Preety Gadhoke | Independent Scholar (original) (raw)
Papers by Preety Gadhoke
Transformations of Global Food Systems for Climate Change Resilience
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
Research brief on widening racial disparities in food insecurity among Native Americans and Peopl... more Research brief on widening racial disparities in food insecurity among Native Americans and People of Color in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic (July-August 2020).
Health Policy and Planning, 2012
Social network mapping can be useful for examining how vaccine policy makers in Nigeria interact ... more Social network mapping can be useful for examining how vaccine policy makers in Nigeria interact and influence each other. The visual nature and systematic approach of social network mapping provides insights for policy makers and programme managers, and can guide strategies to engage key stakeholders. In particular, the Ministry of Finance and other policy actors who control finance allocation could be engaged more at an earlier stage. Likewise, state-level actors who drive implementation could be brought into the decision-making process at the federal level to ensure that policy decisions taken centrally have strong support for implementation locally.
As a follow-up to our first policy brief on "COVID-19 Widened Racial Disparities in Food Ins... more As a follow-up to our first policy brief on "COVID-19 Widened Racial Disparities in Food Insecurity among Native Americans and People of Color in New York City," This brief reports the role of the novel COVID-19 syndemic on healthcare insecurity, including access to healthcare, healthcare seeking behaviors, and related worries, concerns, and distress in these marginalized, underserved populations (3). COVID-19 has had devastating impacts on healthcare security and health outcomes among racial and ethnic groups.
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Introduction Many small-store intervention trials have been conducted in the United States and ot... more Introduction Many small-store intervention trials have been conducted in the United States and other countries to improve the food environment and dietary behaviors associated with chronic disease risk. However, no systematic reviews of the methods and outcomes of these trials have been published. The objective of this study was to identify small-store interventions and to determine their impact on food availability, dietary behaviors, and psychosocial factors that influence chronic disease risk. Methods From May 2009 through September 2010, we used PubMed, web-based searches, and listservs to identify small-store interventions that met the following criteria: 1) a focus on small food stores, 2) a completed impact evaluation, and 3) Englishwritten documentation (peer-reviewed articles or other trial documents). We initially identified 28 trials; 16 met inclusion criteria and were used for analysis. We conducted interviews with project staff to obtain additional information. Reviewers extracted and reported data in a table format to ensure comparability between data. Results Reviewed trials were implemented in rural and urban settings in 6 countries and primarily targeted low-income racial/ethnic minority populations. Common intervention strategies included increasing the availability of healthier foods (particularly produce), point-of-purchase promotions (shelf labels, posters), and community engagement. Less common strategies included business training and nutrition education. We found significant effects for increased availability of healthy foods, improved sales of healthy foods, and improved consumer knowledge and dietary behaviors. Conclusion Trial impact appeared to be linked to the increased provision of both healthy foods (supply) and health communications designed to increase consumption (demand). Our objective was to identify small-store intervention strategies that produce significant increases in healthy food access and consumption. Specifically, we sought to present the design and evaluation components of each trial, to describe the process indicators (reach, dose, and fidelity) and impact (at the store and consumer levels) associated with each intervention, and to suggest potential next steps in research, practice, and policy. Methods Data sources From May 2009 through September 2010, we searched the peer-reviewed literature and "gray" literature. Only literature after 1990 was considered. Gray literature included Box. Search terms for systematic review of small-store interventions
Journal of Urban Health, 2020
Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity an... more Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. To prevent the exacerbation of health disparities, there is a need to understand the implementation of meal distribution among large urban school districts during emergencies and to what degree these strategies provide equitable meal access. Our case study of four large urban school districts during the COVID-19 pandemic aims to address these knowledge gaps. Guided by the Getting to Equity (GTE) framework, we conducted a mixed-methods study evaluating emergency meal distribution and strategy implementation in four large urban school districts (Chicago Public Schools, Houston
INNOVATIONS in pharmacy, 2021
Background: A key to an effective Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Community Intervention is to unders... more Background: A key to an effective Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Community Intervention is to understand populations who are most vulnerable to it. We aimed at evaluating characteristics of New York City communities where rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases were particularly high. Methods: The study outcomes - neighborhood-specific confirmed COVID-19 cases, positive tests, and COVID-19 attributable deaths were calculated using data extracted from the New York City government health website, which were linked to results from Community Health Survey. Distributions of study outcomes across New York City community districts and their associations with neighborhood characteristics were examined using Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. Results: As of May 21, 2010, rates of confirmed cases ranged from 0.8% (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 3.9% (Jackson Heights), and the rates of attributable death from to 0.6‰ (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 4.2‰ (Coney Island). Higher percentages of black, Hispanic and...
