Geoffrey P. Bingham | Indiana University (original) (raw)
Papers by Geoffrey P. Bingham
JEP: HPP, 2013
Visual perception studies typically focus either on optic flow structure or image structure, but ... more Visual perception studies typically focus either on optic flow structure or image structure, but not on the combination and interaction of these two sources of information. Each offers unique strengths in contrast to the other's weaknesses. Optic flow yields intrinsically powerful information about 3D structure, but is ephemeral. It ceases when motion stops. Image structure is less powerful in specifying 3D structure, but is stable. It remains when motion stops. Optic flow and image structure are intrinsically related in vision because the optic flow carries one image to the next. This relation is especially important in the context of progressive occlusion, in which optic flow provides information about the location of targets hidden in subsequent image structure. In four experiments, we investigated the role of image structure in "embodied memory" in contrast to memory that is only in the head. We found that either optic flow (Experiment 1) or image structure (Experiment 2) alone were relatively ineffective, whereas the combination was effective and, in contrast to conditions requiring reliance on memory-in-the-head, much more stable over extended time (Experiments 2 through 4). Limits well documented for visual short memory (that is, memory-in-the-head) were strongly exceeded by embodied memory. The findings support J. J. Gibson's (1979/1986, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin) insights about progressive occlusion and the embodied nature of perception and memory.
PloS one, Mar 5, 2012
Reach-to-grasp movements change quantitatively in a lawful (i.e. predictable) manner with changes... more Reach-to-grasp movements change quantitatively in a lawful (i.e. predictable) manner with changes in object properties. We explored whether altering object texture would produce qualitative changes in the form of the precontact movement patterns. Twelve participants reached to lift objects from a tabletop. Nine objects were produced, each with one of three grip surface textures (high-friction, medium-friction and low-friction) and one of three widths (50 mm, 70 mm and 90 mm). Each object was placed at three distances (100 mm, 300 mm and 500 mm), representing a total of 27 trial conditions. We observed two distinct movement patterns across all trials—participants either: (i) brought their arm to a stop, secured the object and lifted it from the tabletop; or (ii) grasped the object ‘on-the-fly’, so it was secured in the hand while the arm was moving. A majority of grasps were on-the-fly when the texture was high-friction and none when the object was low-friction, with medium-friction producing an intermediate proportion. Previous research has shown that the probability of on-the-fly behaviour is a function of grasp surface accuracy constraints. A finger friction rig was used to calculate the coefficients of friction for the objects and these calculations showed that the area available for a stable grasp (the ‘functional grasp surface size’) increased with surface friction coefficient. Thus, knowledge of functional grasp surface size is required to predict the probability of observing a given qualitative form of grasping in human prehensile behaviour.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978
Comprehensibility ratings and sentence by sentence reading times of three-sentence narratives (tr... more Comprehensibility ratings and sentence by sentence reading times of three-sentence narratives (triples) were studied as a function of the coherence of a triple. Pairs of related and unrelated triples were created with identical agents and objects in both members of a pair. Coherence was manipulated by changing some verbs, thus forming unrelated triples, for example, Brian punched George. George called (unrelated: liked) the doctor. The doctor arrived. Experiment I established that related triples were more comprehensible than unrelated triples, in both experV ments reading times did not differ for first sentences. However, they were longer for third sentences of unrelated than related triples, although these sentences were identical. These results illustrate the contribution of the verb to narrative coherence.
Advances in Psychology, 2004
In this chapter, we consider a perceptible variable that is related to τ, but is different from τ... more In this chapter, we consider a perceptible variable that is related to τ, but is different from τ. The variable is phase, φ. φ is similar to τ in that both are timing variables and both are ratios of spatial variables that could be state variables of a dynamical system. As such, either could be used to drive a damped mass-spring system to yield an autonomous dynamical organization. Finally, both τ and φ are perceptible variables. We describe experiments in which we have investigated the perception of relative phase. Then, we describe a phase driven and phase coupled dynamical model of bimanual coordination. An important feature of this model is that it can account for both movement study and judgment study results.
Perception and Psychophysics, Apr 1, 2008
J Vision, 2010
Abstract Reach to grasp movements (prehension) constitute one of the most ubiquitous actions perf... more Abstract Reach to grasp movements (prehension) constitute one of the most ubiquitous actions performed by humans. Virtual reality (VR) systems present computer graphics within a viewer-centred frame of reference in order to recreate the visual array. VR systems are potentially powerful tools for studying perception in prehension as they afford precise control over all visual information and allow one to perturb the information in ways that are restricted by Newtonian laws within the physical world. Nonetheless, VR systems do not appear to ...
