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History and Language by Martin Counihan
It is proposed that the Gaulish language included an adjective *aul-, “small”, and that the term ... more It is proposed that the Gaulish language included an adjective *aul-, “small”, and that the term Aulerci, which is the Latin form of a qualifier of some Gaulish tribal names, means “the Lesser”.
'Albion' is a poetic name for Britain, and 'Alba' is the name of Scotland in modern Scots Gaelic.... more 'Albion' is a poetic name for Britain, and 'Alba' is the name of Scotland in modern Scots Gaelic. That much is familiar to most British people. But the origin and wider context of these names is poorly known and is controversial even among specialists in historical linguistics and onomastics. This article presents a glimpse into the history of the ‘Albans’ and argues that communities so designated existed not only in Britain and in continental Europe but also in Ireland.
St Patrick’s Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus names a British monarch, Coroticus, as being res... more St Patrick’s Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus names a British monarch, Coroticus, as being responsible for capturing and enslaving members of Patrick’s Christian community in 5th-century Ireland. The question of the identity and location of Coroticus is briefly reviewed. It appears most likely that he was based at the stronghold now known as Elagh Castle near Derry in Ulster.
It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce p... more It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce properly the Indo-European languages which they encountered in and around Italy. Etruscan influence can neatly explain not only the phenomenon of P-Celtic but also the corresponding phonological transition in Oscan and Umbrian.
For well over a thousand years, historians have misunderstood the ancient people whom Roman write... more For well over a thousand years, historians have misunderstood the ancient people whom Roman writers called Picti, the Picts. It has been imagined that they were inhabitants of Scotland. But in fact the Picts were inhabitants of Ireland, and there is no good reason to think that they had anything whatsoever to do with Scotland.
It is argued that the original Scots were most likely to have been a late-third-century Irish mil... more It is argued that the original Scots were most likely to have been a late-third-century Irish military regiment. Evidence is presented which supports their origin in Wicklow and their eventual resettlement in north Tipperary.
It is proposed that the Old Irish district-name Partraige does not come from the name of any spec... more It is proposed that the Old Irish district-name Partraige does not come from the name of any specific tribe or clan but comes from the Latin word pars and refers to the allocation of a piece of territory. Partán, an Old Irish word for a crab, is unrelated to Partraige but comes, with a modification of the first vowel, from the Latin portus, "port" or "shore".
The Irish tribal names recorded by Ptolemy of Alexandria are reviewed. Etymologies are proposed,... more The Irish tribal names recorded by Ptolemy of Alexandria are reviewed. Etymologies are proposed, and it is possible to identify peoples and places in later times whose names were continuations of those of the Ptolemaic tribes. In the case of one tribe, the Robogdii, it is suggested that their homeland was in west Donegal and not, as previously thought, in Antrim.
It is proposed that the name Dobunni, which denoted an ancient British tribe, should be interpret... more It is proposed that the name Dobunni, which denoted an ancient British tribe, should be interpreted as Archaic Irish. It means “the people at the river-mouth”.
It is proposed that the placename Vaucluse, which occurs at a number of places in France, is in a... more It is proposed that the placename Vaucluse, which occurs at a number of places in France, is in at least two cases derived from a deity-name Uoclutos, “the famous one below”, a Gaulish equivalent of Pluto.
It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce p... more It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce properly the Indo-European languages which they encountered in and around Italy. Etruscan influence can neatly explain not only the phenomenon of P-Celtic but also the corresponding phonological transition in Oscan and Umbrian. This scenario tends to support a relatively short timescale for the dissemination and diversification of the Western Indo-European languages. Although today they are spoken only by small communities on the northwestern fringes of Europe, the Celtic languages were once a very important section of the Indo-European language family and were distributed across a wide swath of Western and Central Europe, at one stage extending as far east as Galatia in western Anatolia. A peculiarity of the Celtic languages is that, in some of them, a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) labiovelar consonant, conventionally written as k w , developed into a qu or hard c (k) sound. In others, however, the same original k w developed into a p. The former have been known as "Q-Celtic" languages, and the latter as "P-Celtic" languages. For example, the interrogative pronoun "who" had the PIE form k w os and led to the Modern Irish cé but to the Welsh pwy. Irish is Q-Celtic, but British (or "Brittonic"), whence Welsh, is P-Celtic.
