zainab A. Makawi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by zainab A. Makawi

Research paper thumbnail of Review of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Thiaridae)

GSC biological and pharmaceutical sciences, Jul 30, 2022

Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, ... more Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, eastern Africa, southeast Asia, southern Asia, India, and Malaysia, it is an effective invader and is now nearly globally distributed. This snail has been studied with interest because of its rapidly distributed, and because of being can serve as compatible intermediate host for many of trematodes in the world. We have summarized information from many articles in order to highlight the most important aspects of this invader snail life.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Iraq

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 30, 2022

Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diar... more Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diarrhea globally. Amebiasis is primarily a disease of impoverished communities in developing nations, although it has recently arisen as a significant infection among returning tourists and immigrants. Severe cases are linked to a high case fatality rate. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis is becoming more widely available, it is still underutilized. Treatment with nitroimidazoles is now suggested, however novel parasite medication research is a top priority. To avoid problems, amebiasis should be considered before corticosteroid therapy. Because there is no effective vaccination, sanitation and availability to clean water are the mainstays of prevention. The article aimed to identify the methods Future tailored therapeutic and previous studies to a better understanding of parasite biology and disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Review of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Thiaridae)

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 30, 2022

Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, ... more Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, eastern Africa, southeast Asia, southern Asia, India, and Malaysia, it is an effective invader and is now nearly globally distributed. This snail has been studied with interest because of its rapidly distributed, and because of being can serve as compatible intermediate host for many of trematodes in the world. We have summarized information from many articles in order to highlight the most important aspects of this invader snail life.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and identification of intestinal parasites from Goats in some areas of Wasit Province, Iraq

Bionatura (Ibarra - Impresa), Mar 15, 2023

The current study was conducted on goats in various parts of Wasit Province, Iraq, from November ... more The current study was conducted on goats in various parts of Wasit Province, Iraq, from November 2021 to April 2022. The study aims to find and identify intestinal parasites (IPs) in goats in Wasit province. The goat's fresh fecal specimens (n=180) include cysts, eggs, oocysts, trophozoites and larval stages. One hundred eighty sheep feces samples were collected, and more than one parasite was isolated from one sample (mixed infection). According to the data acquired, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in goats was 52.77 (95 samples). In the current investigation, eleven distinct (IPs) species with infection rates were identified, including Toxocara vitulorum (Goeze, 1782) (16.66 %), Cryptosporidium sp.( Tyzzer, 1907) (11.11%), Amoeba sp. (8.8%), Giardia sp.( Künstler, 1882) (8.8%), Trichostrongylus sp.( Looss, 1905) (8.33%), Cyclospora sp. (Schneider, 1881) (5.55%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum synonym (Distoma dendriticum) (Rudolphi, 1819) (5%), Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) (4.44%), cercaria larva (2.22%), Balantidium coli (Malmsten, 1857) (1.66%), filariae form larvae (1.66%), respectively. This may be the result of infection with various parasites due to the use of Conventional and unsanitary management systems Keywords: Intestinal Parasites, Goats, Toxocara vitulorum, Cryptosporidium spp.

Research paper thumbnail of An Incidence of intestinal protozoa infection in sheep, sheep handlers and non-handlers in Wasit Governorate/ Iraq

Intestinal protozoa in sheep and human usually incriminated in diarrhea, when there are suitable ... more Intestinal protozoa in sheep and human usually incriminated in diarrhea, when there are suitable conditions in the intestinal lumen that promote the parasite multiplication. This study aimed to investigate the cyst and trophozoites infection in sheep and handlers. One-hundred eighty fecal samples from sheep and 50 from handlers, were collected from three different areas (Al-Hafriya, Al-Suwaira, and Al-Azizia) in Wasit governorate. Sheep aged 7-36 months, while handlers were 10-40 years. Fecal samples were examined directly and by staining methods to detect intestinal protozoa cysts and trophozoites. Al-Suwaira showed highest infection rates, 91.66%, and 87.5%, in sheep and handlers, respectively. Male represented higher infection rates than female in sheep (90.69%) and handlers (75%). In conclusion, this study approved the incidence of intestinal protozoa infection in sheep and sheep handlers. The authors suggest doing another future study in different areas of the Wasit to investig...