Perception, Jan 27, 2015
Zannoli, Cass, Alais, and Mamassian (2012) found greater audiovisual lag between a tone and dispa... more Zannoli, Cass, Alais, and Mamassian (2012) found greater audiovisual lag between a tone and disparity-defined stimuli moving laterally (90-170 ms) than for disparity-defined stimuli moving in depth or luminance-defined stimuli moving laterally or in depth (50-60 ms). We tested if this increased lag presents an impediment to visually guided coordination with laterally moving objects. Participants used a joystick to move a virtual object in several constant relative phases with a laterally oscillating stimulus. Both the participant-controlled object and the target object were presented using a disparity-defined display that yielded information through changes in disparity over time (CDOT) or using a luminance-defined display that additionally provided information through monocular motion and interocular velocity differences (IOVD). Performance was comparable for both disparity-defined and luminance-defined displays in all relative phases. This suggests that, despite lag, perception of...
Human Movement Science, 2016
Previous empirical and theoretical work suggests that effective skill acquisition requires moveme... more Previous empirical and theoretical work suggests that effective skill acquisition requires movements to be generated actively and that learning new skills supports the acquisition of prospective control. However, there are many ways in which practice can be structured, that may affect the acquisition and use of prospective control after training. Here, we tested whether the progressive modulation and reduction of support during training was required to yield good performance after training without support. The task was to use a stylus to push a bead over a complex 3D wire path. The support "magnetically" attracted and held the stylus onto the wire. Three groups of adult participants each experienced one of three training regimes: gradual reduction of magnetic attraction, only a medium level of attraction, or low magnetic attraction. The results showed that use of a single (medium) level of support was significantly less effective in yielding good performance with low support after training. Training with low support yielded post-training performance that was equally good as that yielded by training with progressive reduction of support; however, performance during training was significantly poorer in the former. Thus, less support during training yields effective learning but more difficult training sessions. The results are discussed in the context of application to training with special populations.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, Jan 14, 2016
In 2 experiments, the current study explored how affordances structure throwing for long distance... more In 2 experiments, the current study explored how affordances structure throwing for long distance and accuracy. In Experiment 1, 10 expert throwers (from baseball, softball, and cricket) threw regulation tennis balls to hit a vertically oriented 4 ft × 4 ft target placed at each of 9 locations (3 distances × 3 heights). We measured their release parameters (angle, speed, and height) and showed that they scaled their throws in response to changes in the target's location. We then simulated the projectile motion of the ball and identified a continuous subspace of release parameters that produce hits to each target location. Each subspace describes the affordance of our target to be hit by a tennis ball moving in a projectile motion to the relevant location. The simulated affordance spaces showed how the release parameter combinations required for hits changed with changes in the target location. The experts tracked these changes in their performance and were successful in hitting ...
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010
The Dependence of Braking Strategies on Optical Variables in an Evolved Model of Visually-Guided ... more The Dependence of Braking Strategies on Optical Variables in an Evolved Model of Visually-Guided Braking Didem Kadihasanoglu1, Randall D. Beer1,2, and Geoffrey P. Bingham1,3 ... In: Almeida e Costa, F., Rocha, LM, Costa, E., Harvey, I., Coutinho, A. (eds.) ECAL ...
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, Aug 1, 2010
Bingham, Schmidt, & Rosenblum, (1... more Bingham, Schmidt, & Rosenblum, (1989) showed that people are able to select, by hefting balls, the optimal weight for each size ball to be thrown farthest. We now investigate function learning and smart mechanisms as hypotheses about how this affordance is perceived. Twenty-four unskilled adult throwers learned to throw by practicing with a subset of balls that would only allow acquisition of the ability to perceive the affordance if hefting acts as a smart mechanism to provide access to a single information variable that specifies the affordance. Participants hefted 48 balls of different sizes and weights and judged throwability. Then, participants, assigned to one of four groups, practiced throwing (three groups with vision and one without) for a month using different subsets of balls. Finally, hefting and throwing were tested again with all the balls. The results showed: (1) inability to detect throwability before practice, (2) throwing improved with practice, and (3) participants learned to perceive the affordance, but only with visual feedback. These results indicated that the affordance is perceived using a smart mechanism acquired while learning to throw.