Miscellanous by Martin Counihan
Quarks are fundamental to our understanding of the universe. The devising of the quark model, its... more Quarks are fundamental to our understanding of the universe. The devising of the quark model, its experimental confirmation, and its eventual integration into the "Standard Model" of elementary particles was one of the outstanding achievements of 20th-century physics. It is surprising, therefore, that confusion has arisen about how quarks were actually "discovered", i.e. how experimental evidence led the scientific community to accept the real existence of quarks. A myth has emerged that the existence of quarks did not become accepted until after 1968, and then primarily as a result of the deep inelastic electron-proton experiments at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. This view was bolstered by the award of the Nobel Prize in 1990 to Friedman, Kendall and Taylor. The "SLAC myth" has been perpetuated in textbooks of physics, in Wikipedia, and elsewhere.
However, the contemporary literature shows that the existence of quarks was widely accepted well before 1968, mainly because of data from hadron-hadron scattering experiments using bubble chambers at Brookhaven (New York) and CERN (Geneva). The continuing harvest of such data into the early 1970s rendered the quark model practically unassailable. The SLAC data, while providing valuable complementary evidence, was of secondary importance for establishing quarks in the minds of most scientists at the time.
Suggestions are made about how the "SLAC myth" arose. Philosophical, political and nationalistic factors were surely involved. No doubt there was a desire for SLAC to publicly justify its costs and to distinguish its findings from what had already been revealed elsewhere by the bubble-chamber technique. When a major scientific development has to be conveyed to the public in just a couple of sentences, oversimplification is hard to avoid and a misleading myth may easily be generated.
European Journal of Physics, 2007
The basic principles of the Newtonian theory of gravitation are presented in a way which students... more The basic principles of the Newtonian theory of gravitation are presented in a way which students may find more logically coherent, mathematically accessible and physically interesting than other approaches. After giving relatively simple derivations of the circular hodograph and the elliptical orbit from the inverse-square law, the concept of gravitational energy is developed from vector calculus. It is argued that the energy density of a gravitational field may reasonably be regarded as −g 2 /8π G, and that the inverse-square law may be replaced by a Schwarzschild-like force law without the need to invoke non-Euclidean geometry.
This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which a... more This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which aim at personal, cultural and scientific development. Specifically, it focuses on provision using ICT-mediated modes of communication to achieve regional and global outreach, entailing the emergence of "virtual" learning communities which are not geographically limited. Among disciplines, the natural sciences present us with some particularly interesting questions because of significant recent policy developments at national level (personified in the UK by Lord Jenkin) and at European level (associated, for example, with Commissioner Busquin). Traditional forms of engagement between science and society are being questioned, with implications which are profoundly challenging to educators responsible for the promotion of lifelong learning. Is it helpful to apply a Wengerian analysis based on learning as engagement in social practice? Is science special? Could the case of science and society eventually serve as a template for how other academic communities should engage with society? This work is based in part on the results of an EU SOCRATES project on general and cultural adult education (GECULT, 1998-2000) supplemented by the experience of more recent efforts to support new forms of outreach and lifelong learning at the University of Southampton.
Particle Physics by Martin Counihan
Nuclear Physics B, 1977
Recent data on the production of n, P 0, to and other mesons in hadron-hadron collisions at inter... more Recent data on the production of n, P 0, to and other mesons in hadron-hadron collisions at intermediate energies are studied. Their transverse spectra da]dp 2 are all found to be approximately exponential, with similar slopes, ~3.4 (GeV/c)-Z, up to about p~ = 2(GeV/c) 2. The inclusive yields of the mesons are broadly in agreement with quark model predictions. In the case of pions, a distinction is made between those directly produced and those produced indirectly via resonance decay. It is estimated that between 10% and 30% of pions are directly produced.
Nuclear Physics B, 1973
We report on 20 events of ~-production observed in K-p interactions at 10 GeV/c. A summary of the... more We report on 20 events of ~-production observed in K-p interactions at 10 GeV/c. A summary of the present world sample is given and new average values of the mass and lifetime of the FLare calculated. Production and decay characteristics are discussed.