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic-tree Analysis of Hard Ticks from Long Eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) in Iraq

Iraqi Journal of Science

A total of 77 (35 female and 42 male) hard ticks samples were isolated from 22 long-eared he... more A total of 77 (35 female and 42 male) hard ticks samples were isolated from 22 long-eared hedgehog during January 2021 to May 2022. All animals were infested with one or two species of hard ticks with 100% infestation rate With the density of infestation mean of 3.5. The areas of collection were Baghdad, Wasit, Karbala and Al-Anbar provinces. Morphological study revealed that both species belonged to one genus of hard ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Neumann, 1904) 50.64% and Rhipicephalus turanicus (Morel, 1969) 49.35%. The molecular investigation of current study revealed that the sensitive and specific PCR assay allowing rapid and reliable identification of Rhipicephalus sp. by the fragment size amplified, was 390- 400 bp 12S ribosomal RNA gene in Rhipicephalus turanicus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus isolate samples from the under-study animals. The accession numbers in NCBI-Genbank are ON211060 and ON211307 respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis was based on small su...

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of Hard Ticks from Buffalo Bubalus Bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Iraq

Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites that infest livestock in every geographic region of the... more Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites that infest livestock in every geographic region of the world and are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to both animals and humans. There is little information is available is about tick presence in Buffalo Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in Iraq. The current study determined the species of ticks parasitizing Buffalo in some central and southern regions included: Baghdad (Al Fathelia), Karbala (Al-Hussainia), Wasit (Kut and Al-Suwairah), Al-Qadisia (Al- Diwaniyah, Al- Saniya, Al-Mihnawea, and Afak), Thi Qar (Al-Nasiriyah and Al-chibayish), Missan (Amara and Qalaat Salih) and Basrah (Al-Haretha, Al-Madena and Al-Deer). A total of 150 Buffalo were examined for ixodid ticks with an infestation rate 66.66%. A total of 172 Specimens of hard ticks were isolated including 104 (58.4%) males and 68 (39.53%) females. The current results revealed to eight species of ixodid ticks belong to the genus Hy...

Research paper thumbnail of Phylogenic study of Genotypeing Giardia duodenalis from Cattle in Wasit province

Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences

The present study aimed to investigated Giardia duodenalis in cattle in some different areas of W... more The present study aimed to investigated Giardia duodenalis in cattle in some different areas of Wasit province by using molecular study and verification of the genotype of Giardia duodenalis. Collected one hundred fecal samples from cattle, the result showed that the rate of infection was 83% (100) . DNA was extracted from the 100 positive samples from the cattle then amplified using the special tris-phosphatesomerase gene for genotyping A and B. The result of type A infection was (69%) and (45%) of the genotype B. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genotypes of cattle in Wasit province and compare them with previous sources at the NCBI data bank.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Iraq

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diar... more Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diarrhea globally. Amebiasis is primarily a disease of impoverished communities in developing nations, although it has recently arisen as a significant infection among returning tourists and immigrants. Severe cases are linked to a high case fatality rate. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis is becoming more widely available, it is still underutilized. Treatment with nitroimidazoles is now suggested, however novel parasite medication research is a top priority. To avoid problems, amebiasis should be considered before corticosteroid therapy. Because there is no effective vaccination, sanitation and availability to clean water are the mainstays of prevention. The article aimed to identify the methods Future tailored therapeutic and previous studies to a better understanding of parasite biology and disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq

Bionatura

Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, ... more Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, of the Euphrates river in Iraq are Cryptosporidium spp (25.3%), Giardia sp (3.3%), Eimeria sp (3.3%), Pinworm eggs (3.3%), Naegleria sp (15.3%), Lecane niwati (1.3%), Trichomonas hominis (19.3%), Acanthamoeba spp (24.6%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Balantidium coli (12%), Ascaris sp (3.3%), Volvox sp (26%), Chilomastix mesnili (4%), Pelomyxa palustris (2.6%), Trinema enchelys (2.6%), Actinophrys Sol (7.3%), Amobea Vespertilio (9.3%), Rhabditea (5.3%), paramecium bursaria (9.3%), cyst of cestode (6%), Oocyst protozoa (16%), Euglena gracilis (10.6%).were isolated. The study's goal was to isolate some of the parasites that pollute the Euphrates water in Anbar Province and their impact on the health of living species and swimmers. Keywords. Acanthamoeba spp, Cryptosporidium, Fresh water, Giardia, Rotifer.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq

Bionatura

Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, ... more Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, of the Euphrates river in Iraq are Cryptosporidium spp (25.3%), Giardia sp (3.3%), Eimeria sp (3.3%), Pinworm eggs (3.3%), Naegleria sp (15.3%), Lecane niwati (1.3%), Trichomonas hominis (19.3%), Acanthamoeba spp (24.6%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Balantidium coli (12%), Ascaris sp (3.3%), Volvox sp (26%), Chilomastix mesnili (4%), Pelomyxa palustris (2.6%), Trinema enchelys (2.6%), Actinophrys Sol (7.3%), Amobea Vespertilio (9.3%), Rhabditea (5.3%), paramecium bursaria (9.3%), cyst of cestode (6%), Oocyst protozoa (16%), Euglena gracilis (10.6%).were isolated. The study's goal was to isolate some of the parasites that pollute the Euphrates water in Anbar Province and their impact on the health of living species and swimmers. Keywords. Acanthamoeba spp, Cryptosporidium, Fresh water, Giardia, Rotifer.

Research paper thumbnail of Review On Elucidation Of The Risk Factors Associated With The Prevalence Of Coccidiosis In Buffaloes

Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 2021

The research was performed in order to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria spp in buffalo. C... more The research was performed in order to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria spp in buffalo. Coccidiosis, is a common livestock disease include water buffaloes and nothing is known about the most pathogenic species of Eimeria. Since the highest prevalence of oocyst shedding and incidence of disease occurs in buffalo calves less than one year of age. The omnipresent occurrence and negative effects of the infection on health and buffalo growth output are taken into account. Therefore, both farmers and veterinarians should pay greater attention to infections with Eimeria spp. And there is little analysis of data reported in Iraq and the world regarding Eimeria infection in river buffalo spp.

Research paper thumbnail of Blood Parasites Affects Local Rabbits in Iraq, a Review

Global Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2020

Rabbits are animals affected by many different species of parasites, infection Lead to lower body... more Rabbits are animals affected by many different species of parasites, infection Lead to lower body weight gain compared with non-infected rabbits , while sever infection Lead to death , although rabbits are less likely to develop epidemic diseases, but they are exposed to diseases of care and malnutrition, as well as parasitic diseases .Turning to previous studies that dealt with the spread of blood parasites in rabbits is a protozoan parasite such as (scab body, Babesia sp., Theileria sp., Anaplasma sp., Trypanosom sp. ,Plasmodium sp.). The current study aimed to defiend of blood parasite in rabbit in Iraq . Despite, the few of research on this subject for this study of blood parasites that Infection of rabbits and suggestion development of a database of studies of blood parasites affecting rabbits in Iraq.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Buxtonella sulcata in Sheep and Supplied drinking water

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2019

Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of ... more Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 120 sheep faecal samples were collected (23 males and 97 females) with ages ranged from less than 1 year to 3 years. Also, 11 sheep drinking (river) water from Al-Suwaira city, Wasit governorate, for the period extended from September 2015 to the end February 2016. Laboratory methods used were direct wet film and iodine and Giemsa staining to detect the cysts and trophozoite of the parasite . Results recorded (30.83%) infection rate of Buxtonella sulcate in sheep, while the contamination rate of water (45.45%). Females are infected more than males which reach (35.13%) (13.04%) respectively. The highest infection rate (44.00%) showed in age group 2-3 years, while, the lowest (21.42%) found in age group (˃ 2). %), with significant difference (p<0.05) between ages and genus. Our conclusion is contamination of water acts as a good sourse for the spread of infection with Buxtonella sulcate .

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa in Cattle in Some Areas of Wasit Province, Iraq

The current study was aimed to determine the infection rate with intestinal protozoa in cattle at... more The current study was aimed to determine the infection rate with intestinal protozoa in cattle at Wasit province, during period from the beginning of December 2018 to the end of August 2019. Two hundred and seventy fecal samples were collected from cattle and examined by traditional methods (direct moist smears, flotation with saturated NaCl solution and stained with Modified acid fast, Giemsa and lugol’s iodine) The total infection rate was 81,85% with intestinal protozoal oocysts and cysts. The infection rate with Cryptosporidium sp. was (28.51%), Giardia duodenalis was (22.96%), Entamoeba sp was (29.62%), Eimeria sp. was (42.59%) and Buxtonella sulcata was (11.48%), and touching on the risk factors (age, gender, season) on the infection rate. In conclusion, this study approved high incidence of intestinal protozoa infection rate in cattle.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of some trematodes (Plagiorchiida: Microphallidae) from different birds in Iraq

