yulia damayanti - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by yulia damayanti

Research paper thumbnail of Pengaruh Penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok Dengan Teknik Homeroom Terhadap Kemampuan Public Speaking Peserta Didik Kelas 10 Ak SMK Nu 01 Islamiyah Kramat Kabupaten Tegal Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020

ABSTRAK DAMAYANTI, YULIA ISTI. 2020. Pengaruh penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dengan Teknik... more ABSTRAK DAMAYANTI, YULIA ISTI. 2020. Pengaruh penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dengan Teknik Homeroom Terhadap Kemampuan Public Speaking Peserta Didik Kelas 10 Akuntansi 3 SMK NU 01 Islamiyah Kramat Kabupaten Tegal Tahun Pelajaran 209/2020. Skripsi Bimbingan dan Konseling. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pancasakti Tegal. Pembimbing I : Prof. Dr. Sitti Hartinah, DS. MM. Pembimbing II : Dr. Maufur, M. Pd. Kata Kunci : Pengaruh, Bimbingan Kelompok Dengan Teknik Homeroom dan Kemampuan Public Speaking. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh peserta didik yang terlihat kurang memiliki keberanian dan kepercayaan diri dalam menyampaikan pendapat serta juga kemampuan public speaking yang masih rendah. Yang menyebabkan peserta didik tampil kurang percaya. Hal ini dimaklumi oleh para guru sebagai masalah bagi peserta didik dalam mengembangkan potensinya secara maksimal. Adapun tujuannya untuk mengetahui kemampuan public speaking sebelum diberi layanan bimbingan kelompok d...

Research paper thumbnail of Tender Confirmed Rights at Risk Verifying Netsweeper in Bahrain

Research paper thumbnail of Spoofing the European Parliament: Analysis of the Repurposing of Legitimate Content in Targeted Malware Attacks

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of progesterone receptors in meningioma patients: serial case

Meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid membranes which ... more Meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid membranes which are attached to the dura mater. Meningioma is one of the most common tumors found in people and occurs more commonly in women due to the link with the progesterone hormones. The risk of developing meningiomas is increased in patients who are exposed to exogenous progesterone such as hormonal contraceptives. This case report must be reported because the hormonal contraceptives are largely used in Indonesia and it is important to report this case. It is reported in three cases of female patients aged 58 years, 46 years, and 38 years with the main complaint of chronic progressive headache and decreased consciousness with left hemiparesis. All patients had a history of using hormonal contraceptives for more than four years. Head CT scans were carried out and obtained the results of extra-axial masses in the supratentorial region of all three patients. Therapeutic management was performed by ...

Research paper thumbnail of Recent Observations in Tibet-Related Information Operations: Advanced Social Engineering for the Distribution of LURK Malware

Research paper thumbnail of Permission to Spy: An Analysis of Android Malware Targeting Tibetans

Research paper thumbnail of Serial Glioblastoma Case in Young Age: Rare Case

Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adulthood, accounting for 70%... more Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adulthood, accounting for 70% of all malignant brain tumours in the central nervous system.Gglioblastomas occur more frequently in adulthood (median age 64 years), they can occur at any age and rarely occur in children. Glioblastoma occurs mostly in the fifth or sixth decade of life and is rare at a young age In this case are rare because glioblastoma occurs in young age. Objective: To find out the characteristics of glioblastoma in young age. Patients and Methods: In this case, glioblastoma was found in men aged 17 years and 22 years, with its location in the right frontotemporal lobe and the left frontotemporoparietal lobe—diagnosis of glioblastoma based on imaging and tumour biopsy. Imaging can be done with CT Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The most sensitive and specific examination is MRI. Results: In this case, both biopsies were performed with conclusions on gliobl...