It is proposed that the Gaulish language included an adjective *aul-, “small”, and that the term ... more It is proposed that the Gaulish language included an adjective *aul-, “small”, and that the term Aulerci, which is the Latin form of a qualifier of some Gaulish tribal names, means “the Lesser”.
'Albion' is a poetic name for Britain, and 'Alba' is the name of Scotland in modern Scots Gaelic.... more 'Albion' is a poetic name for Britain, and 'Alba' is the name of Scotland in modern Scots Gaelic. That much is familiar to most British people. But the origin and wider context of these names is poorly known and is controversial even among specialists in historical linguistics and onomastics. This article presents a glimpse into the history of the ‘Albans’ and argues that communities so designated existed not only in Britain and in continental Europe but also in Ireland.
St Patrick’s Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus names a British monarch, Coroticus, as being res... more St Patrick’s Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus names a British monarch, Coroticus, as being responsible for capturing and enslaving members of Patrick’s Christian community in 5th-century Ireland. The question of the identity and location of Coroticus is briefly reviewed. It appears most likely that he was based at the stronghold now known as Elagh Castle near Derry in Ulster.
It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce p... more It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce properly the Indo-European languages which they encountered in and around Italy. Etruscan influence can neatly explain not only the phenomenon of P-Celtic but also the corresponding phonological transition in Oscan and Umbrian.
For well over a thousand years, historians have misunderstood the ancient people whom Roman write... more For well over a thousand years, historians have misunderstood the ancient people whom Roman writers called Picti, the Picts. It has been imagined that they were inhabitants of Scotland. But in fact the Picts were inhabitants of Ireland, and there is no good reason to think that they had anything whatsoever to do with Scotland.
It is argued that the original Scots were most likely to have been a late-third-century Irish mil... more It is argued that the original Scots were most likely to have been a late-third-century Irish military regiment. Evidence is presented which supports their origin in Wicklow and their eventual resettlement in north Tipperary.
It is proposed that the Old Irish district-name Partraige does not come from the name of any spec... more It is proposed that the Old Irish district-name Partraige does not come from the name of any specific tribe or clan but comes from the Latin word pars and refers to the allocation of a piece of territory. Partán, an Old Irish word for a crab, is unrelated to Partraige but comes, with a modification of the first vowel, from the Latin portus, "port" or "shore".
The Irish tribal names recorded by Ptolemy of Alexandria are reviewed. Etymologies are proposed,... more The Irish tribal names recorded by Ptolemy of Alexandria are reviewed. Etymologies are proposed, and it is possible to identify peoples and places in later times whose names were continuations of those of the Ptolemaic tribes. In the case of one tribe, the Robogdii, it is suggested that their homeland was in west Donegal and not, as previously thought, in Antrim.
It is proposed that the name Dobunni, which denoted an ancient British tribe, should be interpret... more It is proposed that the name Dobunni, which denoted an ancient British tribe, should be interpreted as Archaic Irish. It means “the people at the river-mouth”.
It is proposed that the placename Vaucluse, which occurs at a number of places in France, is in a... more It is proposed that the placename Vaucluse, which occurs at a number of places in France, is in at least two cases derived from a deity-name Uoclutos, “the famous one below”, a Gaulish equivalent of Pluto.
It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce p... more It is argued that what used to be called "P-Celtic" arose because Etruscans could not pronounce properly the Indo-European languages which they encountered in and around Italy. Etruscan influence can neatly explain not only the phenomenon of P-Celtic but also the corresponding phonological transition in Oscan and Umbrian. This scenario tends to support a relatively short timescale for the dissemination and diversification of the Western Indo-European languages. Although today they are spoken only by small communities on the northwestern fringes of Europe, the Celtic languages were once a very important section of the Indo-European language family and were distributed across a wide swath of Western and Central Europe, at one stage extending as far east as Galatia in western Anatolia. A peculiarity of the Celtic languages is that, in some of them, a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) labiovelar consonant, conventionally written as k w , developed into a qu or hard c (k) sound. In others, however, the same original k w developed into a p. The former have been known as "Q-Celtic" languages, and the latter as "P-Celtic" languages. For example, the interrogative pronoun "who" had the PIE form k w os and led to the Modern Irish cé but to the Welsh pwy. Irish is Q-Celtic, but British (or "Brittonic"), whence Welsh, is P-Celtic.
