xavier majo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by xavier majo
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2018
Background and aims: Despite the availability of several drug consumption rooms (DCR) in differen... more Background and aims: Despite the availability of several drug consumption rooms (DCR) in different European countries few epidemiological studies have evaluated their benefits. A network of DCR for people who inject drugs (PWID) has existed in Catalonia since 2000. We aimed to study the impact of frequently attending DCR on injecting in public, infectious risk (disposal of used syringes in safe places, sharing needles and/or injecting equipment), accessing drug dependence services and non-fatal overdoses. Methods: In 2014-2015, we performed the cross-sectional study REDAN in Catalonia's network of harm reduction centres (needle exchange programs, outreach programs, and DCR). A sample of current PWID were recruited. Self-reported data about risky and other behaviours and about access to care were collected through anonymous face-to-face structured interviews. Oral fluid samples were also collected to test for HIV and HCV antibodies. Multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of frequently attending DCR on the different outcomes. Results: Among the 730 PWID recruited, 510 reported attending DCR in the previous 6 months, of whom 21•2% were 'frequent' attenders. After multiple adjustment, frequent attenders had a 61% lower risk of injecting in public (AOR [95%CI]:0•39[0•18-0•85]) and sharing needles or other injecting equipment (0•39[0•18-0•85]) than 'medium' and 'low' attenders. They were six times more likely to place used syringes in a safe place (6•08[3•62-10•23]) and were twice as likely to access drug dependence services (2•56[1•44-4•55]). No significant effect was found for non-fatal overdoses, perhaps because of survival bias. Conclusion: The multiple benefits found strongly advocate for the maintenance of current DCR and the promotion of new DCR, in conjunction with other harm reduction strategies, in European countries where they are not yet available. Background Drug consumption rooms (DCR) are supervised healthcare facilities where people who inject drugs (PWID) can consume drugs in safe conditions (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs & Drug Addiction, 2016). These facilities seek to reduce drug-related morbidity and mortality among PWID by providing a more hygienic drug use environment and by linking people to health care and social services. They also seek to reduce public drug use and neighbourhood nuisance (Potier, Laprévote, Dubois-Arber, Cottencin, & Rolland, 2014; Vecino et al., 2013). As part of the general harm reduction policy regarding PWID in Catalonia, DCR have been a principal component of the Catalan Drug Abuse Care Centre Network (XAD) since the beginning of the 2000s.
Journal of substance abuse treatment, Jun 1, 2017
The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed HIV or Hepatitis C viru... more The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed HIV or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to assess the risk factors associated with an undiagnosed infection. A questionnaire was distributed among people who inject drugs (PWID) in harm reduction centres in Catalonia, Spain 2008-2012 (n=2243). Self-report of HIV and HCV was compared to oral fluid tests to calculate the proportion of undiagnosed infection. Associations of undiagnosed HIV and HCV with age, origin, risk and protective factors of infection and services use were calculated using a Poisson regression model with robust variance. The sensitivity of HIV self-report was 78.5% (75.2%-81.5%) and of HCV was 81.2% (79.1%-83.2%), being lower in younger and foreign-born PWID. Specificity for HCV was 55.9% (51.6%-60.1%). PWID who engaged in infection risk behaviors had lower risk of being undiagnosed. Being foreign-born and younger increased the risk of undiagnosed infection. PWID who had not accessed med...
AIDS care, 2016
Including HCV and HIV rapid tests in harm reduction programmes (HRP) for people who inject drugs ... more Including HCV and HIV rapid tests in harm reduction programmes (HRP) for people who inject drugs (PWID) can increase detection of these infections in high-risk populations who do not seek conventional health care. To assess acceptability and feasibility of rapid HIV and HCV tests in HRP; to identify HIV and HCV prevalence rates in HRP; to identify the percentage of PWID with a reactive test that attend hospital for confirmation and follow-up. Rapid oral tests for HCV and HIV were offered to users of 13 HRP from both mobile units and facility-based centres. A total of 172 HCV and 198 HIV tests were performed, with a refusal rate of 1.7% and 10.4%, respectively. Injectors made up 64.9% of all drug users and 35.1% did not inject drugs. Overall, 20.3% of HCV tests and 2.5% of HIV test were reactive. Only 24 of the 35 reactive HCV could be confirmed (68.6%) and one was false-negative. Of the five HIV reactive cases, only two could be confirmed (40%) with 1 false-positive case. Acceptabil...