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale

Proceedings 2020 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 2020

Content filtering technologies are often used for Internet censorship, but even as these technolo... more Content filtering technologies are often used for Internet censorship, but even as these technologies have become cheaper and easier to deploy, the censorship measurement community lacks a systematic approach to monitor their proliferation. Past research has focused on a handful of specific filtering technologies, each of which required cumbersome manual detective work to identify. Researchers and policymakers require a more comprehensive picture of the state and evolution of censorship based on content filtering in order to establish effective policies that protect Internet freedom. In this work, we present FilterMap, a novel framework that can scalably monitor content filtering technologies based on their blockpages. FilterMap first compiles in-network and new remote censorship measurement techniques to gather blockpages from filter deployments. We then show how the observed blockpages can be clustered, generating signatures for longitudinal tracking. FilterMap outputs a map of regions of address space in which the same blockpages appear (corresponding to filter deployments), and each unique blockpage is manually verified to avoid false positives. By collecting and analyzing more than 379 million measurements from 45,000 vantage points against more than 18,000 sensitive test domains, we are able to identify filter deployments associated with 90 vendors and actors and observe filtering in 103 countries. We detect the use of commercial filtering technologies for censorship in 36 out of 48 countries labeled as 'Not Free' or 'Partly Free' by the Freedom House "Freedom on the Net" report. The unrestricted transfer of content filtering technologies have led to high availability, low cost, and highly effective filtering techniques becoming easier to deploy and harder to circumvent. Identifying these filtering deployments highlights policy and corporate social responsibility issues, and adds accountability to filter manufacturers. Our continued publication of FilterMap data will help the international community track the scope, scale and evolution of content-based censorship.

Research paper thumbnail of Profile of Primary Headache Patients in Neurological Polyclinic

JPHV (Journal of Pain, Vertigo and Headache), 2021

Headache is the most common neurological disorder among all the symptoms of general health proble... more Headache is the most common neurological disorder among all the symptoms of general health problems. Headaches are the most frequently complained of after back pain, which brings someone to the doctor and harms personal, family, social, quality of life, work, and finances. This study aims to find out the characteristics of primary headache patients in the neurological polyclinic, RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. The design of this research was an observational descriptive study of the filled headache questionnaire was to determine the characteristics of headache patients who visited the neurological polyclinic at dr. Saiful Anwar Malang with complaints of primary headache. The procedure of this research is to provide a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is that the research variables will be presented in the frequency distribution table. The results of this research show that primary headache was more common in women as many as 19 people (61%) compared to male 12 people (3...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide

ACM Transactions on the Web, 2015

In this study, we take another look at 5 years of web censorship data gathered by the OpenNet Ini... more In this study, we take another look at 5 years of web censorship data gathered by the OpenNet Initiative in 77 countries using user-based testing with locally relevant content. Prior to our work, this data had been analyzed with little automation, focusing on what content had been blocked, rather than how blocking was carried out. In this study, we use more rigorous automation to obtain a longitudinal, global view of the technical means used for web censorship. We also identify blocking that had been missed in prior analyses. Our results point to considerable variability in the technologies used for web censorship, across countries, time, and types of content, and even across ISPs in the same country. In addition to characterizing web censorship in countries that, thus far, have eluded technical analysis, we also discuss the implications of our observations on the design of future network measurement platforms and circumvention technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of CAT with Personality-disordered Clients

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

This chapter deals with the treatment of certain personality disorders in reality and addresses a... more This chapter deals with the treatment of certain personality disorders in reality and addresses attempts to modify certain personality traits or longstanding patterns of cognition, affect, and interpersonal behavior. The focus of psychological treatment of personality disorders is longstanding patterns of behavior (or psychological traits that may be inferred from behavior) that interfere with social and occupational adjustment, or that impede recovery from depression and other clinical syndromes. The overall strategy for working with dependent persons is to encourage them to be less passive and more active on their own behalf, and to focus on pleasing themselves more than pleasing other people. Three variations of the basic dependent personality style are compulsive, passive–aggressive, and dependent–avoidant. Most typically, dependent people are disorganized and ambivalent. The CAT therapist helps the compulsive to learn how to calm down and soothe “out-of-control” feelings in new ways, without now depending on compulsive behaviors to mollify affect. In particular, the therapist might ask the compulsive to imagine calming down an upset (angry or sad) child or friend.