Quarks are fundamental to our understanding of the universe. The devising of the quark model, its... more Quarks are fundamental to our understanding of the universe. The devising of the quark model, its experimental confirmation, and its eventual integration into the "Standard Model" of elementary particles was one of the outstanding achievements of 20th-century physics. It is surprising, therefore, that confusion has arisen about how quarks were actually "discovered", i.e. how experimental evidence led the scientific community to accept the real existence of quarks. A myth has emerged that the existence of quarks did not become accepted until after 1968, and then primarily as a result of the deep inelastic electron-proton experiments at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. This view was bolstered by the award of the Nobel Prize in 1990 to Friedman, Kendall and Taylor. The "SLAC myth" has been perpetuated in textbooks of physics, in Wikipedia, and elsewhere.
However, the contemporary literature shows that the existence of quarks was widely accepted well before 1968, mainly because of data from hadron-hadron scattering experiments using bubble chambers at Brookhaven (New York) and CERN (Geneva). The continuing harvest of such data into the early 1970s rendered the quark model practically unassailable. The SLAC data, while providing valuable complementary evidence, was of secondary importance for establishing quarks in the minds of most scientists at the time.
Suggestions are made about how the "SLAC myth" arose. Philosophical, political and nationalistic factors were surely involved. No doubt there was a desire for SLAC to publicly justify its costs and to distinguish its findings from what had already been revealed elsewhere by the bubble-chamber technique. When a major scientific development has to be conveyed to the public in just a couple of sentences, oversimplification is hard to avoid and a misleading myth may easily be generated.
European Journal of Physics, 2007
The basic principles of the Newtonian theory of gravitation are presented in a way which students... more The basic principles of the Newtonian theory of gravitation are presented in a way which students may find more logically coherent, mathematically accessible and physically interesting than other approaches. After giving relatively simple derivations of the circular hodograph and the elliptical orbit from the inverse-square law, the concept of gravitational energy is developed from vector calculus. It is argued that the energy density of a gravitational field may reasonably be regarded as −g 2 /8π G, and that the inverse-square law may be replaced by a Schwarzschild-like force law without the need to invoke non-Euclidean geometry.
This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which a... more This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which aim at personal, cultural and scientific development. Specifically, it focuses on provision using ICT-mediated modes of communication to achieve regional and global outreach, entailing the emergence of "virtual" learning communities which are not geographically limited. Among disciplines, the natural sciences present us with some particularly interesting questions because of significant recent policy developments at national level (personified in the UK by Lord Jenkin) and at European level (associated, for example, with Commissioner Busquin). Traditional forms of engagement between science and society are being questioned, with implications which are profoundly challenging to educators responsible for the promotion of lifelong learning. Is it helpful to apply a Wengerian analysis based on learning as engagement in social practice? Is science special? Could the case of science and society eventually serve as a template for how other academic communities should engage with society? This work is based in part on the results of an EU SOCRATES project on general and cultural adult education (GECULT, 1998-2000) supplemented by the experience of more recent efforts to support new forms of outreach and lifelong learning at the University of Southampton.
Nuclear Physics B, 1977
Recent data on the production of n, P 0, to and other mesons in hadron-hadron collisions at inter... more Recent data on the production of n, P 0, to and other mesons in hadron-hadron collisions at intermediate energies are studied. Their transverse spectra da]dp 2 are all found to be approximately exponential, with similar slopes, ~3.4 (GeV/c)-Z, up to about p~ = 2(GeV/c) 2. The inclusive yields of the mesons are broadly in agreement with quark model predictions. In the case of pions, a distinction is made between those directly produced and those produced indirectly via resonance decay. It is estimated that between 10% and 30% of pions are directly produced.
Nuclear Physics B, 1973
We report on 20 events of ~-production observed in K-p interactions at 10 GeV/c. A summary of the... more We report on 20 events of ~-production observed in K-p interactions at 10 GeV/c. A summary of the present world sample is given and new average values of the mass and lifetime of the FLare calculated. Production and decay characteristics are discussed.
