william rhode - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by william rhode

Journal of Neurophysiology, 1978

1. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to combinations of noise and tone were obtained. The... more 1. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to combinations of noise and tone were obtained. The results were found to depend on the relative effectiveness of each stimulus when presented alone. 2. When the response rate to one stimulus presented alone was considerably greater than the response rate to the other stimulus presented alone, the more effective stimulus dominated the responses when the two stimuli were combined. The more effective stimulus captured the response of the neuron. Thus, intense noise was found to mask responses to weaker tones, and intense tones were found to mask responses to weaker noise. This masking of the weaker stimulus is thought to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the most prominent response component. 3. When the two stimuli had similar effectiveness, complex interactions occurred. When the tone was near best (characteristic) frequency, partial summation effects occured. The tone partially suppressed the responses to the noise if other frequenci...

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, Jun 3, 2020

Utilization review A critical evaluation (as by a physician or nurse) of health-care services pro... more Utilization review A critical evaluation (as by a physician or nurse) of health-care services provided to patients that is made especially for the purpose of controlling costs and monitoring quality of care.-Merriam-Webster.

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, Nov 26, 2018

Outcomes from arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in the worker's compensation (WC) patient have gen... more Outcomes from arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in the worker's compensation (WC) patient have generally been reported as inferior to the general population although large, dedicated studies of the WC patient are rare. This is a consecutive case series of 69 WC patients that underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. Tear size (cm 2), patient's age and time to surgery as the principal predictors of outcome and final work status. 65.2% of 69 workers achieved RTW status of at least medium level. 73.4% of patients with tear size ≤3cm 2 achieved work status of ≥medium while 31% with tear size >3 cm 2 achieved the same status. 5% of the patients were classified as not being able to return to work under any condition. Patients with increasing age and tear size tended to return to work at a reduced capacity. A 10% decrease in the number of patients achieving a RTW status of ≥medium for every 100 days of delay to repair was demonstrated. Most patients return to a medium work level or greater although outcomes are affected by age, tear size and delay in treatment.

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, Jun 20, 2017

The chronicity of rotator cuff tears and their cause with increasing age has been extensively stu... more The chronicity of rotator cuff tears and their cause with increasing age has been extensively studied resulting in widely varying prevalence estimates. Focusing on a reported prevalence rate that increases with age to as high as 80% for 70 year olds can result in denial of reimbursement for work-related rotator cuff tears based on the presumed existence of underlying tendon pathology. The age at which inherent degeneration of the rotator cuff becomes a consideration in worker's comp judgments is vague at best. There are instances of acute shoulder trauma that occur in individuals as young as 20 years and even younger in athletes before significant tendon degeneration occurs. Multiple studies report low prevalence rates of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears in individuals less than 50 years. Acute shoulder trauma occurring at work in young workers provides strong evidence that the exposure event underlies any resulting shoulder disorder rather than tendon degeneration and as such is compensable. It can be questioned whether work-related acute shoulder trauma occurring at any age should be attributed to inherent tendon degeneration.

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, May 1, 2018

The relationship between the legitimately injured/sickened worker and the insurance carrier payin... more The relationship between the legitimately injured/sickened worker and the insurance carrier paying the medical bills and other compensation is by nature somewhat adversarial. The injured worker wants quality medical treatment to enable a full recovery, and the insurance carrier wants as inexpensive resolution as possible. Disputes can arise when the claims administrator contests employee claims. We have found that, in certain social climates, barriers to care prevent the appropriate implementation of the spirit and legislative intent of the Workers Compensation system.

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, Jan 23, 2016

Work-related aspects of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) have engendered considerable research and de... more Work-related aspects of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) have engendered considerable research and debate resulting from its frequent occurrence in the population along with the cost of addressing it in the work place. Some studies have gone so far as to deny that CTS has any relation to work exposure, rather it largely results from predisposition of individuals. As such, the condition is non compensable leaving workers without any benefits due to their condition. This is despite the fact that high force and repetition of hand movements have been identified as CTS causes for years. As computer use has become endemic in recent years, several studies have concluded that the resulting exposures are insufficient to attribute any occupational causation to it. Rather, it is argued that genetic or worker pre-existing conditions are responsible for CTS development. This review analyses the existing literature to assess occupational carpal tunnel causation arising out of exposure to highly manual and repetitive jobs as well as intense exposure to keyboarding. We believe the literature supports a strong causal connection to carpal tunnel causation when exposed to highly repetitive and forceful jobs and a causal connection to keyboarding when the exposure dose is sufficient.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1973

Responses were obtained to tones from squirrel monkey auditory-nerve fibers having best frequenci... more Responses were obtained to tones from squirrel monkey auditory-nerve fibers having best frequencies between 6 and 9 kHz. The response areas were very asymmetrical, extending sometimes down to 200 Hz. Thresholds at the lower frequencies were, however, high. For frequencies below best frequency, the discharge rate data show generally consistent relationships. Plots of rate versus intensity (in decibels) are approximately parallel. Iso-rate contours are also generally parallel, with shifts along the intensity axis bringing them into registration. By contrast, for frequencies above best frequency, the rate versus intensity curves decrease in slope as frequency increases. Moreover, the intensity shifts used to bring the lower-frequency sections of the iso-rate contours into registration leave the higher-frequency sections out of registration. Period histograms were calculated at frequencies below 4 kHz. The phase of the histograms' fundamental component varies approximately linearly ...

MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, 2019

As rotator cuff procedures have moved from open to arthroscopic, more attention has been paid to ... more As rotator cuff procedures have moved from open to arthroscopic, more attention has been paid to the use of anchors due to cost concerns and utilization of the real estate of the greater tuberosity footprint. A retrospective case series was performed to analyze anchor utilization during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair after triple-loaded anchors were available in comparison to the use of double-loaded anchors. One consecutive group of 69 patients had RCR with double-loaded anchors and a second consecutive group of 77 patients had RCR after triple-loaded anchors were available. For RC tear size greater than 2.5 cm 2 the use of triple-loaded anchors resulted in a decreased use of nearly 1 anchor per repair. Level of evidence IV.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1967

Single neurons in the barbiturized cat's inferior colliculus responding to binaural acoustic ... more Single neurons in the barbiturized cat's inferior colliculus responding to binaural acoustic stimuli were monitored by platinum-iridium microelectrodes. Tones and bandpass noise were used as stimuli. Usually, the stimuli to each ear had identical waveforms but differing intensities, and one stimulus was delayed relative to the other. Results confirm and extend previous observations reported from this laboratory. Characteristics of responses obtained from different neurons differed so much that it was difficult to formulate response categories. Nevertheless, certain neurons were found to respond primarily to the intensity properties of the stimuli, while other neurons responded primarily to interaural time differences. In either cases, responses elicited by tones and by bands of noise had interesting differences: it was not possible to predict the characteristics of the responses to bandpass noise from the continuous-tone responses and vice versa. [This work was supported by NIH ...

Neuroscience, 2008

The mammalian cochlear nucleus (CN) consists of a diverse set of neurons both physiologically and... more The mammalian cochlear nucleus (CN) consists of a diverse set of neurons both physiologically and morphologically that are involved in processing different aspects of the sound signal. One class of CN neurons that is located near the entrance of the auditory nerve (AN) to the CN has an oval soma with an eccentric nucleus and a short-bushy dendritic tree and is called a globular/bushy cell (GBC). They contact the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) with the very large calyx of Held that is one of the most secure synapses in the brain. Because MNTB cells provide an inhibitory input to the lateral superior olive (LSO), a structure purported to play a role in lateralizing high frequency sounds, GBC physiology is of great interest. Results were obtained with intracellular recording and subsequent labeling with neurobiotin of 32 GBCs along with a number of cells characterized extracellularly as likely GBCs in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of cat. Their poststimulus discharge response pattern to repeated tones varies from a primarylike pattern, i.e. similar to the AN, to a primarylike pattern with a 0.5-2 ms notch after the initial spike, to an onset pattern with a low-sustained rate. They can represent low frequency tones and amplitude modulated signals exceptionally well with a temporal code. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2006

Differences between cochlear mechanical tuning curves and those of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) e... more Differences between cochlear mechanical tuning curves and those of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) exist. In particular, mechanical transfer functions exhibit a high‐frequency plateau; ANFs frequency threshold curves (FTCs) do not. ANF‐FTCs may have a low‐frequency slope due to a velocity forcing function operating on inner hair cells at low frequencies. Neither basilar membrane velocity nor displacement adequately explain the entire ANF tuning curve. A displacement sensitive interferometer was used to study basilar membrane and spiral limbus mechanics in the 6‐kHz region of the chinchilla cochlea. The spiral limbus vibrates at the same phase as the basilar membrane nearly up to the location’s characteristic frequency. In the plateau region, the limbus appears to vibrate 0 to 20 dB less than the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane/limbus amplitude transfer function has a low‐frequency slope of ∼3 dB/oct at low frequencies and is ∼10 dB lower than the basilar membrane amplitude at 1 kHz. It appears that sp...

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1990

Hearing Research, 2000

Responses of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of anesthetized chinchillas to six syn... more Responses of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of anesthetized chinchillas to six synthetic vowel sounds (

Cybernetics and Systems, 1975

Abstract A data analysis system for neural unit data, a stochastic point process, which borrows f... more Abstract A data analysis system for neural unit data, a stochastic point process, which borrows from data base management technology has been written. The data analysis is controlled by a supervisory system which consists of a command interpreter, data file handler, and program initiator. A description of the data file is stored and is accessible to the supervisory system along with the data requirements for each analysis program. The supervisory system passes data from the data files to the analysis programs. The data consist of sequences of neural unit data which can be collected as part of a response area paradigm, that is, a two-dimensional stimulus space which is explored systematically, and the response of the neural unit is reduced to a sequence of threshold crossing times. A variety of analysis can be performed on this data including Poststimulus time histograms, Interval histograms, Joint interval histograms, Latency histograms, Period histograms, Latency dot displays, Autocorrelograms, Calculati...