Research paper thumbnail of Interventions Based on the CAT Model

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

Cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) makes its change-promoting values explicit to clients. These in... more Cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) makes its change-promoting values explicit to clients. These include taking responsibility for actions; self-respect and self-confidence are gained through personal responsibility and doing what is right at any given moment; people should do what they feel right rather than pursuing hedonistic ends; and no self-blame nor blame of others. CAT builds self-respect and self-confidence by encouraging clients to learn—to do what is right as they understand it at the particular moment; that self-respect is earned, not inherited; to understand their personal rules of living and follow them rather than justifying cognitions; to be satisfied with effort instead of achievement; to accept that change can be uncomfortable; to understand that responsibility leads to self-respect; and that changing is their choice. CAT shifts maladaptive personality styles by modifying extremes on the active–passive and dominant–submissive personality dimensions; moving the client's interpersonal stance from hostile (alienated) to friendly (attached); and modifying extremes of personality styles by helping “feelers” to become “thinkers” and thinkers feelers.

Research paper thumbnail of CAT Group Therapy

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

Group therapy is a counter therapeutic experience for clients when their shameful feelings are en... more Group therapy is a counter therapeutic experience for clients when their shameful feelings are enhanced. Moreover, if the clients are primed by years of shame-seeking thoughts and behaviors to reinvoke shameful feelings, they often unintentionally use therapy to do so. Cognitive and cognitive–behavioral group therapies that are wed to a set “protocol” run the risk of enhancing clients' shame. Inherent in a behavioral or cognitive–behavioral protocol is the possibility that failure to comply or succeed with such a program indicates that one is not good enough, is incapable, or stupid. Several groups that are more interpersonal–experiential in nature also run the risk of enhancing the members' shame, as well as anger and self-pity. Less active and structured therapists who allow the “group process” to unfold to understand members' interpersonal styles and those who encourage group members to express their feelings toward one another “openly and honestly,” may allow the members to treat each other disrespectfully. An angry member may feel it one's duty to “confront” or put down other members; a self-pitying member may whine to pull for the group's sympathy; and an ashamed group member may withdraw from others, who ultimately confront that member's silence in a way that further humiliates and shames him or her.

Research paper thumbnail of The CAT Assessment

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

This chapter describes how one typically assesses and formulates a treatment approach for clients... more This chapter describes how one typically assesses and formulates a treatment approach for clients from a cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) perspective. It uses a very basic model for representing the various components of personality with which one can work in therapy. The ABCDE model is similar to some others in that it ties together the affective (A), behavioral/interpersonal (B), cognitive (C), developmental (D), and environmental (E) contributors to the client's personality. “A” in ABCDE personality model is composed of the various emotional characteristics. Two basic types of emotions are typically described by clients during sessions, those related to personotypic affect, and those that are genuine in-the-moment reactions to current events. In assessing the client's behavioral patterns from a CAT perspective, the therapist's main objective is to determine—how the client's behaviors help to maintain personotypic affect and the emotional setpoint; and the client's interpersonal stance. The two types of cognitions that the CAT therapist addresses are justifying cognitions and personal rules of living. Justifying cognitions are unique to CAT among the cognitive therapies in that their goal is to reinvoke personotypic affect.

Research paper thumbnail of Patterns of Personality

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

The cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) therapist often views presenting problems as part of a long... more The cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) therapist often views presenting problems as part of a longstanding personality style, and the therapist frequently works more with that underlying style than with the presenting problems. Personality styles can be obtained by assessing individuals along three dimensions of personality, which are derived from attachment theory, Millon's evolutionary theory, and the interpersonal circumplex. They are friendly–hostile, dominant–submissive, and active–passive. The goal of the CAT therapist is not to help clients change their particular personality style, it is instead to move clients from a hostile, misattuned expression of that personality style to a more friendly, attuned, and therefore adaptive version of their style. While the CAT therapist can make some shifts in how active–passive and dominant–submissive a client is, the main focus of change is on the friendly–hostile axis.