Nuclear Physics B, 1974
Evidence is examined for double diffraction dissociation in the reactions n*p-* (3~r)±(N~r) + wit... more Evidence is examined for double diffraction dissociation in the reactions n*p-* (3~r)±(N~r) + with (3n) ± masses between 1.0 and 1.2 GeV at 16 GeV/c incident beam momentum. The data considered are found to reveal: (a) isospin zero exchange, (b) the expected factorisation properties, (c) a do/dt' slope compatible with those deduced from single dissociation processes and elastic scattering, and (d) as shown by an analysis of D moments, (31r) ± systems with the same typical spinparity composition as observed in the diffractive single dissociation reactions n±p ~ (3~0+-p. Comparison of the 16 GeV/c data with data of an 8 GeV/c experiment indicate an almost energy-independent cross section for the process investigated.
Nuclear Physics B, 1973
A new type of vaIiable is introduced for the analysis of strong interactions at high energies, na... more A new type of vaIiable is introduced for the analysis of strong interactions at high energies, namely the squared four-current transfer ('Ocharge transfer") from the initial to the final state. Some interesting experimental results are found, and we emphasise the value of our work as an approach to the problem of data presentation and interpretation for high-multiplicity reactions.
Nuclear Physics B, 1977
The reactions K-p-0 K.N3~r are studied at 10 and 16 GeV/c. Evidence is presented for the diffract... more The reactions K-p-0 K.N3~r are studied at 10 and 16 GeV/c. Evidence is presented for the diffractive dissociation processes K-* K3~r and p-~ N3~r, based on the observation, in the reactions involving no exchange of charge, of threshold enhancements in the K3~r and N3~r mass spectra with cross sections weakly dependent on energy. In the charge exchange reactions, the K37r and N37r spectra increase smoothly from threshold, and the~ energy dependence is strong. The most important decay channels contributing to the K-* K3n diffractive systems are Kto, ~,~4207r and the two-resonance channel K~9OP. For p-* N3~r, major decay channels are pro and Anat. For a fixed mass, it is found that the slopes of the do/dt' distributions are approximately the same as those observed for diffractive dissociation into lower multiplicities.
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
A comparison is made of the low-mass three-meson systems (rr*rn), (Kn*r), (rrKg') and (KKK) diffr... more A comparison is made of the low-mass three-meson systems (rr*rn), (Kn*r), (rrKg') and (KKK) diffractively produced in the reactions meson + proton-* three mesons + proton. Several striking similarities and a few important differences are observed: (i) the reactions are consistent with the assumption that the three mesons decay entirely into a 0-meson and a 0 +, 1-or 2 + resonance; (ii) the ~hree-meson mass spectra have a broad peak ~ 250 MeV above the effective threshold Mef f of the dominant decay mode and then fall off approximately as (mass)-3; (iii) the average spin (J) rises with mass according to (J) = 0.55 + 1.1Qeff,
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
Results are presented for reactions of the type K-p ~ K*(890) (N~rTr) at 10 GeV/c where the K* is... more Results are presented for reactions of the type K-p ~ K*(890) (N~rTr) at 10 GeV/c where the K* is produced forwards and the nucleon and two pions are all produced backwards in the c.m. Of the three real parts of the ~.* density matrix elements only one is non-zero, while all imaginary parts are consistent with zero. In the non-charge-exchange channel, K-p ~ K*-(N~r~r) +, natural and unnatural spin-parity exchanges are equally important, while in the charge-exchange channels, K-p ~ K*°(N~rn) °, unnatural spin-parity exchanges dominate. These results are compared to those for K-p ~ K*°(Nrr) and found to be very similar for both the charge and non-charge-exchange reactions. However, they are different from those for K-p ~ K*°N.
