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Research paper thumbnail of 14 Global ocean and sea ice (Part 1/3)

Springer eBooks, Mar 29, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 3: Atlantic Ocean - eScholarship

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Volume 3: Atlantic Ocean

Research paper thumbnail of Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for... more Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier—fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the ...

Research paper thumbnail of A new automatic quality control system for ocean profile observations and impact on ocean warming estimate

Research paper thumbnail of To the construction of ocean climatologies

Blue-Action and ASOF Workshop 2019 on "Representativeness of ocean observations and Flux cal... more Blue-Action and ASOF Workshop 2019 on "Representativeness of ocean observations and Flux calculations" held at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen (DK) on 24 -26 April 2019. Invited talk.

Research paper thumbnail of Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Niña Conditions

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2022

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps hea... more The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by 16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR in 1924

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Albacora in 1979

Research paper thumbnail of Description of the HASO validation flags

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean in original file formats (24 MB, zipped)

Research paper thumbnail of Instrument-related temperature biases and their impact on estimation of the long-term ocean temperature variability

Research paper thumbnail of The GITEWS ocean bottom sensor packages

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2010

The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) aims at reducing the risks posed by e... more The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) aims at reducing the risks posed by events such as the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. To minimize the lead time for tsunami alerts, to avoid false alarms, and to accurately predict tsunami wave heights, realtime observations of ocean bottom pressure from the deep ocean are required. As part of the GITEWS infrastructure, the parallel development of two ocean bottom sensor packages, PACT (Pressure based Acoustically Coupled Tsunameter) and OBU (Ocean Bottom Unit), was initiated. The sensor package requirements included bidirectional acoustic links between the bottom sensor packages and the hosting surface buoys, which are moored nearby. Furthermore, compatibility between these sensor systems and the overall GITEWS data-flow structure and command hierarchy was mandatory. While PACT aims at providing highly reliable, long term bottom pressure data only, OBU is based on ocean bottom seismometers to concurrently record sea-floor motion, necessitating highest data rates. This paper presents the technical design of PACT, OBU and the HydroAcoustic Modem (HAM.node) which is used by both systems, along with first results from instrument deployments off Indonesia.

Research paper thumbnail of Using GEBCO digital bathymetry to infer depth biases in the XBT data

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of CODC-v1: a quality-controlled and bias-corrected ocean temperature profile database from 1940–2023

Scientific data, Jun 22, 2024

High-quality ocean in situ profile observations are fundamental for ocean and climate research an... more High-quality ocean in situ profile observations are fundamental for ocean and climate research and operational oceanographic applications. Here we describe a new global ocean subsurface temperature profile database named the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Oceanography Data Center version 1 (CODC-v1). This database contains over 17 million temperature profiles between 1940-2023 from all available instruments. The major data source is the World Ocean Database (WOD), but CODC-v1 also includes some data from some Chinese institutes which are not available in WOD. The data are quality-controlled (QC-ed) by a new QC system that considers the skewness of local temperature distributions, topographic barriers, and the shift of temperature distributions due to climate change. Biases in Mechanical Bathythermographs (MBTs), eXpendable Bathythermographs (XBTs), and Bottle data (OSD) are all corrected using recently proposed correction schemes, which makes CODC-v1 a biascorrected dataset. These aspects ensure the data quality of the CODC-v1 database, making it suitable for a wide spectrum of ocean and climate research and applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Die KLIWAS Nordseeklimatologie für ozeanographische und meteorologische In-Situ Daten

Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation: Stammer, Detlef; Bersch, Manfred; Sadikni, Remon; ... more Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation: Stammer, Detlef; Bersch, Manfred; Sadikni, Remon; Jahnke-Bornemann, Annika; Gouretski, Viktor; Hinrichs, Iris; Heinrich, Hartmut; Klein, Birgit; Klein, Holger; Schade, Nils; Rosenhagen, Gudrun; Tinz, Birger; Lefebvre, Christiana (2014): Die KLIWAS Nordseeklimatologie für ozeanographische und meteorologische In-Situ Daten. Koblenz: Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (KLIWAS Schriftenreihe, 59/2014). https://doi.org/10.5675/Kliwas_59/2014_Nordseeklimatologie.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE): Volume 1: Southern Ocean

SIDALC - Servicio de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuaria de las Americas.