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Objectives Multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are a promising strategy to address ob... more Objectives Multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are a promising strategy to address obesity, yet they are complex to implement with sufficient intensity. We report on the process evaluation of a MLMC to prevent/reduce obesity in Native American (NA) adults. Methods OPREVENT2 is a recently completed MLMC intervention in six NA communities (3 intervention, 3 comparison). OPREVENT2 worked with food stores to increase access to and promote healthy food choices, worksites to provide nutrition education and to improve physical activity (PA) opportunities, schools to educate children (grades 2–6) to act as change agents, media to reinforce key messages, and through a policy-oriented community action committee (CAC). OPREVENT2 was implemented in six phases targeting various foods, PA strategies and related behaviors. Implementation standards were set for each component and assessed reach, dose delivered, and fidelity. Data were collected using a combination of REDCap-programmed t...
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Obesity prevalence is high in Native American (NA) adults, and there is a critical need to establ... more Obesity prevalence is high in Native American (NA) adults, and there is a critical need to establish and implement evidence-based social, behavioral, and policy interventions that are theoretically informed. The use of multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions has been shown to be an effective strategy for comprehensive health behavior change; however, there is little guidance available in the literature to facilitate implementation in this underserved and understudied population. To decrease obesity and related comorbidities in NA adults, an MLMC intervention called OPREVENT (Obesity Prevention and Evaluation of InterVention Effectiveness in NaTive North Americans) was implemented in 5 rural NA communities to modify the food-purchasing environment, improve diet, and increase physical activity (PA). Five NA communities across the Upper Midwest and Southwest United States were randomly assigned to Immediate (n = 3) or Delayed (n = 2) Intervention. OPREVENT was implemented in Im...
Ethnicity & Health, 2017
The purpose of this study was to understand what factors influenced work-family balance and relat... more The purpose of this study was to understand what factors influenced work-family balance and related health behaviors among a sample of rural North American Indian women. We interviewed 89 women through both in-depth interviews and focus groups across four tribal communities in the American Southwest and Upper Midwest between July 2010 and August 2011. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emerging themes related to work-family demands placed on women and resources available to cope with those demands. Three prominent themes emerged: structural characteristics (the context of rural reservation life), role stressors (women's multiple and conflicting roles) and the influence of social support (communal nature of care in the family and institutional support in the workplace). We found that women in participating rural reservation communities often acted as primary caregivers for both immediate and extended family, and often placed the needs of others before themselves. The context of rural reservations, with high rates of unemployment, poverty, and chronic illnesses associated with the collective trauma of colonization, placed high demands on female caregivers. Social support from within the workplace, family, and cultural traditions helped some female caregivers balance the demands of home and work. Tribal worksites could be a resource for promoting health and work-life balance by being responsive to the particular demands placed on women that often interfere with engaging in positive health behaviors in general and tribal wellness programs in particular.
BMC Public Health, 2017
Background: Obesity and other nutrition-related chronic disease rates are high in American Indian... more Background: Obesity and other nutrition-related chronic disease rates are high in American Indian (AI) populations, and an urgent need exists to identify evidence-based strategies for prevention and treatment. Multi-level, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are needed, but there are significant knowledge gaps on how to deliver these types of interventions in low-income rural AI communities. Methods: OPREVENT2 is a MLMC intervention targeting AI adults living in six rural reservations in New Mexico and Wisconsin. Aiming to prevent and reduce obesity in adults by working at multiple levels of the food and physical activity (PA) environments, OPREVENT2 focuses on evidence-based strategies known to increase access to, demand for, and consumption of healthier foods and beverages, and increase worksite and home-based opportunities for PA. OPREVENT2 works to create systems-level change by partnering with tribal stakeholders, multiple levels of the food and PA environment (food stores, worksites, schools), and the social environment (children as change agents, families, social media). Extensive evaluation will be conducted at each level of the intervention to assess effectiveness via process and impact measures. Discussion: Novel aspects of OPREVENT2 include: active engagement with stakeholders at many levels (policy, institutional, and at multiple levels of the food and PA system); use of community-based strategies to engage policymakers and other key stakeholders (community workshops, action committees); emphasis on both the built environment (intervening with retail food sources) and the social environment. This paper describes the design of the intervention and the evaluation plan of the OPREVENT2.