Research paper thumbnail of Pengaruh Penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok Dengan Teknik Homeroom Terhadap Kemampuan Public Speaking Peserta Didik Kelas 10 Ak SMK Nu 01 Islamiyah Kramat Kabupaten Tegal Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020

ABSTRAK DAMAYANTI, YULIA ISTI. 2020. Pengaruh penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dengan Teknik... more ABSTRAK DAMAYANTI, YULIA ISTI. 2020. Pengaruh penggunaan Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dengan Teknik Homeroom Terhadap Kemampuan Public Speaking Peserta Didik Kelas 10 Akuntansi 3 SMK NU 01 Islamiyah Kramat Kabupaten Tegal Tahun Pelajaran 209/2020. Skripsi Bimbingan dan Konseling. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pancasakti Tegal. Pembimbing I : Prof. Dr. Sitti Hartinah, DS. MM. Pembimbing II : Dr. Maufur, M. Pd. Kata Kunci : Pengaruh, Bimbingan Kelompok Dengan Teknik Homeroom dan Kemampuan Public Speaking. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh peserta didik yang terlihat kurang memiliki keberanian dan kepercayaan diri dalam menyampaikan pendapat serta juga kemampuan public speaking yang masih rendah. Yang menyebabkan peserta didik tampil kurang percaya. Hal ini dimaklumi oleh para guru sebagai masalah bagi peserta didik dalam mengembangkan potensinya secara maksimal. Adapun tujuannya untuk mengetahui kemampuan public speaking sebelum diberi layanan bimbingan kelompok d...

Research paper thumbnail of Tender Confirmed Rights at Risk Verifying Netsweeper in Bahrain

Research paper thumbnail of Spoofing the European Parliament: Analysis of the Repurposing of Legitimate Content in Targeted Malware Attacks

Research paper thumbnail of Expression of progesterone receptors in meningioma patients: serial case

Meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid membranes which ... more Meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid membranes which are attached to the dura mater. Meningioma is one of the most common tumors found in people and occurs more commonly in women due to the link with the progesterone hormones. The risk of developing meningiomas is increased in patients who are exposed to exogenous progesterone such as hormonal contraceptives. This case report must be reported because the hormonal contraceptives are largely used in Indonesia and it is important to report this case. It is reported in three cases of female patients aged 58 years, 46 years, and 38 years with the main complaint of chronic progressive headache and decreased consciousness with left hemiparesis. All patients had a history of using hormonal contraceptives for more than four years. Head CT scans were carried out and obtained the results of extra-axial masses in the supratentorial region of all three patients. Therapeutic management was performed by ...

Research paper thumbnail of Recent Observations in Tibet-Related Information Operations: Advanced Social Engineering for the Distribution of LURK Malware

Research paper thumbnail of Permission to Spy: An Analysis of Android Malware Targeting Tibetans

Research paper thumbnail of Serial Glioblastoma Case in Young Age: Rare Case

Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adulthood, accounting for 70%... more Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adulthood, accounting for 70% of all malignant brain tumours in the central nervous system.Gglioblastomas occur more frequently in adulthood (median age 64 years), they can occur at any age and rarely occur in children. Glioblastoma occurs mostly in the fifth or sixth decade of life and is rare at a young age In this case are rare because glioblastoma occurs in young age. Objective: To find out the characteristics of glioblastoma in young age. Patients and Methods: In this case, glioblastoma was found in men aged 17 years and 22 years, with its location in the right frontotemporal lobe and the left frontotemporoparietal lobe—diagnosis of glioblastoma based on imaging and tumour biopsy. Imaging can be done with CT Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The most sensitive and specific examination is MRI. Results: In this case, both biopsies were performed with conclusions on gliobl...