Adicciones, 2014
The aims of this study were to describe illegal drug abuse patterns in relation to the migration ... more The aims of this study were to describe illegal drug abuse patterns in relation to the migration process and use of drug treatment centers among immigrant injected drug users (IDUs) involved in harm reduction programs, and to compare the characteristics of immigrant and native IDUs. Cross-sectional study of 748 IDUs aged ≥18 years attending harm reduction centers between 2008 and 2009. We explored differences in socioeconomic status, illegal drug consumption, health status and use of treatment centers in native versus immigrant IDUs. We also described whether immigrant IDUs started using injected drugs before or after entering the host country. Immigrant IDUs tend to live alone more frequently, start injection at later ages, use heroin and inject it more frequently and use drug treatment centers less frequently than native IDUs. Seventy-six percent of immigrants began using illegal drugs before arriving at the host country. Those who started in other countries were residing in the host country for 5 years or less (63.9%). Overall, immigrant IDUs attended drug treatment centers (36.9%) less frequently than native IDUs (71.8%). In conclusion, migration could be a risk factor for illegal drug abuse initiation or increase in consumption, often with the adoption of local consumption patterns and aggravated due to a lower access to drug treatment centers.
Substance Use & Misuse, 2016
High prevalence and incidence of HIV and HCV among new injecting drug users with a large proporti... more High prevalence and incidence of HIV and HCV among new injecting drug users with a large proportion of migrants-Is prevention failing? Cinta Folch on behalf of REDAN Study Group Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board meeting Ljubljana March 10-11, 2016 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in relation to time at risk (number of years since onset of drug injection), with fitted regression lines (72 studies and 293 categories of time at risk), HCV Synthesis Project, 1989-2006.
Gaceta Sanitaria, 2014
Objectives: Opioid overdose is still the first cause of preventable death among young men in Barc... more Objectives: Opioid overdose is still the first cause of preventable death among young men in Barcelona. Sound knowledge of opioid overdose prevention is important to avoid complications and deaths. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with limited knowledge of overdose prevention and to assess the possible effect of treatment and overdose prevention training programs on this variable. Methods: From October 2008 to March 2009, current injecting opioid users attending harm reduction centers in Catalonia (Spain) were interviewed. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of limited knowledge about overdose prevention were calculated by adjusting Poisson regression models with a robust variance. Results: In this sample, 28.7% of clients had limited knowledge of overdose prevention. Factors associated with limited knowledge were country of origin, never having received treatment for drug dependency, having a low educational level, and never having experienced an overdose. In contrast, treatment at the time of the interview was not associated with a lower prevalence of limited knowledge about overdose prevention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that preventive programs would benefit from accounting for linguistic and educational limitations and from participation in every treatment episode. Comprehensiveness and broad coverage of such programs could help to maximize their impact.
![Research paper thumbnail of [Characteristics of intravenous drug users who share injection equipment in Catalonia (Spain)]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/99750468/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S
To estimate the prevalence of direct and indirect syringe sharing among intravenous drug users (I... more To estimate the prevalence of direct and indirect syringe sharing among intravenous drug users (IDUs) attending a harm reduction center in Catalonia (Spain) and to identify factors associated with risk behaviors. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2008 and 2009 in harm reduction centers. Behavioral data were collected using anonymous questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. Of the 748 respondents, 31.5% had shared syringes at least once in the previous 6 months and 55.2% reported sharing injection paraphernalia (spoons, water, filters). A higher risk of syringe sharing was found among IDUs who injected daily (OR=1.5), injected cocaine (OR=1.6), had less than half their supply of syringes from a free source (OR=2.5), had an IDU sexual partner (OR=1.8) or who reported indirect sharing (OR=4.1). A higher risk of indirect sharing was found in respondents who had an illegal source of income (OR=1.5), injected daily (OR=1, 5), injected cocaine (OR=1.4), reported sha...
Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S
To describe gender differences in injection and sexual risks behaviours, and human immunodeficien... more To describe gender differences in injection and sexual risks behaviours, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence among injecting drug users (IDU) in Catalonia, Spain. Cross-sectional studies in 2008-2009 (n=748) and 2010-2011 (n=597) in the network of harm reduction centres. Face to face interviews were conducted and oral fluid samples were collected to estimate HIV/HCV prevalence. Female were more likely than male IDU to have had a steady sexual partner (68.2% versus 44.9%), to have had an IDU steady sexual partner (46.6% versus 15.1%) and to have exchanged sex for money or drugs in the last 6 months (25.5% versus 2.3%). There were no gender differences in injecting risk behaviours. HIV prevalence was 38.7% (91/235) in women and 31.5% (347/1103) in men (p=0.031). HIV prevalence among female IDU who reported having exchange sex for money or drugs was 53.3% (32/60). The prevalence of HCV was 67.4% (159/236) and 73.6% (810/1101) in female and male IDU, ...
Harm Reduction Journal, 2014
Background: The use of opiates, particularly heroin, remains an important cause of morbidity and ... more Background: The use of opiates, particularly heroin, remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Half of the deaths among heroin consumers are attributed to overdose. In response to this problem, overdose prevention programs (OPPs) were designed. The objective of our study was to assess coverage of OPPs among the target population in a specific Spanish region (Catalonia) and to identify characteristics related to attendance. Methods: A cross-sectional survey recruited individuals from outpatient treatment centers (OTCs), therapeutic communities (ThCs), and harm reduction facilities (HRFs) in Catalonia. From 513 participants, 306 opiate users and/ or injectors were selected for this study. Coverage was calculated as the proportion of subjects who declared having participated in an OPP. A Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess factors (socio-demographic aspects and psychoactive substance use patterns) associated to OPP participation, taking into account recruitment strategy. Results: Average age of the 306 subjects was 39.7 years (s.d.: 7.7); 79% were male; 79.2% lived in urban areas and 56.3% were unemployed or had never worked. Overall OPP coverage was 43.5% (95% CI: 37%-49%). Training was received mostly in HRF (60%), followed by OTC (24.4%), prison (19%), and ThC (16%). OPP sessions were attended by 41% of Spanish-born study participants and by 63.3% of foreigners; 92.2% of the participants lived in urban areas. The Poisson regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, and type of recruitment center showed that OPP participation rates were higher for individuals with foreign nationality (PR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.04-1.72), for those living in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (PR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.37-2.81) or the Barcelona conurbation (PR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.68-3.77), and for those having ever been in prison (PR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.41-1.81) and had first consumption when they were less than 12 years old (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.06-1.45). Conclusion: Coverage as a whole can be considered high. However, in Catalonia, new strategies ought to be developed in order to attract opiate users and injectors not currently participating, by expanding OPP offer to services and regions where coverage is poor.
European Addiction Research, 2011
Background: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis ... more Background: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and sexual risk practices, and to identify factors associated with infection by C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae. Methods: Injecting drug users were interviewed at harm reduction centers and biological samples were collected to estimate the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 2.3%, and this was higher among immigrants (3.6%); the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 0.7% (no differences between Spanish-born and immigrants). Respondents aged ≤25 years had a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (OR 3.39), as did women (OR 3.08). Also associated with having an STI were not having registered employment (OR 4.70), injecting drugs daily (OR 4.21), and having unprotected sex with a stable partner (OR 3.37). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of STIs observed is low, scant condom use makes it necessar...