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2016
Introduction: In high-income countries, homeless individuals in urban areas often live in crowded... more Introduction: In high-income countries, homeless individuals in urban areas often live in crowded conditions with limited sanitation and personal hygiene. The environment of homelessness in high-income countries may result in intensified exposure to ectoparasites and urban wildlife, which can transmit infections. To date, there have been no systematic evaluations of the published literature to assess vector-borne and zoonotic disease risk to these populations. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to identify diversity, prevalence, and risk factors for vector-borne and zoonotic infections among people experiencing homelessness and extreme poverty in urban areas of high-income countries. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of published epidemiologic studies of zoonotic and vector-borne infections among urban homeless and very poor people in the United States and Europe from 1990 to 2014. Results: Thirty-one observational studies and 14 case studies were identified (n = 45). Seroprevalence to the human louse-borne pathogen Bartonella quintana (seroprevalence range: 0-37.5%) was identified most frequently, with clinical disease specifically observed among HIV-positive individuals. Seropositivity to Bartonella henselae (range: 0-10.3%) and Rickettsia akari (range: 0-16.2%) was noted in multiple studies. Serological evidence of exposure to Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella elizabethae, West Nile virus, Borellia recurrentis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Wohlfartiimonas chitiniclastica, Seoul hantavirus (SEOV), and Leptospira species was also identified in published studies, with SEOV associated with chronic renal disease later in life. HIV infection, injection drug use, and heavy drinking were noted across multiple studies as risk factors for infection with vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens. Conclusions: B. quintana was the most frequently reported vector-borne infection identified in our article. Delousing efforts and active surveillance among HIV-positive individuals, who are at elevated risk of complication from B. quintana infection, are advised to reduce morbidity. Given documented exposure to rodentborne zoonoses among urban homeless and marginalized people, reducing human contact with rodents remains an important public health priority.
Transformations of Global Food Systems for Climate Change Resilience
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 10, 2023
Research brief on widening racial disparities in food insecurity among Native Americans and Peopl... more Research brief on widening racial disparities in food insecurity among Native Americans and People of Color in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic (July-August 2020).
Health Policy and Planning, 2012
Social network mapping can be useful for examining how vaccine policy makers in Nigeria interact ... more Social network mapping can be useful for examining how vaccine policy makers in Nigeria interact and influence each other. The visual nature and systematic approach of social network mapping provides insights for policy makers and programme managers, and can guide strategies to engage key stakeholders. In particular, the Ministry of Finance and other policy actors who control finance allocation could be engaged more at an earlier stage. Likewise, state-level actors who drive implementation could be brought into the decision-making process at the federal level to ensure that policy decisions taken centrally have strong support for implementation locally.
As a follow-up to our first policy brief on "COVID-19 Widened Racial Disparities in Food Ins... more As a follow-up to our first policy brief on "COVID-19 Widened Racial Disparities in Food Insecurity among Native Americans and People of Color in New York City," This brief reports the role of the novel COVID-19 syndemic on healthcare insecurity, including access to healthcare, healthcare seeking behaviors, and related worries, concerns, and distress in these marginalized, underserved populations (3). COVID-19 has had devastating impacts on healthcare security and health outcomes among racial and ethnic groups.