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale

Proceedings 2020 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, 2020

Content filtering technologies are often used for Internet censorship, but even as these technolo... more Content filtering technologies are often used for Internet censorship, but even as these technologies have become cheaper and easier to deploy, the censorship measurement community lacks a systematic approach to monitor their proliferation. Past research has focused on a handful of specific filtering technologies, each of which required cumbersome manual detective work to identify. Researchers and policymakers require a more comprehensive picture of the state and evolution of censorship based on content filtering in order to establish effective policies that protect Internet freedom. In this work, we present FilterMap, a novel framework that can scalably monitor content filtering technologies based on their blockpages. FilterMap first compiles in-network and new remote censorship measurement techniques to gather blockpages from filter deployments. We then show how the observed blockpages can be clustered, generating signatures for longitudinal tracking. FilterMap outputs a map of regions of address space in which the same blockpages appear (corresponding to filter deployments), and each unique blockpage is manually verified to avoid false positives. By collecting and analyzing more than 379 million measurements from 45,000 vantage points against more than 18,000 sensitive test domains, we are able to identify filter deployments associated with 90 vendors and actors and observe filtering in 103 countries. We detect the use of commercial filtering technologies for censorship in 36 out of 48 countries labeled as 'Not Free' or 'Partly Free' by the Freedom House "Freedom on the Net" report. The unrestricted transfer of content filtering technologies have led to high availability, low cost, and highly effective filtering techniques becoming easier to deploy and harder to circumvent. Identifying these filtering deployments highlights policy and corporate social responsibility issues, and adds accountability to filter manufacturers. Our continued publication of FilterMap data will help the international community track the scope, scale and evolution of content-based censorship.

Research paper thumbnail of Profile of Primary Headache Patients in Neurological Polyclinic

JPHV (Journal of Pain, Vertigo and Headache), 2021

Headache is the most common neurological disorder among all the symptoms of general health proble... more Headache is the most common neurological disorder among all the symptoms of general health problems. Headaches are the most frequently complained of after back pain, which brings someone to the doctor and harms personal, family, social, quality of life, work, and finances. This study aims to find out the characteristics of primary headache patients in the neurological polyclinic, RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. The design of this research was an observational descriptive study of the filled headache questionnaire was to determine the characteristics of headache patients who visited the neurological polyclinic at dr. Saiful Anwar Malang with complaints of primary headache. The procedure of this research is to provide a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is that the research variables will be presented in the frequency distribution table. The results of this research show that primary headache was more common in women as many as 19 people (61%) compared to male 12 people (3...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide

ACM Transactions on the Web, 2015

In this study, we take another look at 5 years of web censorship data gathered by the OpenNet Ini... more In this study, we take another look at 5 years of web censorship data gathered by the OpenNet Initiative in 77 countries using user-based testing with locally relevant content. Prior to our work, this data had been analyzed with little automation, focusing on what content had been blocked, rather than how blocking was carried out. In this study, we use more rigorous automation to obtain a longitudinal, global view of the technical means used for web censorship. We also identify blocking that had been missed in prior analyses. Our results point to considerable variability in the technologies used for web censorship, across countries, time, and types of content, and even across ISPs in the same country. In addition to characterizing web censorship in countries that, thus far, have eluded technical analysis, we also discuss the implications of our observations on the design of future network measurement platforms and circumvention technologies.

Research paper thumbnail of CAT with Personality-disordered Clients

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

This chapter deals with the treatment of certain personality disorders in reality and addresses a... more This chapter deals with the treatment of certain personality disorders in reality and addresses attempts to modify certain personality traits or longstanding patterns of cognition, affect, and interpersonal behavior. The focus of psychological treatment of personality disorders is longstanding patterns of behavior (or psychological traits that may be inferred from behavior) that interfere with social and occupational adjustment, or that impede recovery from depression and other clinical syndromes. The overall strategy for working with dependent persons is to encourage them to be less passive and more active on their own behalf, and to focus on pleasing themselves more than pleasing other people. Three variations of the basic dependent personality style are compulsive, passive–aggressive, and dependent–avoidant. Most typically, dependent people are disorganized and ambivalent. The CAT therapist helps the compulsive to learn how to calm down and soothe “out-of-control” feelings in new ways, without now depending on compulsive behaviors to mollify affect. In particular, the therapist might ask the compulsive to imagine calming down an upset (angry or sad) child or friend.