The adult worms of the Microphallidae family are mainly found as intestinal parasites of birds an... more The adult worms of the Microphallidae family are mainly found as intestinal parasites of birds and mammals, while metacercariae is most commonly found in decapodal crustaceans. The Microphallidaeare family is spread throughout the world. It includes approximately 47 genera. Mature worms usually enter the digestive system of vertebrates, especially birds and mammals. Microphallidae contain eight subfamilies: Androcotylinae - Basantisiinae - Endocotylinae - Gynaecotylinae - Levinseniellinae - MaritrematinaeMicrophallinae - Sphairiotrematinae. Therefore, due to the lack of studies on the Microphallidae family in Iraq, we began to develop a database on this important family.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of some species of the genus Cryptosporidium (Tyzzer, 1907) (Eucoccidiorida, cryptosporidiidae) in cattle in Iraq

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that causes gastro... more Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that causes gastroenteritis in a number of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have recorded different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. Nevertheless, important progress has been made in determining Cryptosporidium's putative virulence factors. Since the publication of C parvum and C. Hominis this development has been accelerated genomes, identified by a range of immunological and molecular techniques with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors, which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. There has also been improvement in the contribution of host variables correlated with differences in both the severity and risk of infection. In view of our current understa...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and Identification of Intestinal Protozoa from Ostriches in Middle of Iraq

Samples were collected from the feces of 50 ostriches, which were examined by direct smears. With... more Samples were collected from the feces of 50 ostriches, which were examined by direct smears. With and without centrifugation; cysts and oocysts of protozoa and nematode eggs were examined in fecal sample. The results of this work were as follows: Trophozoites and cysts of Entamoeba spp., cyst of Giardia spp., oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp., oocyst of Eimeria spp. and Isospora sp. egg were recorded, After data analysis, it was concluded that Ostriches were infected enzootically by nematode and protozoan species (Mix parasite infection). There are a few records on infections with intestinal protozoa in ostriches of Iraq. Eimeria spp. (protozoa), belong to parasites causing the most serious economic losses in ratites in the world. As farming of these big birds is still in the beginning, many years of research and development are necessary to reach levels of medical and technological progress that is nowadays practiced in poultry industry. The current study aims to record and identify i...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Buxtonella sulcata in Sheep and Supplied drinking water

Zainab A. Makawi

Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 1... more Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 120 sheep faecal samples were collected (23 males and 97 females) with ages ranged from less than 1 year to 3 years. Also, 11 sheep drinking (river) water from Al-Suwaira city, Wasit governorate, for the period extended from September 2015 to the end February 2016. Laboratory methods used were direct wet film and iodine and Giemsa staining to detect the cysts and trophozoite of the parasite. Results recorded (30.83%) infection rate of Buxtonella sulcate in sheep, while the contamination rate of water (45.45%). Females are infected more than males which reach (35.13%) (13.04%) respectively. The highest infection rate (44.00%) showed in age group 2-3 years, while, the lowest (21.42%) found in age group (˃ 2). %), with significant difference (p<0.05) between ages and genus. Our conclusion is contamination of water acts as a good sourse for the spread of infection with Buxtonella sulcate .

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnosis of Some Parasites of Asian Catfish Silurus Triostegus (Heckel, 1843

Advances in Bioresearch, 2018

A total of twelve fish specimens of the Asian catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) were purc... more A total of twelve fish specimens of the Asian catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) were purchased from fishermen in the local market of Bab al-Mu'adham in Baghdad province and examined for endoparasites .The present study revealed the existence of two species of digenetic trematodes, Megamonostomella rashediansis Rahemo and Al-Naemi, 1998 and Orientocreadium pseudobagri Yamaguti, 1934 in the intestine of Silurus triostegus and the third larval stage of the nematode Contracaecum species encapsulated in the intestinal wall of S. triostegus. This is the first recording of M. rashediansis and O. pseudobagri from S. triostegus from the Tigris River in Baghdad province.