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
Introduction Many small-store intervention trials have been conducted in the United States and ot... more Introduction Many small-store intervention trials have been conducted in the United States and other countries to improve the food environment and dietary behaviors associated with chronic disease risk. However, no systematic reviews of the methods and outcomes of these trials have been published. The objective of this study was to identify small-store interventions and to determine their impact on food availability, dietary behaviors, and psychosocial factors that influence chronic disease risk. Methods From May 2009 through September 2010, we used PubMed, web-based searches, and listservs to identify small-store interventions that met the following criteria: 1) a focus on small food stores, 2) a completed impact evaluation, and 3) Englishwritten documentation (peer-reviewed articles or other trial documents). We initially identified 28 trials; 16 met inclusion criteria and were used for analysis. We conducted interviews with project staff to obtain additional information. Reviewers extracted and reported data in a table format to ensure comparability between data. Results Reviewed trials were implemented in rural and urban settings in 6 countries and primarily targeted low-income racial/ethnic minority populations. Common intervention strategies included increasing the availability of healthier foods (particularly produce), point-of-purchase promotions (shelf labels, posters), and community engagement. Less common strategies included business training and nutrition education. We found significant effects for increased availability of healthy foods, improved sales of healthy foods, and improved consumer knowledge and dietary behaviors. Conclusion Trial impact appeared to be linked to the increased provision of both healthy foods (supply) and health communications designed to increase consumption (demand). Our objective was to identify small-store intervention strategies that produce significant increases in healthy food access and consumption. Specifically, we sought to present the design and evaluation components of each trial, to describe the process indicators (reach, dose, and fidelity) and impact (at the store and consumer levels) associated with each intervention, and to suggest potential next steps in research, practice, and policy. Methods Data sources From May 2009 through September 2010, we searched the peer-reviewed literature and "gray" literature. Only literature after 1990 was considered. Gray literature included Box. Search terms for systematic review of small-store interventions
Journal of Urban Health, 2020
Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity an... more Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. To prevent the exacerbation of health disparities, there is a need to understand the implementation of meal distribution among large urban school districts during emergencies and to what degree these strategies provide equitable meal access. Our case study of four large urban school districts during the COVID-19 pandemic aims to address these knowledge gaps. Guided by the Getting to Equity (GTE) framework, we conducted a mixed-methods study evaluating emergency meal distribution and strategy implementation in four large urban school districts (Chicago Public Schools, Houston
INNOVATIONS in pharmacy, 2021
Background: A key to an effective Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Community Intervention is to unders... more Background: A key to an effective Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Community Intervention is to understand populations who are most vulnerable to it. We aimed at evaluating characteristics of New York City communities where rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases were particularly high. Methods: The study outcomes - neighborhood-specific confirmed COVID-19 cases, positive tests, and COVID-19 attributable deaths were calculated using data extracted from the New York City government health website, which were linked to results from Community Health Survey. Distributions of study outcomes across New York City community districts and their associations with neighborhood characteristics were examined using Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. Results: As of May 21, 2010, rates of confirmed cases ranged from 0.8% (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 3.9% (Jackson Heights), and the rates of attributable death from to 0.6‰ (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 4.2‰ (Coney Island). Higher percentages of black, Hispanic and...
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Objectives Multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are a promising strategy to address ob... more Objectives Multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are a promising strategy to address obesity, yet they are complex to implement with sufficient intensity. We report on the process evaluation of a MLMC to prevent/reduce obesity in Native American (NA) adults. Methods OPREVENT2 is a recently completed MLMC intervention in six NA communities (3 intervention, 3 comparison). OPREVENT2 worked with food stores to increase access to and promote healthy food choices, worksites to provide nutrition education and to improve physical activity (PA) opportunities, schools to educate children (grades 2–6) to act as change agents, media to reinforce key messages, and through a policy-oriented community action committee (CAC). OPREVENT2 was implemented in six phases targeting various foods, PA strategies and related behaviors. Implementation standards were set for each component and assessed reach, dose delivered, and fidelity. Data were collected using a combination of REDCap-programmed t...
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Obesity prevalence is high in Native American (NA) adults, and there is a critical need to establ... more Obesity prevalence is high in Native American (NA) adults, and there is a critical need to establish and implement evidence-based social, behavioral, and policy interventions that are theoretically informed. The use of multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions has been shown to be an effective strategy for comprehensive health behavior change; however, there is little guidance available in the literature to facilitate implementation in this underserved and understudied population. To decrease obesity and related comorbidities in NA adults, an MLMC intervention called OPREVENT (Obesity Prevention and Evaluation of InterVention Effectiveness in NaTive North Americans) was implemented in 5 rural NA communities to modify the food-purchasing environment, improve diet, and increase physical activity (PA). Five NA communities across the Upper Midwest and Southwest United States were randomly assigned to Immediate (n = 3) or Delayed (n = 2) Intervention. OPREVENT was implemented in Im...