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
A partial-wave analysis has been performed on the (K-n-n +) system produced in the reaction K-p-,... more A partial-wave analysis has been performed on the (K-n-n +) system produced in the reaction K-p-, K-Tr-rr+p at 10 and 16 GeV/e. In the Q mass region it is found that the two dominant states, K*rr and Kp, both in I+S wave, are produced with different polarisations, helicity being approximately conserved in the t-channel for K*n and in the s-channel for Kp. This is in contradiction with the assumption that the amplitude can be factorised into "production" and "decay" parts, and hence that the two amplitudes are fully coherent. The phase variation of the two states do not indicate simple resonance behaviour. It is concluded that the Q-mass enhancement is composite.
Nuclear Physics B, 1976
Events with a char~ed secondary having high transverse momentum (> 1 GeV/c) have been investigate... more Events with a char~ed secondary having high transverse momentum (> 1 GeV/c) have been investigated in n'p reactions at 16 GeV/c and rr-p reactions at 16 and 100 GeV/c.
Nuclear Physics B, 1978
Inclusive topological and differential A++(1232) production cross sections are obtained over the ... more Inclusive topological and differential A++(1232) production cross sections are obtained over the entire kinematic region. We find that the differential cross sections are very similar for *r-p and K-p collisions, but in 7r+p collisions the cross section is considerably higher in the forward and backward direction, while comparable in the central region. The do/dp 2 distributions all show a peak at smaUp 2 values, and at large p.~ values the slopes are similar for all interactions. All do/dr distributions are characterized by a steep slope for Itl < 2 (GeV) 2, while the slope flattens at higher t values.
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
A spin-panty analysis is presented of the (K-n +) system produced in the reaction K-p-+(K-rr+)nat... more A spin-panty analysis is presented of the (K-n +) system produced in the reaction K-p-+(K-rr+)natlOand16GeV/eforM(Krr)<168GeVandlt [<02GeV 2 The pn (Krr) system IS dominantly produced by pIon exchange with absorption, but the contributions of natural panty exchanges are not negllgable In (46 _+ 3)% of the cases the (KTr) system is m an S-wave state whose mass and phase variation are tound to be consistent with a Brelt-Wlgner resonance with mass value M 0 = 1245 +-30 M-V and width P0 = 485 +-80 MeV P Cross sections for the mdwldual J states are presented for 10 and 16 GeV/c separately
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
A new method of obtaining an experimental lower bound on the r.m.s, impact parameter of an exclus... more A new method of obtaining an experimental lower bound on the r.m.s, impact parameter of an exclusive process is applied to data on pp ~ ppn+n-at 7-25 and 205 GeV/c and on *r-p ~ 7r-pn+~r-at 16 and 205 GeV/c. The overall lower bounds are compared with geometrical and multiperipheral model predictions, and are shown to rule out the version of the geometrical model in which these processes become central at high energies. Our results for diffractive regions of longitudinal phase space favour a peripheral impact parameter profile for inelastic diffraction. In a related study of transverse momentum correlations in these processes, we find a predominance of "nearest-neighbour" correlations between transverse momentum transfers.
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
Lower bounds can be calculated for the root-mean-square impact parameter b, m any exclusxve react... more Lower bounds can be calculated for the root-mean-square impact parameter b, m any exclusxve reaction. These lower bounds, bL, have been calculated for 9 excluswe ~r-p reactions at 16 GeV/c and for 24 excluswe K-p reactions at 10 and 16 GeV/e It Is found that b L decreases with increasing multlphclty, but is larger at higher energy. The values of b L are larger for diffractive than for non-diffractive channels of the same multiplicity.
Nuclear Physics B, 1976
For high-nmss resonances, the signal to noise ratio is substantially improved when those colnbina... more For high-nmss resonances, the signal to noise ratio is substantially improved when those colnbinations of the decay particles are selected in which one or more particles have large transverse momenta. For example, in the reaction rr+p ~ prr+n+rr at 16 GeV/c, tire gO meson is enhanced with respect to the background when the decay pions are required to have PT > 0.5 GeV/c. Utilizing this method, we find evidence for a structure in the 3-pion invariant mass spectrum at approximately 1.8 GeV, while additional evidence is given for a broad structure in the K-rr + invariant mass spectrum between 1.7 and 2.0 GeV.