Research paper thumbnail of Review of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Thiaridae)

GSC biological and pharmaceutical sciences, Jul 30, 2022

Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, ... more Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, eastern Africa, southeast Asia, southern Asia, India, and Malaysia, it is an effective invader and is now nearly globally distributed. This snail has been studied with interest because of its rapidly distributed, and because of being can serve as compatible intermediate host for many of trematodes in the world. We have summarized information from many articles in order to highlight the most important aspects of this invader snail life.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Iraq

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 30, 2022

Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diar... more Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diarrhea globally. Amebiasis is primarily a disease of impoverished communities in developing nations, although it has recently arisen as a significant infection among returning tourists and immigrants. Severe cases are linked to a high case fatality rate. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis is becoming more widely available, it is still underutilized. Treatment with nitroimidazoles is now suggested, however novel parasite medication research is a top priority. To avoid problems, amebiasis should be considered before corticosteroid therapy. Because there is no effective vaccination, sanitation and availability to clean water are the mainstays of prevention. The article aimed to identify the methods Future tailored therapeutic and previous studies to a better understanding of parasite biology and disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Review of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Thiaridae)

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 30, 2022

Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, ... more Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), a freshwater snail native to eastern Mediterranean, eastern Africa, southeast Asia, southern Asia, India, and Malaysia, it is an effective invader and is now nearly globally distributed. This snail has been studied with interest because of its rapidly distributed, and because of being can serve as compatible intermediate host for many of trematodes in the world. We have summarized information from many articles in order to highlight the most important aspects of this invader snail life.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and identification of intestinal parasites from Goats in some areas of Wasit Province, Iraq

Bionatura (Ibarra - Impresa), Mar 15, 2023

The current study was conducted on goats in various parts of Wasit Province, Iraq, from November ... more The current study was conducted on goats in various parts of Wasit Province, Iraq, from November 2021 to April 2022. The study aims to find and identify intestinal parasites (IPs) in goats in Wasit province. The goat's fresh fecal specimens (n=180) include cysts, eggs, oocysts, trophozoites and larval stages. One hundred eighty sheep feces samples were collected, and more than one parasite was isolated from one sample (mixed infection). According to the data acquired, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in goats was 52.77 (95 samples). In the current investigation, eleven distinct (IPs) species with infection rates were identified, including Toxocara vitulorum (Goeze, 1782) (16.66 %), Cryptosporidium sp.( Tyzzer, 1907) (11.11%), Amoeba sp. (8.8%), Giardia sp.( Künstler, 1882) (8.8%), Trichostrongylus sp.( Looss, 1905) (8.33%), Cyclospora sp. (Schneider, 1881) (5.55%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum synonym (Distoma dendriticum) (Rudolphi, 1819) (5%), Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) (4.44%), cercaria larva (2.22%), Balantidium coli (Malmsten, 1857) (1.66%), filariae form larvae (1.66%), respectively. This may be the result of infection with various parasites due to the use of Conventional and unsanitary management systems Keywords: Intestinal Parasites, Goats, Toxocara vitulorum, Cryptosporidium spp.

Research paper thumbnail of An Incidence of intestinal protozoa infection in sheep, sheep handlers and non-handlers in Wasit Governorate/ Iraq

Intestinal protozoa in sheep and human usually incriminated in diarrhea, when there are suitable ... more Intestinal protozoa in sheep and human usually incriminated in diarrhea, when there are suitable conditions in the intestinal lumen that promote the parasite multiplication. This study aimed to investigate the cyst and trophozoites infection in sheep and handlers. One-hundred eighty fecal samples from sheep and 50 from handlers, were collected from three different areas (Al-Hafriya, Al-Suwaira, and Al-Azizia) in Wasit governorate. Sheep aged 7-36 months, while handlers were 10-40 years. Fecal samples were examined directly and by staining methods to detect intestinal protozoa cysts and trophozoites. Al-Suwaira showed highest infection rates, 91.66%, and 87.5%, in sheep and handlers, respectively. Male represented higher infection rates than female in sheep (90.69%) and handlers (75%). In conclusion, this study approved the incidence of intestinal protozoa infection in sheep and sheep handlers. The authors suggest doing another future study in different areas of the Wasit to investig...