Behavior Research Methods Instruments Computers, 1990
Ecological Psychology, Oct 28, 2014
Plos One, 2013
Old age is associated with reduced mobility of the hand. To investigate age related decline when ... more Old age is associated with reduced mobility of the hand. To investigate age related decline when reaching-to-lift an object we used sophisticated kinematic apparatus to record reaches carried out by healthy older and younger participants. Three objects of different widths were placed at three different distances, with objects having either a high or low friction surface (i.e. rough or slippery). Older participants showed quantitative differences to their younger counterparts -movements were slower and peak speed did not scale with object distance. There were also qualitative differences with older adults showing a greater propensity to stop the hand and adjust finger position before lifting objects. The older participants particularly struggled to lift wide slippery objects, apparently due to an inability to manipulate their grasp to provide the level of precision necessary to functionally enclose the object. These data shed light on the nature of age related changes in reaching-to-grasp movements and establish a powerful technique for exploring how different product designs will impact on prehensile behavior.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percep Perf, 1999
JEP: HPP, 2013
Visual perception studies typically focus either on optic flow structure or image structure, but ... more Visual perception studies typically focus either on optic flow structure or image structure, but not on the combination and interaction of these two sources of information. Each offers unique strengths in contrast to the other's weaknesses. Optic flow yields intrinsically powerful information about 3D structure, but is ephemeral. It ceases when motion stops. Image structure is less powerful in specifying 3D structure, but is stable. It remains when motion stops. Optic flow and image structure are intrinsically related in vision because the optic flow carries one image to the next. This relation is especially important in the context of progressive occlusion, in which optic flow provides information about the location of targets hidden in subsequent image structure. In four experiments, we investigated the role of image structure in "embodied memory" in contrast to memory that is only in the head. We found that either optic flow (Experiment 1) or image structure (Experiment 2) alone were relatively ineffective, whereas the combination was effective and, in contrast to conditions requiring reliance on memory-in-the-head, much more stable over extended time (Experiments 2 through 4). Limits well documented for visual short memory (that is, memory-in-the-head) were strongly exceeded by embodied memory. The findings support J. J. Gibson's (1979/1986, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin) insights about progressive occlusion and the embodied nature of perception and memory.
PloS one, Mar 5, 2012
Reach-to-grasp movements change quantitatively in a lawful (i.e. predictable) manner with changes... more Reach-to-grasp movements change quantitatively in a lawful (i.e. predictable) manner with changes in object properties. We explored whether altering object texture would produce qualitative changes in the form of the precontact movement patterns. Twelve participants reached to lift objects from a tabletop. Nine objects were produced, each with one of three grip surface textures (high-friction, medium-friction and low-friction) and one of three widths (50 mm, 70 mm and 90 mm). Each object was placed at three distances (100 mm, 300 mm and 500 mm), representing a total of 27 trial conditions. We observed two distinct movement patterns across all trials—participants either: (i) brought their arm to a stop, secured the object and lifted it from the tabletop; or (ii) grasped the object ‘on-the-fly’, so it was secured in the hand while the arm was moving. A majority of grasps were on-the-fly when the texture was high-friction and none when the object was low-friction, with medium-friction producing an intermediate proportion. Previous research has shown that the probability of on-the-fly behaviour is a function of grasp surface accuracy constraints. A finger friction rig was used to calculate the coefficients of friction for the objects and these calculations showed that the area available for a stable grasp (the ‘functional grasp surface size’) increased with surface friction coefficient. Thus, knowledge of functional grasp surface size is required to predict the probability of observing a given qualitative form of grasping in human prehensile behaviour.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978
Comprehensibility ratings and sentence by sentence reading times of three-sentence narratives (tr... more Comprehensibility ratings and sentence by sentence reading times of three-sentence narratives (triples) were studied as a function of the coherence of a triple. Pairs of related and unrelated triples were created with identical agents and objects in both members of a pair. Coherence was manipulated by changing some verbs, thus forming unrelated triples, for example, Brian punched George. George called (unrelated: liked) the doctor. The doctor arrived. Experiment I established that related triples were more comprehensible than unrelated triples, in both experV ments reading times did not differ for first sentences. However, they were longer for third sentences of unrelated than related triples, although these sentences were identical. These results illustrate the contribution of the verb to narrative coherence.
