials, granules or dusts are mostly smou... more Fires in storage facilities of bulk goods, recycling materials, granules or dusts are mostly smouldering or glowing fires producing large amounts of gases which are released to the environment. Many of these fires are due to preceding self-ignition of the material. The current paper presents investigations on lab-scale on the influence of the volume fraction of oxygen in the gas surrounding the bulk material on the reaction temperatures, the mass loss and the composition of the flue gas during smouldering fires triggered by selfignition. This reflects the conditions present e.g. in silo fires, where the access of oxygen to the reaction zone is hampered. The composition of gaseous reaction products was measured using FTIR spectroscopy, the mass loss of the solid fraction during the combustion was observed using a thermogravimetric scale. It was found that the volume fraction of oxygen significantly changes reaction temperatures, the rate of mass loss and the composition of the flue gas.

Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards, 2013

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2015

ABSTRACT Behavior of dust/air mixtures is very complex and difficult to predict since it depends ... more ABSTRACT Behavior of dust/air mixtures is very complex and difficult to predict since it depends on material properties as well as boundary conditions. Without other influences airborne particles deposit due to gravity but the time it takes for total deposition as well as easiness of resurrection depends very much on the specific dust sample and the boundary conditions. It still lacks a complete understanding of all interacting reasons and one approach is using experimentally determined characteristics, one is named dustiness.

Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2012

Process Safety Progress, 1994

ABSTRACT

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2014

ABSTRACT Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel ... more ABSTRACT Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel can only be done with some uncertainty due to the complexity of the behavior of dust/air mixtures. Dust concentration was measured in a 50 m³ vessel and compared to simulations with a commercial CFD code. A 50 m³ silo was used with two different filling methods. In one setup dust was conveyed with pneumatic filling at the top. The other filling was done with pressurized air and a homogenous injection via eight nozzles. Experiments were repeated three to four times with two kinds of dusts and the results were used to evaluate reproducibility of dust concentration measurements over time in a vessel depending on the filling method. Dust concentrations over time varied up to 30% from the average for homogenous injection and even more for pneumatic filling. Numerical investigations were done with maize starch. Measured concentrations were compared to simulated ones with the commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX R14 using an Euler/Lagrange approach. Drag force, turbulent dispersion force, particle size distribution, particle surface area and particle/particle interaction were modeled. A general agreement of measurement and simulation was achieved. Numerical simulations of filling processes were used to predict parts of the vessel were the lower explosion limit is reached and exceeded. This could help to improve dust explosion protection, if it is used to find configurations where the dust concentration exceeds the lower explosion limit only in small parts of the vessel during filling, e.g. using different injection points or injection angles. The volume were LEL is reached or exceeded in a 50 m³ silo are shown for pneumatic and homogenous filling. Volume of combustible atmosphere in the vessel over time is compared for two pneumatic filling configurations and one worst-case homogenous injection configuration.

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2000

Dust explosions are time-dependent flame propagation processes. Their description with “lumped pa... more Dust explosions are time-dependent flame propagation processes. Their description with “lumped parameter models” like the KSt value are of limited validity only. More evidence of the process of flame propagation may be expected from an investigation of the flame velocity being composed by the laminar and turbulent velocities and the flow velocity. In the present paper the influences of the dust concentration and the flow velocity have been investigated by experiments in tube apparatus of three different diameters showing the dominating influence of the flow velocity and the turbulent rms velocity on the flame propagation.In addition, laminar and turbulent flame propagation has been investigated by an appropriate numerical model. Furthermore flow structures and particle distributions have been computed in a real size grain silo to assess the effects of possible explosions.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003

Letter to the Editor Some comments on the paper of H. Fierz: Influence of heat transport mechanis... more Letter to the Editor Some comments on the paper of H. Fierz: Influence of heat transport mechanisms on transport classification by SADT-measurement as measured by the Dewar-method We would like to comment on a paper by Fierz [1], recently published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials. Fierz [1] draws some conclusions concerning the scale-up applicability of the H.4 Dewar test method [2] to solid self-reactive substances. His main points are:

Fire Safety Journal, 2001

ABSTRACT