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic-tree Analysis of Hard Ticks from Long Eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) in Iraq

Iraqi Journal of Science

A total of 77 (35 female and 42 male) hard ticks samples were isolated from 22 long-eared he... more A total of 77 (35 female and 42 male) hard ticks samples were isolated from 22 long-eared hedgehog during January 2021 to May 2022. All animals were infested with one or two species of hard ticks with 100% infestation rate With the density of infestation mean of 3.5. The areas of collection were Baghdad, Wasit, Karbala and Al-Anbar provinces. Morphological study revealed that both species belonged to one genus of hard ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Neumann, 1904) 50.64% and Rhipicephalus turanicus (Morel, 1969) 49.35%. The molecular investigation of current study revealed that the sensitive and specific PCR assay allowing rapid and reliable identification of Rhipicephalus sp. by the fragment size amplified, was 390- 400 bp 12S ribosomal RNA gene in Rhipicephalus turanicus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus isolate samples from the under-study animals. The accession numbers in NCBI-Genbank are ON211060 and ON211307 respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis was based on small su...

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of Hard Ticks from Buffalo Bubalus Bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Iraq

Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites that infest livestock in every geographic region of the... more Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ectoparasites that infest livestock in every geographic region of the world and are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to both animals and humans. There is little information is available is about tick presence in Buffalo Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in Iraq. The current study determined the species of ticks parasitizing Buffalo in some central and southern regions included: Baghdad (Al Fathelia), Karbala (Al-Hussainia), Wasit (Kut and Al-Suwairah), Al-Qadisia (Al- Diwaniyah, Al- Saniya, Al-Mihnawea, and Afak), Thi Qar (Al-Nasiriyah and Al-chibayish), Missan (Amara and Qalaat Salih) and Basrah (Al-Haretha, Al-Madena and Al-Deer). A total of 150 Buffalo were examined for ixodid ticks with an infestation rate 66.66%. A total of 172 Specimens of hard ticks were isolated including 104 (58.4%) males and 68 (39.53%) females. The current results revealed to eight species of ixodid ticks belong to the genus Hy...

Research paper thumbnail of Phylogenic study of Genotypeing Giardia duodenalis from Cattle in Wasit province

Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences

The present study aimed to investigated Giardia duodenalis in cattle in some different areas of W... more The present study aimed to investigated Giardia duodenalis in cattle in some different areas of Wasit province by using molecular study and verification of the genotype of Giardia duodenalis. Collected one hundred fecal samples from cattle, the result showed that the rate of infection was 83% (100) . DNA was extracted from the 100 positive samples from the cattle then amplified using the special tris-phosphatesomerase gene for genotyping A and B. The result of type A infection was (69%) and (45%) of the genotype B. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genotypes of cattle in Wasit province and compare them with previous sources at the NCBI data bank.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Iraq

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diar... more Amebiasis, related to the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is a prominent cause of diarrhea globally. Amebiasis is primarily a disease of impoverished communities in developing nations, although it has recently arisen as a significant infection among returning tourists and immigrants. Severe cases are linked to a high case fatality rate. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnosis is becoming more widely available, it is still underutilized. Treatment with nitroimidazoles is now suggested, however novel parasite medication research is a top priority. To avoid problems, amebiasis should be considered before corticosteroid therapy. Because there is no effective vaccination, sanitation and availability to clean water are the mainstays of prevention. The article aimed to identify the methods Future tailored therapeutic and previous studies to a better understanding of parasite biology and disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq

Bionatura

Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, ... more Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, of the Euphrates river in Iraq are Cryptosporidium spp (25.3%), Giardia sp (3.3%), Eimeria sp (3.3%), Pinworm eggs (3.3%), Naegleria sp (15.3%), Lecane niwati (1.3%), Trichomonas hominis (19.3%), Acanthamoeba spp (24.6%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Balantidium coli (12%), Ascaris sp (3.3%), Volvox sp (26%), Chilomastix mesnili (4%), Pelomyxa palustris (2.6%), Trinema enchelys (2.6%), Actinophrys Sol (7.3%), Amobea Vespertilio (9.3%), Rhabditea (5.3%), paramecium bursaria (9.3%), cyst of cestode (6%), Oocyst protozoa (16%), Euglena gracilis (10.6%).were isolated. The study's goal was to isolate some of the parasites that pollute the Euphrates water in Anbar Province and their impact on the health of living species and swimmers. Keywords. Acanthamoeba spp, Cryptosporidium, Fresh water, Giardia, Rotifer.