Research paper thumbnail of Decadal variability of winter nutrient concentrations in the northern North Sea

A biogeochemical North Sea Climatology (NSBC) for a suite of biogeochemical parameters in the wid... more A biogeochemical North Sea Climatology (NSBC) for a suite of biogeochemical parameters in the wider North Sea Region has been constructed for 1960 – 2014 based on observational data from different data centers. Standardization of the observational data in terms of data format and physical units of the parameters was necessary to be able to merge the observations to a final data set without duplicates. Furthermore, quality control of the merged data set was required to eliminate erroneous observations that would bias the final result. The final data set consists of monthly averaged vertically resolved data on a 0.25◦ x 0.25◦ grid.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Ocean and Sea Ice

Research paper thumbnail of Primary data sets of the hydrographic atlas of the Southern Ocean

The general knowledge of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean is still rather incompl... more The general knowledge of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean is still rather incomplete since observations particularly in the ice covered regions are cumbersome to be carried out. But we know from the available information that thermohaline processes have large amplitudes and cover a wide range of scales in this part of the world ocean. The modification of water masses around Antarctica have indeed a worldwide impact, these processes ultimately determine the cold state of the present climate in the world ocean.We have converted efforts of the German and Russian polar research institutions to collect and validate the presently available temperature, salinity and oxygen data of the ocean south of 30°S latitude. We have carried out this work in spite of the fact that the hydrographic programme of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will provide more new information in due time, but its contribution to the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean is quite sparse. The modified picture of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean presented in this atlas may serve the oceanographic community in many ways and help to unravel the role of this ocean in the global climate system.This atlas could only be prepared with the altruistic assistance of many colleagues from various institutions worldwide who have provided us with their data and their advice. Their generous help is gratefully acknowledged. During two years scientists from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven have cooperated in a fruitful way to establish the atlas and the archive of about 38749 validated hydrographic stations. We hope that both sources of information will be widely applied for future ocean studies and will serve as a reference state for global change considerations.

Research paper thumbnail of 14 Global ocean and sea ice (Part 1/3)

Springer eBooks, Mar 29, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 3: Atlantic Ocean - eScholarship

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Volume 3: Atlantic Ocean

Research paper thumbnail of Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for... more Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier—fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the ...

Research paper thumbnail of A new automatic quality control system for ocean profile observations and impact on ocean warming estimate

Research paper thumbnail of To the construction of ocean climatologies

Blue-Action and ASOF Workshop 2019 on "Representativeness of ocean observations and Flux cal... more Blue-Action and ASOF Workshop 2019 on "Representativeness of ocean observations and Flux calculations" held at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen (DK) on 24 -26 April 2019. Invited talk.

Research paper thumbnail of Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Niña Conditions

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2022

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps hea... more The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by 16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR in 1924

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Albacora in 1979

Research paper thumbnail of Description of the HASO validation flags

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean in original file formats (24 MB, zipped)

Research paper thumbnail of Instrument-related temperature biases and their impact on estimation of the long-term ocean temperature variability

Research paper thumbnail of The GITEWS ocean bottom sensor packages

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2010

The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) aims at reducing the risks posed by e... more The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) aims at reducing the risks posed by events such as the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. To minimize the lead time for tsunami alerts, to avoid false alarms, and to accurately predict tsunami wave heights, realtime observations of ocean bottom pressure from the deep ocean are required. As part of the GITEWS infrastructure, the parallel development of two ocean bottom sensor packages, PACT (Pressure based Acoustically Coupled Tsunameter) and OBU (Ocean Bottom Unit), was initiated. The sensor package requirements included bidirectional acoustic links between the bottom sensor packages and the hosting surface buoys, which are moored nearby. Furthermore, compatibility between these sensor systems and the overall GITEWS data-flow structure and command hierarchy was mandatory. While PACT aims at providing highly reliable, long term bottom pressure data only, OBU is based on ocean bottom seismometers to concurrently record sea-floor motion, necessitating highest data rates. This paper presents the technical design of PACT, OBU and the HydroAcoustic Modem (HAM.node) which is used by both systems, along with first results from instrument deployments off Indonesia.