Research paper thumbnail of Interventions Based on the CAT Model

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

Cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) makes its change-promoting values explicit to clients. These in... more Cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) makes its change-promoting values explicit to clients. These include taking responsibility for actions; self-respect and self-confidence are gained through personal responsibility and doing what is right at any given moment; people should do what they feel right rather than pursuing hedonistic ends; and no self-blame nor blame of others. CAT builds self-respect and self-confidence by encouraging clients to learn—to do what is right as they understand it at the particular moment; that self-respect is earned, not inherited; to understand their personal rules of living and follow them rather than justifying cognitions; to be satisfied with effort instead of achievement; to accept that change can be uncomfortable; to understand that responsibility leads to self-respect; and that changing is their choice. CAT shifts maladaptive personality styles by modifying extremes on the active–passive and dominant–submissive personality dimensions; moving the client's interpersonal stance from hostile (alienated) to friendly (attached); and modifying extremes of personality styles by helping “feelers” to become “thinkers” and thinkers feelers.

Research paper thumbnail of CAT Group Therapy

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

Group therapy is a counter therapeutic experience for clients when their shameful feelings are en... more Group therapy is a counter therapeutic experience for clients when their shameful feelings are enhanced. Moreover, if the clients are primed by years of shame-seeking thoughts and behaviors to reinvoke shameful feelings, they often unintentionally use therapy to do so. Cognitive and cognitive–behavioral group therapies that are wed to a set “protocol” run the risk of enhancing clients' shame. Inherent in a behavioral or cognitive–behavioral protocol is the possibility that failure to comply or succeed with such a program indicates that one is not good enough, is incapable, or stupid. Several groups that are more interpersonal–experiential in nature also run the risk of enhancing the members' shame, as well as anger and self-pity. Less active and structured therapists who allow the “group process” to unfold to understand members' interpersonal styles and those who encourage group members to express their feelings toward one another “openly and honestly,” may allow the members to treat each other disrespectfully. An angry member may feel it one's duty to “confront” or put down other members; a self-pitying member may whine to pull for the group's sympathy; and an ashamed group member may withdraw from others, who ultimately confront that member's silence in a way that further humiliates and shames him or her.

Research paper thumbnail of The CAT Assessment

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

This chapter describes how one typically assesses and formulates a treatment approach for clients... more This chapter describes how one typically assesses and formulates a treatment approach for clients from a cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) perspective. It uses a very basic model for representing the various components of personality with which one can work in therapy. The ABCDE model is similar to some others in that it ties together the affective (A), behavioral/interpersonal (B), cognitive (C), developmental (D), and environmental (E) contributors to the client's personality. “A” in ABCDE personality model is composed of the various emotional characteristics. Two basic types of emotions are typically described by clients during sessions, those related to personotypic affect, and those that are genuine in-the-moment reactions to current events. In assessing the client's behavioral patterns from a CAT perspective, the therapist's main objective is to determine—how the client's behaviors help to maintain personotypic affect and the emotional setpoint; and the client's interpersonal stance. The two types of cognitions that the CAT therapist addresses are justifying cognitions and personal rules of living. Justifying cognitions are unique to CAT among the cognitive therapies in that their goal is to reinvoke personotypic affect.

Research paper thumbnail of Patterns of Personality

Succeeding with Difficult Clients, 2001

The cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) therapist often views presenting problems as part of a long... more The cognitive appraisal therapy (CAT) therapist often views presenting problems as part of a longstanding personality style, and the therapist frequently works more with that underlying style than with the presenting problems. Personality styles can be obtained by assessing individuals along three dimensions of personality, which are derived from attachment theory, Millon's evolutionary theory, and the interpersonal circumplex. They are friendly–hostile, dominant–submissive, and active–passive. The goal of the CAT therapist is not to help clients change their particular personality style, it is instead to move clients from a hostile, misattuned expression of that personality style to a more friendly, attuned, and therefore adaptive version of their style. While the CAT therapist can make some shifts in how active–passive and dominant–submissive a client is, the main focus of change is on the friendly–hostile axis.