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq

Bionatura

Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, ... more Intestinal parasites present in freshwater from the Al- Fallujah, Al- Habbaniyah and Al-Alwarar, of the Euphrates river in Iraq are Cryptosporidium spp (25.3%), Giardia sp (3.3%), Eimeria sp (3.3%), Pinworm eggs (3.3%), Naegleria sp (15.3%), Lecane niwati (1.3%), Trichomonas hominis (19.3%), Acanthamoeba spp (24.6%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Balantidium coli (12%), Ascaris sp (3.3%), Volvox sp (26%), Chilomastix mesnili (4%), Pelomyxa palustris (2.6%), Trinema enchelys (2.6%), Actinophrys Sol (7.3%), Amobea Vespertilio (9.3%), Rhabditea (5.3%), paramecium bursaria (9.3%), cyst of cestode (6%), Oocyst protozoa (16%), Euglena gracilis (10.6%).were isolated. The study's goal was to isolate some of the parasites that pollute the Euphrates water in Anbar Province and their impact on the health of living species and swimmers. Keywords. Acanthamoeba spp, Cryptosporidium, Fresh water, Giardia, Rotifer.

Research paper thumbnail of Review On Elucidation Of The Risk Factors Associated With The Prevalence Of Coccidiosis In Buffaloes

Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 2021

The research was performed in order to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria spp in buffalo. C... more The research was performed in order to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria spp in buffalo. Coccidiosis, is a common livestock disease include water buffaloes and nothing is known about the most pathogenic species of Eimeria. Since the highest prevalence of oocyst shedding and incidence of disease occurs in buffalo calves less than one year of age. The omnipresent occurrence and negative effects of the infection on health and buffalo growth output are taken into account. Therefore, both farmers and veterinarians should pay greater attention to infections with Eimeria spp. And there is little analysis of data reported in Iraq and the world regarding Eimeria infection in river buffalo spp.

Research paper thumbnail of Blood Parasites Affects Local Rabbits in Iraq, a Review

Global Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2020

Rabbits are animals affected by many different species of parasites, infection Lead to lower body... more Rabbits are animals affected by many different species of parasites, infection Lead to lower body weight gain compared with non-infected rabbits , while sever infection Lead to death , although rabbits are less likely to develop epidemic diseases, but they are exposed to diseases of care and malnutrition, as well as parasitic diseases .Turning to previous studies that dealt with the spread of blood parasites in rabbits is a protozoan parasite such as (scab body, Babesia sp., Theileria sp., Anaplasma sp., Trypanosom sp. ,Plasmodium sp.). The current study aimed to defiend of blood parasite in rabbit in Iraq . Despite, the few of research on this subject for this study of blood parasites that Infection of rabbits and suggestion development of a database of studies of blood parasites affecting rabbits in Iraq.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Buxtonella sulcata in Sheep and Supplied drinking water

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2019

Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of ... more Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 120 sheep faecal samples were collected (23 males and 97 females) with ages ranged from less than 1 year to 3 years. Also, 11 sheep drinking (river) water from Al-Suwaira city, Wasit governorate, for the period extended from September 2015 to the end February 2016. Laboratory methods used were direct wet film and iodine and Giemsa staining to detect the cysts and trophozoite of the parasite . Results recorded (30.83%) infection rate of Buxtonella sulcate in sheep, while the contamination rate of water (45.45%). Females are infected more than males which reach (35.13%) (13.04%) respectively. The highest infection rate (44.00%) showed in age group 2-3 years, while, the lowest (21.42%) found in age group (˃ 2). %), with significant difference (p<0.05) between ages and genus. Our conclusion is contamination of water acts as a good sourse for the spread of infection with Buxtonella sulcate .

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa in Cattle in Some Areas of Wasit Province, Iraq

The current study was aimed to determine the infection rate with intestinal protozoa in cattle at... more The current study was aimed to determine the infection rate with intestinal protozoa in cattle at Wasit province, during period from the beginning of December 2018 to the end of August 2019. Two hundred and seventy fecal samples were collected from cattle and examined by traditional methods (direct moist smears, flotation with saturated NaCl solution and stained with Modified acid fast, Giemsa and lugol’s iodine) The total infection rate was 81,85% with intestinal protozoal oocysts and cysts. The infection rate with Cryptosporidium sp. was (28.51%), Giardia duodenalis was (22.96%), Entamoeba sp was (29.62%), Eimeria sp. was (42.59%) and Buxtonella sulcata was (11.48%), and touching on the risk factors (age, gender, season) on the infection rate. In conclusion, this study approved high incidence of intestinal protozoa infection rate in cattle.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of some trematodes (Plagiorchiida: Microphallidae) from different birds in Iraq