Research paper thumbnail of Using GEBCO digital bathymetry to infer depth biases in the XBT data

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of CODC-v1: a quality-controlled and bias-corrected ocean temperature profile database from 1940–2023

Scientific data, Jun 22, 2024

High-quality ocean in situ profile observations are fundamental for ocean and climate research an... more High-quality ocean in situ profile observations are fundamental for ocean and climate research and operational oceanographic applications. Here we describe a new global ocean subsurface temperature profile database named the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Oceanography Data Center version 1 (CODC-v1). This database contains over 17 million temperature profiles between 1940-2023 from all available instruments. The major data source is the World Ocean Database (WOD), but CODC-v1 also includes some data from some Chinese institutes which are not available in WOD. The data are quality-controlled (QC-ed) by a new QC system that considers the skewness of local temperature distributions, topographic barriers, and the shift of temperature distributions due to climate change. Biases in Mechanical Bathythermographs (MBTs), eXpendable Bathythermographs (XBTs), and Bottle data (OSD) are all corrected using recently proposed correction schemes, which makes CODC-v1 a biascorrected dataset. These aspects ensure the data quality of the CODC-v1 database, making it suitable for a wide spectrum of ocean and climate research and applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Die KLIWAS Nordseeklimatologie für ozeanographische und meteorologische In-Situ Daten

Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation: Stammer, Detlef; Bersch, Manfred; Sadikni, Remon; ... more Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation: Stammer, Detlef; Bersch, Manfred; Sadikni, Remon; Jahnke-Bornemann, Annika; Gouretski, Viktor; Hinrichs, Iris; Heinrich, Hartmut; Klein, Birgit; Klein, Holger; Schade, Nils; Rosenhagen, Gudrun; Tinz, Birger; Lefebvre, Christiana (2014): Die KLIWAS Nordseeklimatologie für ozeanographische und meteorologische In-Situ Daten. Koblenz: Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (KLIWAS Schriftenreihe, 59/2014). https://doi.org/10.5675/Kliwas_59/2014_Nordseeklimatologie.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE): Volume 1: Southern Ocean

SIDALC - Servicio de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuaria de las Americas.

Research paper thumbnail of Decadal variability of winter nutrient concentrations in the northern North Sea

A biogeochemical North Sea Climatology (NSBC) for a suite of biogeochemical parameters in the wid... more A biogeochemical North Sea Climatology (NSBC) for a suite of biogeochemical parameters in the wider North Sea Region has been constructed for 1960 – 2014 based on observational data from different data centers. Standardization of the observational data in terms of data format and physical units of the parameters was necessary to be able to merge the observations to a final data set without duplicates. Furthermore, quality control of the merged data set was required to eliminate erroneous observations that would bias the final result. The final data set consists of monthly averaged vertically resolved data on a 0.25◦ x 0.25◦ grid.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Ocean and Sea Ice

Research paper thumbnail of Primary data sets of the hydrographic atlas of the Southern Ocean

The general knowledge of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean is still rather incompl... more The general knowledge of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean is still rather incomplete since observations particularly in the ice covered regions are cumbersome to be carried out. But we know from the available information that thermohaline processes have large amplitudes and cover a wide range of scales in this part of the world ocean. The modification of water masses around Antarctica have indeed a worldwide impact, these processes ultimately determine the cold state of the present climate in the world ocean.We have converted efforts of the German and Russian polar research institutions to collect and validate the presently available temperature, salinity and oxygen data of the ocean south of 30°S latitude. We have carried out this work in spite of the fact that the hydrographic programme of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will provide more new information in due time, but its contribution to the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean is quite sparse. The modified picture of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean presented in this atlas may serve the oceanographic community in many ways and help to unravel the role of this ocean in the global climate system.This atlas could only be prepared with the altruistic assistance of many colleagues from various institutions worldwide who have provided us with their data and their advice. Their generous help is gratefully acknowledged. During two years scientists from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven have cooperated in a fruitful way to establish the atlas and the archive of about 38749 validated hydrographic stations. We hope that both sources of information will be widely applied for future ocean studies and will serve as a reference state for global change considerations.