Nuclear Physics B, 1973
For each K-p event, the charge exchange, AQ, is calculated, as the difference between the total c... more For each K-p event, the charge exchange, AQ, is calculated, as the difference between the total charge of the forward going particles and of the incident K-meson. Taking all inelastic events, it is found that zero charge exchange does not dominate, occurring in only 40% of the cases. The proportion of AQ = + 1 is also 40%, while AQ =-1 and AQ = + 2 both represent about 10% of the events and other values of AQ are not important. The average charge exchange and the dispersion of AQ values are compared with the predictions of the multiperipheral and fragmentation models.
Charles Darwin made an error. He believed that evolution by natural selection does not involve an... more Charles Darwin made an error. He believed that evolution by natural selection does not involve any kind of "absolute tendency to progression", i.e. it does not lead in any particular direction such as the augmenting of intelligence, the controlling of the forces of nature, or the emergence of freedom. He was followed in his error by well-known popularisers such as Stephen Jay Gould ("you cannot get any tale of cosmic progress out of that") and Richard Dawkins, who concluded that because of Darwin's theory "there is almost certainly no God". This paper points out that Darwin's non-progressivism was not, and is not, a necessary part of the theory of evolution by natural selection, and that the contrary view - that evolution is progressive - has been held by a succession of other scientists. Moreover, some of the most interesting and promising current research about evolution entails the view that evolution has a natural direction. Progressive ev...
Software: Practice and Experience, 1984
The reaction p {sup +} p at 100 GeV/c has been analyzed in terms of effective mass and rapidity v... more The reaction p {sup +} p at 100 GeV/c has been analyzed in terms of effective mass and rapidity variables. It is found to be dominated by two well-separated processes, i.e. the diffractive dissociation of the pion and that of the proton. the Diffractive nature of these processes is confirmed by the weak energy dependence of the cross section for
Physics Letters B, 1971
It is shown that helicity is conserved in the t-channel for A1 and Q-meson production by pions of... more It is shown that helicity is conserved in the t-channel for A1 and Q-meson production by pions of 8 and 16 GeV/c and kaons of 10 GeV/c, respectively. This is in contrast to evidence for s-channel helicity conservation reported for elastic scattering and rho photoproduction. ...
Nuclear Physics B, 1972
... 5 (1950) 570. [21 M. Jacob and R. Slansky, Inclusive pion distributions at present machine en... more ... 5 (1950) 570. [21 M. Jacob and R. Slansky, Inclusive pion distributions at present machine energy, report Yale 2726613, 1972. [3] J. Benecke, TT Chou, CN Yang and E. Yen, Phys. Rev. ... report Yale 2726-613 (1972). 3. J. Benecke, TT Chou, CN Yang and E. Yen Phys. Rev. ...
Nuclear Physics B, 1971
Two enhancements are observed in the (ppi+pi-) mass spectrum at about 1460 MeV and about 1710 MeV... more Two enhancements are observed in the (ppi+pi-) mass spectrum at about 1460 MeV and about 1710 MeV in the reactions pi-p--&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;(ppi+pi-)at 16 GeV/c, pi+p--&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; (ppi+pi-) pi+at 8 and 16 GeV/c and K-p --&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; (ppi+pi-)K-at 10 GeV/c, with production cross sections of approximately 30 mub. Mass and width values closely agree for all these reactions. Fits to the combined distributions give
Nuclear Physics B, 1975
We study the multiplicity distributions and the correlations of charged particles produced forwar... more We study the multiplicity distributions and the correlations of charged particles produced forward and backward in the centre-of-mass system. The correlations are small but significant. This type of analysis shows clearly the presence of the diffractive component of the inelastic cross section, amounting to about 15% of it. It is also apparent that KNO multiplicity scaling is not satisfied.