The adult worms of the Microphallidae family are mainly found as intestinal parasites of birds an... more The adult worms of the Microphallidae family are mainly found as intestinal parasites of birds and mammals, while metacercariae is most commonly found in decapodal crustaceans. The Microphallidaeare family is spread throughout the world. It includes approximately 47 genera. Mature worms usually enter the digestive system of vertebrates, especially birds and mammals. Microphallidae contain eight subfamilies: Androcotylinae - Basantisiinae - Endocotylinae - Gynaecotylinae - Levinseniellinae - MaritrematinaeMicrophallinae - Sphairiotrematinae. Therefore, due to the lack of studies on the Microphallidae family in Iraq, we began to develop a database on this important family.

Research paper thumbnail of Revision of some species of the genus Cryptosporidium (Tyzzer, 1907) (Eucoccidiorida, cryptosporidiidae) in cattle in Iraq

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that causes gastro... more Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that causes gastroenteritis in a number of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have recorded different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. Nevertheless, important progress has been made in determining Cryptosporidium's putative virulence factors. Since the publication of C parvum and C. Hominis this development has been accelerated genomes, identified by a range of immunological and molecular techniques with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors, which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. There has also been improvement in the contribution of host variables correlated with differences in both the severity and risk of infection. In view of our current understa...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation and Identification of Intestinal Protozoa from Ostriches in Middle of Iraq

Samples were collected from the feces of 50 ostriches, which were examined by direct smears. With... more Samples were collected from the feces of 50 ostriches, which were examined by direct smears. With and without centrifugation; cysts and oocysts of protozoa and nematode eggs were examined in fecal sample. The results of this work were as follows: Trophozoites and cysts of Entamoeba spp., cyst of Giardia spp., oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp., oocyst of Eimeria spp. and Isospora sp. egg were recorded, After data analysis, it was concluded that Ostriches were infected enzootically by nematode and protozoan species (Mix parasite infection). There are a few records on infections with intestinal protozoa in ostriches of Iraq. Eimeria spp. (protozoa), belong to parasites causing the most serious economic losses in ratites in the world. As farming of these big birds is still in the beginning, many years of research and development are necessary to reach levels of medical and technological progress that is nowadays practiced in poultry industry. The current study aims to record and identify i...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Buxtonella sulcata in Sheep and Supplied drinking water

Zainab A. Makawi

Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 1... more Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 120 sheep faecal samples were collected (23 males and 97 females) with ages ranged from less than 1 year to 3 years. Also, 11 sheep drinking (river) water from Al-Suwaira city, Wasit governorate, for the period extended from September 2015 to the end February 2016. Laboratory methods used were direct wet film and iodine and Giemsa staining to detect the cysts and trophozoite of the parasite. Results recorded (30.83%) infection rate of Buxtonella sulcate in sheep, while the contamination rate of water (45.45%). Females are infected more than males which reach (35.13%) (13.04%) respectively. The highest infection rate (44.00%) showed in age group 2-3 years, while, the lowest (21.42%) found in age group (˃ 2). %), with significant difference (p<0.05) between ages and genus. Our conclusion is contamination of water acts as a good sourse for the spread of infection with Buxtonella sulcate .

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnosis of Some Parasites of Asian Catfish Silurus Triostegus (Heckel, 1843

Advances in Bioresearch, 2018

A total of twelve fish specimens of the Asian catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) were purc... more A total of twelve fish specimens of the Asian catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) were purchased from fishermen in the local market of Bab al-Mu'adham in Baghdad province and examined for endoparasites .The present study revealed the existence of two species of digenetic trematodes, Megamonostomella rashediansis Rahemo and Al-Naemi, 1998 and Orientocreadium pseudobagri Yamaguti, 1934 in the intestine of Silurus triostegus and the third larval stage of the nematode Contracaecum species encapsulated in the intestinal wall of S. triostegus. This is the first recording of M. rashediansis and O. pseudobagri from S. triostegus from the Tigris River in Baghdad province.