Ethnicity & Health, 2017
The purpose of this study was to understand what factors influenced work-family balance and relat... more The purpose of this study was to understand what factors influenced work-family balance and related health behaviors among a sample of rural North American Indian women. We interviewed 89 women through both in-depth interviews and focus groups across four tribal communities in the American Southwest and Upper Midwest between July 2010 and August 2011. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emerging themes related to work-family demands placed on women and resources available to cope with those demands. Three prominent themes emerged: structural characteristics (the context of rural reservation life), role stressors (women's multiple and conflicting roles) and the influence of social support (communal nature of care in the family and institutional support in the workplace). We found that women in participating rural reservation communities often acted as primary caregivers for both immediate and extended family, and often placed the needs of others before themselves. The context of rural reservations, with high rates of unemployment, poverty, and chronic illnesses associated with the collective trauma of colonization, placed high demands on female caregivers. Social support from within the workplace, family, and cultural traditions helped some female caregivers balance the demands of home and work. Tribal worksites could be a resource for promoting health and work-life balance by being responsive to the particular demands placed on women that often interfere with engaging in positive health behaviors in general and tribal wellness programs in particular.
BMC Public Health, 2017
Background: Obesity and other nutrition-related chronic disease rates are high in American Indian... more Background: Obesity and other nutrition-related chronic disease rates are high in American Indian (AI) populations, and an urgent need exists to identify evidence-based strategies for prevention and treatment. Multi-level, multicomponent (MLMC) interventions are needed, but there are significant knowledge gaps on how to deliver these types of interventions in low-income rural AI communities. Methods: OPREVENT2 is a MLMC intervention targeting AI adults living in six rural reservations in New Mexico and Wisconsin. Aiming to prevent and reduce obesity in adults by working at multiple levels of the food and physical activity (PA) environments, OPREVENT2 focuses on evidence-based strategies known to increase access to, demand for, and consumption of healthier foods and beverages, and increase worksite and home-based opportunities for PA. OPREVENT2 works to create systems-level change by partnering with tribal stakeholders, multiple levels of the food and PA environment (food stores, worksites, schools), and the social environment (children as change agents, families, social media). Extensive evaluation will be conducted at each level of the intervention to assess effectiveness via process and impact measures. Discussion: Novel aspects of OPREVENT2 include: active engagement with stakeholders at many levels (policy, institutional, and at multiple levels of the food and PA system); use of community-based strategies to engage policymakers and other key stakeholders (community workshops, action committees); emphasis on both the built environment (intervening with retail food sources) and the social environment. This paper describes the design of the intervention and the evaluation plan of the OPREVENT2.
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2016
Introduction: In high-income countries, homeless individuals in urban areas often live in crowded... more Introduction: In high-income countries, homeless individuals in urban areas often live in crowded conditions with limited sanitation and personal hygiene. The environment of homelessness in high-income countries may result in intensified exposure to ectoparasites and urban wildlife, which can transmit infections. To date, there have been no systematic evaluations of the published literature to assess vector-borne and zoonotic disease risk to these populations. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to identify diversity, prevalence, and risk factors for vector-borne and zoonotic infections among people experiencing homelessness and extreme poverty in urban areas of high-income countries. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of published epidemiologic studies of zoonotic and vector-borne infections among urban homeless and very poor people in the United States and Europe from 1990 to 2014. Results: Thirty-one observational studies and 14 case studies were identified (n = 45). Seroprevalence to the human louse-borne pathogen Bartonella quintana (seroprevalence range: 0-37.5%) was identified most frequently, with clinical disease specifically observed among HIV-positive individuals. Seropositivity to Bartonella henselae (range: 0-10.3%) and Rickettsia akari (range: 0-16.2%) was noted in multiple studies. Serological evidence of exposure to Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella elizabethae, West Nile virus, Borellia recurrentis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Wohlfartiimonas chitiniclastica, Seoul hantavirus (SEOV), and Leptospira species was also identified in published studies, with SEOV associated with chronic renal disease later in life. HIV infection, injection drug use, and heavy drinking were noted across multiple studies as risk factors for infection with vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens. Conclusions: B. quintana was the most frequently reported vector-borne infection identified in our article. Delousing efforts and active surveillance among HIV-positive individuals, who are at elevated risk of complication from B. quintana infection, are advised to reduce morbidity. Given documented exposure to rodentborne zoonoses among urban homeless and marginalized people, reducing human contact with rodents remains an important public health priority.