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2018
Background and aims: Despite the availability of several drug consumption rooms (DCR) in differen... more Background and aims: Despite the availability of several drug consumption rooms (DCR) in different European countries few epidemiological studies have evaluated their benefits. A network of DCR for people who inject drugs (PWID) has existed in Catalonia since 2000. We aimed to study the impact of frequently attending DCR on injecting in public, infectious risk (disposal of used syringes in safe places, sharing needles and/or injecting equipment), accessing drug dependence services and non-fatal overdoses. Methods: In 2014-2015, we performed the cross-sectional study REDAN in Catalonia's network of harm reduction centres (needle exchange programs, outreach programs, and DCR). A sample of current PWID were recruited. Self-reported data about risky and other behaviours and about access to care were collected through anonymous face-to-face structured interviews. Oral fluid samples were also collected to test for HIV and HCV antibodies. Multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of frequently attending DCR on the different outcomes. Results: Among the 730 PWID recruited, 510 reported attending DCR in the previous 6 months, of whom 21•2% were 'frequent' attenders. After multiple adjustment, frequent attenders had a 61% lower risk of injecting in public (AOR [95%CI]:0•39[0•18-0•85]) and sharing needles or other injecting equipment (0•39[0•18-0•85]) than 'medium' and 'low' attenders. They were six times more likely to place used syringes in a safe place (6•08[3•62-10•23]) and were twice as likely to access drug dependence services (2•56[1•44-4•55]). No significant effect was found for non-fatal overdoses, perhaps because of survival bias. Conclusion: The multiple benefits found strongly advocate for the maintenance of current DCR and the promotion of new DCR, in conjunction with other harm reduction strategies, in European countries where they are not yet available. Background Drug consumption rooms (DCR) are supervised healthcare facilities where people who inject drugs (PWID) can consume drugs in safe conditions (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs & Drug Addiction, 2016). These facilities seek to reduce drug-related morbidity and mortality among PWID by providing a more hygienic drug use environment and by linking people to health care and social services. They also seek to reduce public drug use and neighbourhood nuisance (Potier, Laprévote, Dubois-Arber, Cottencin, & Rolland, 2014; Vecino et al., 2013). As part of the general harm reduction policy regarding PWID in Catalonia, DCR have been a principal component of the Catalan Drug Abuse Care Centre Network (XAD) since the beginning of the 2000s.
Journal of substance abuse treatment, Jun 1, 2017
The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed HIV or Hepatitis C viru... more The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed HIV or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to assess the risk factors associated with an undiagnosed infection. A questionnaire was distributed among people who inject drugs (PWID) in harm reduction centres in Catalonia, Spain 2008-2012 (n=2243). Self-report of HIV and HCV was compared to oral fluid tests to calculate the proportion of undiagnosed infection. Associations of undiagnosed HIV and HCV with age, origin, risk and protective factors of infection and services use were calculated using a Poisson regression model with robust variance. The sensitivity of HIV self-report was 78.5% (75.2%-81.5%) and of HCV was 81.2% (79.1%-83.2%), being lower in younger and foreign-born PWID. Specificity for HCV was 55.9% (51.6%-60.1%). PWID who engaged in infection risk behaviors had lower risk of being undiagnosed. Being foreign-born and younger increased the risk of undiagnosed infection. PWID who had not accessed med...