Nuclear Physics B, 1972
An analysis has been made of the reaction K-p --&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;... more An analysis has been made of the reaction K-p --&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; K(piN) in terms of the isospins of the t-channel (K- --&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; K) exchange and of the (piN)-system. It is found that the dominant process is isoscalar exchange, which is identified with the diffractive dissociation of the proton. The (piN) mass spectrum corresponding to this process presents an asymmetric enhancement of
Nuclear Physics B, 1970
Several reactions of 8 ifGeV/cpi+p, 10 GeV/c K-p and 16 GeV/c pi-p have been compared with the mu... more Several reactions of 8 ifGeV/cpi+p, 10 GeV/c K-p and 16 GeV/c pi-p have been compared with the multiperipheral Regge-pole model of chan, Loskiewicz and Allison, using the technique of longitudinal phase-space plots introduced by Van Hove, to investigate the relative importance of the various exchange diagrams. While the gross features of the data are satisfactorily reproduced at all
Physics Letters B, 1975
Abstract Variables of a new kind are proposed and discussed which are especially suited to the pr... more Abstract Variables of a new kind are proposed and discussed which are especially suited to the problem of analysing the gross properties of multiparticle final states.
Physics Letters B, 1974
... 4 PHYSICS LETTERS 29 April 1974 SPIN PARITY STRUCTURE OF THE Q AND L ENHANCEMENTS IN K-p -&am... more ... 4 PHYSICS LETTERS 29 April 1974 SPIN PARITY STRUCTURE OF THE Q AND L ENHANCEMENTS IN K-p -> (K-7r-e )p AT 10 AND 16 GeV/c Aachen-Berlin-CERN-London-Vienna Collaboration M. DEUTSCHMANN, G. OTTER, G. RUDOLPH, H ... 2 Now at Niels Bohr ...
Nuclear Physics B
ERRORS ARE PARTLY STATISTIACAL BUT ALSO TAKE ACCOUNT OF SYSTEMATICS. PLAB=16 GEV/C. -1& lt;X&... more ERRORS ARE PARTLY STATISTIACAL BUT ALSO TAKE ACCOUNT OF SYSTEMATICS. PLAB=16 GEV/C. -1& lt;X& lt;1 SMALL PT B.C. DATA FROM CERN.
Nuclear Physics B, 1974
Charged particle multiplicity cross sections for 100 GeV/c pi /sup -/p inelastic interactions are... more Charged particle multiplicity cross sections for 100 GeV/c pi /sup -/p inelastic interactions are presented and compared with results at other energies. The results for multiplicities n&gt;or=4 show a consistent trend in their energy dependence. The two-prong cross section curve differs as it tends to flatten off at the higher energies. The zero-prong cross section values decrease steeply as p
Physics Bulletin, 1986
Brian G Duff London: Taylor and Francis 1986 xi + 122 pp price £12 ISBN 0 85066 332 6 Brian Duff,... more Brian G Duff London: Taylor and Francis 1986 xi + 122 pp price £12 ISBN 0 85066 332 6 Brian Duff, a well known and respected member of the British particle physics community, died suddenly in 1984. Thanks to his colleagues at University College London, who saw the manuscript through to publication, we have this book to serve as a memorial to him.
Choice Reviews Online, 2010
Contemporary Physics, 2011
complements the other chapters which focus on the physics behind biomedical optical techniques. T... more complements the other chapters which focus on the physics behind biomedical optical techniques. This books addresses the majority of topical issues in biomedical optics. It brings together much of the most important literature into an easily accessible form. Written by leaders in their respective fields, this book would be a valuable addition to the collection of researchers, engineers and clinicians alike.
De Diversis artibus, 2002
This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which a... more This paper is a preliminary study of the wider benefits of the kinds of lifelong learning which aim at personal, cultural and scientific development. Specifically, it focuses on provision using ICT-mediated modes of communication to achieve regional and global outreach, entailing the emergence of “virtual” learning communities which are not geographically limited. Among disciplines, the natural sciences present us with some particularly interesting questions because of significant recent policy developments at national level (personified in the UK by Lord Jenkin) and at European level (associated, for example, with Commissioner Busquin). Traditional forms of engagement between science and society are being questioned, with implications which are profoundly challenging to educators responsible for the promotion of lifelong learning. Is it helpful to apply a Wengerian analysis based on learning as engagement in social practice? Is science special? Could the case of science and society eventually serve as a template for how other academic communities should engage with society? This work is based in part on the results of an EU SOCRATES project on general and cultural adult education (GECULT, 1998-2000) supplemented by the experience of more recent efforts to support new forms of outreach and lifelong learning at the University of Southampton.