AIDS care, 2016
Including HCV and HIV rapid tests in harm reduction programmes (HRP) for people who inject drugs ... more Including HCV and HIV rapid tests in harm reduction programmes (HRP) for people who inject drugs (PWID) can increase detection of these infections in high-risk populations who do not seek conventional health care. To assess acceptability and feasibility of rapid HIV and HCV tests in HRP; to identify HIV and HCV prevalence rates in HRP; to identify the percentage of PWID with a reactive test that attend hospital for confirmation and follow-up. Rapid oral tests for HCV and HIV were offered to users of 13 HRP from both mobile units and facility-based centres. A total of 172 HCV and 198 HIV tests were performed, with a refusal rate of 1.7% and 10.4%, respectively. Injectors made up 64.9% of all drug users and 35.1% did not inject drugs. Overall, 20.3% of HCV tests and 2.5% of HIV test were reactive. Only 24 of the 35 reactive HCV could be confirmed (68.6%) and one was false-negative. Of the five HIV reactive cases, only two could be confirmed (40%) with 1 false-positive case. Acceptabil...
Adicciones, 2014
The aims of this study were to describe illegal drug abuse patterns in relation to the migration ... more The aims of this study were to describe illegal drug abuse patterns in relation to the migration process and use of drug treatment centers among immigrant injected drug users (IDUs) involved in harm reduction programs, and to compare the characteristics of immigrant and native IDUs. Cross-sectional study of 748 IDUs aged ≥18 years attending harm reduction centers between 2008 and 2009. We explored differences in socioeconomic status, illegal drug consumption, health status and use of treatment centers in native versus immigrant IDUs. We also described whether immigrant IDUs started using injected drugs before or after entering the host country. Immigrant IDUs tend to live alone more frequently, start injection at later ages, use heroin and inject it more frequently and use drug treatment centers less frequently than native IDUs. Seventy-six percent of immigrants began using illegal drugs before arriving at the host country. Those who started in other countries were residing in the host country for 5 years or less (63.9%). Overall, immigrant IDUs attended drug treatment centers (36.9%) less frequently than native IDUs (71.8%). In conclusion, migration could be a risk factor for illegal drug abuse initiation or increase in consumption, often with the adoption of local consumption patterns and aggravated due to a lower access to drug treatment centers.
Substance Use & Misuse, 2016
High prevalence and incidence of HIV and HCV among new injecting drug users with a large proporti... more High prevalence and incidence of HIV and HCV among new injecting drug users with a large proportion of migrants-Is prevention failing? Cinta Folch on behalf of REDAN Study Group Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board meeting Ljubljana March 10-11, 2016 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in relation to time at risk (number of years since onset of drug injection), with fitted regression lines (72 studies and 293 categories of time at risk), HCV Synthesis Project, 1989-2006.
Gaceta Sanitaria, 2014
Objectives: Opioid overdose is still the first cause of preventable death among young men in Barc... more Objectives: Opioid overdose is still the first cause of preventable death among young men in Barcelona. Sound knowledge of opioid overdose prevention is important to avoid complications and deaths. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with limited knowledge of overdose prevention and to assess the possible effect of treatment and overdose prevention training programs on this variable. Methods: From October 2008 to March 2009, current injecting opioid users attending harm reduction centers in Catalonia (Spain) were interviewed. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of limited knowledge about overdose prevention were calculated by adjusting Poisson regression models with a robust variance. Results: In this sample, 28.7% of clients had limited knowledge of overdose prevention. Factors associated with limited knowledge were country of origin, never having received treatment for drug dependency, having a low educational level, and never having experienced an overdose. In contrast, treatment at the time of the interview was not associated with a lower prevalence of limited knowledge about overdose prevention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that preventive programs would benefit from accounting for linguistic and educational limitations and from participation in every treatment episode. Comprehensiveness and broad coverage of such programs could help to maximize their impact.
Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S
To estimate the prevalence of direct and indirect syringe sharing among intravenous drug users (I... more To estimate the prevalence of direct and indirect syringe sharing among intravenous drug users (IDUs) attending a harm reduction center in Catalonia (Spain) and to identify factors associated with risk behaviors. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2008 and 2009 in harm reduction centers. Behavioral data were collected using anonymous questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. Of the 748 respondents, 31.5% had shared syringes at least once in the previous 6 months and 55.2% reported sharing injection paraphernalia (spoons, water, filters). A higher risk of syringe sharing was found among IDUs who injected daily (OR=1.5), injected cocaine (OR=1.6), had less than half their supply of syringes from a free source (OR=2.5), had an IDU sexual partner (OR=1.8) or who reported indirect sharing (OR=4.1). A higher risk of indirect sharing was found in respondents who had an illegal source of income (OR=1.5), injected daily (OR=1, 5), injected cocaine (OR=1.4), reported sha...
Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S
To describe gender differences in injection and sexual risks behaviours, and human immunodeficien... more To describe gender differences in injection and sexual risks behaviours, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence among injecting drug users (IDU) in Catalonia, Spain. Cross-sectional studies in 2008-2009 (n=748) and 2010-2011 (n=597) in the network of harm reduction centres. Face to face interviews were conducted and oral fluid samples were collected to estimate HIV/HCV prevalence. Female were more likely than male IDU to have had a steady sexual partner (68.2% versus 44.9%), to have had an IDU steady sexual partner (46.6% versus 15.1%) and to have exchanged sex for money or drugs in the last 6 months (25.5% versus 2.3%). There were no gender differences in injecting risk behaviours. HIV prevalence was 38.7% (91/235) in women and 31.5% (347/1103) in men (p=0.031). HIV prevalence among female IDU who reported having exchange sex for money or drugs was 53.3% (32/60). The prevalence of HCV was 67.4% (159/236) and 73.6% (810/1101) in female and male IDU, ...
Harm Reduction Journal, 2014
Background: The use of opiates, particularly heroin, remains an important cause of morbidity and ... more Background: The use of opiates, particularly heroin, remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Half of the deaths among heroin consumers are attributed to overdose. In response to this problem, overdose prevention programs (OPPs) were designed. The objective of our study was to assess coverage of OPPs among the target population in a specific Spanish region (Catalonia) and to identify characteristics related to attendance. Methods: A cross-sectional survey recruited individuals from outpatient treatment centers (OTCs), therapeutic communities (ThCs), and harm reduction facilities (HRFs) in Catalonia. From 513 participants, 306 opiate users and/ or injectors were selected for this study. Coverage was calculated as the proportion of subjects who declared having participated in an OPP. A Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess factors (socio-demographic aspects and psychoactive substance use patterns) associated to OPP participation, taking into account recruitment strategy. Results: Average age of the 306 subjects was 39.7 years (s.d.: 7.7); 79% were male; 79.2% lived in urban areas and 56.3% were unemployed or had never worked. Overall OPP coverage was 43.5% (95% CI: 37%-49%). Training was received mostly in HRF (60%), followed by OTC (24.4%), prison (19%), and ThC (16%). OPP sessions were attended by 41% of Spanish-born study participants and by 63.3% of foreigners; 92.2% of the participants lived in urban areas. The Poisson regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, and type of recruitment center showed that OPP participation rates were higher for individuals with foreign nationality (PR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.04-1.72), for those living in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (PR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.37-2.81) or the Barcelona conurbation (PR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.68-3.77), and for those having ever been in prison (PR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.41-1.81) and had first consumption when they were less than 12 years old (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.06-1.45). Conclusion: Coverage as a whole can be considered high. However, in Catalonia, new strategies ought to be developed in order to attract opiate users and injectors not currently participating, by expanding OPP offer to services and regions where coverage is poor.
European Addiction Research, 2011
Background: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis ... more Background: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and sexual risk practices, and to identify factors associated with infection by C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae. Methods: Injecting drug users were interviewed at harm reduction centers and biological samples were collected to estimate the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 2.3%, and this was higher among immigrants (3.6%); the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 0.7% (no differences between Spanish-born and immigrants). Respondents aged ≤25 years had a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (OR 3.39), as did women (OR 3.08). Also associated with having an STI were not having registered employment (OR 4.70), injecting drugs daily (OR 4.21), and having unprotected sex with a stable partner (OR 3.37). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of STIs observed is low, scant condom use makes it necessar...