Advances in Psychology, 2004
In this chapter, we consider a perceptible variable that is related to τ, but is different from τ... more In this chapter, we consider a perceptible variable that is related to τ, but is different from τ. The variable is phase, φ. φ is similar to τ in that both are timing variables and both are ratios of spatial variables that could be state variables of a dynamical system. As such, either could be used to drive a damped mass-spring system to yield an autonomous dynamical organization. Finally, both τ and φ are perceptible variables. We describe experiments in which we have investigated the perception of relative phase. Then, we describe a phase driven and phase coupled dynamical model of bimanual coordination. An important feature of this model is that it can account for both movement study and judgment study results.
Perception and Psychophysics, Apr 1, 2008
J Vision, 2010
Abstract Reach to grasp movements (prehension) constitute one of the most ubiquitous actions perf... more Abstract Reach to grasp movements (prehension) constitute one of the most ubiquitous actions performed by humans. Virtual reality (VR) systems present computer graphics within a viewer-centred frame of reference in order to recreate the visual array. VR systems are potentially powerful tools for studying perception in prehension as they afford precise control over all visual information and allow one to perturb the information in ways that are restricted by Newtonian laws within the physical world. Nonetheless, VR systems do not appear to ...
Perception, Jan 27, 2015
Zannoli, Cass, Alais, and Mamassian (2012) found greater audiovisual lag between a tone and dispa... more Zannoli, Cass, Alais, and Mamassian (2012) found greater audiovisual lag between a tone and disparity-defined stimuli moving laterally (90-170 ms) than for disparity-defined stimuli moving in depth or luminance-defined stimuli moving laterally or in depth (50-60 ms). We tested if this increased lag presents an impediment to visually guided coordination with laterally moving objects. Participants used a joystick to move a virtual object in several constant relative phases with a laterally oscillating stimulus. Both the participant-controlled object and the target object were presented using a disparity-defined display that yielded information through changes in disparity over time (CDOT) or using a luminance-defined display that additionally provided information through monocular motion and interocular velocity differences (IOVD). Performance was comparable for both disparity-defined and luminance-defined displays in all relative phases. This suggests that, despite lag, perception of...
Human Movement Science, 2016
Previous empirical and theoretical work suggests that effective skill acquisition requires moveme... more Previous empirical and theoretical work suggests that effective skill acquisition requires movements to be generated actively and that learning new skills supports the acquisition of prospective control. However, there are many ways in which practice can be structured, that may affect the acquisition and use of prospective control after training. Here, we tested whether the progressive modulation and reduction of support during training was required to yield good performance after training without support. The task was to use a stylus to push a bead over a complex 3D wire path. The support "magnetically" attracted and held the stylus onto the wire. Three groups of adult participants each experienced one of three training regimes: gradual reduction of magnetic attraction, only a medium level of attraction, or low magnetic attraction. The results showed that use of a single (medium) level of support was significantly less effective in yielding good performance with low support after training. Training with low support yielded post-training performance that was equally good as that yielded by training with progressive reduction of support; however, performance during training was significantly poorer in the former. Thus, less support during training yields effective learning but more difficult training sessions. The results are discussed in the context of application to training with special populations.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, Jan 14, 2016
In 2 experiments, the current study explored how affordances structure throwing for long distance... more In 2 experiments, the current study explored how affordances structure throwing for long distance and accuracy. In Experiment 1, 10 expert throwers (from baseball, softball, and cricket) threw regulation tennis balls to hit a vertically oriented 4 ft × 4 ft target placed at each of 9 locations (3 distances × 3 heights). We measured their release parameters (angle, speed, and height) and showed that they scaled their throws in response to changes in the target's location. We then simulated the projectile motion of the ball and identified a continuous subspace of release parameters that produce hits to each target location. Each subspace describes the affordance of our target to be hit by a tennis ball moving in a projectile motion to the relevant location. The simulated affordance spaces showed how the release parameter combinations required for hits changed with changes in the target location. The experts tracked these changes in their performance and were successful in hitting ...
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010
The Dependence of Braking Strategies on Optical Variables in an Evolved Model of Visually-Guided ... more The Dependence of Braking Strategies on Optical Variables in an Evolved Model of Visually-Guided Braking Didem Kadihasanoglu1, Randall D. Beer1,2, and Geoffrey P. Bingham1,3 ... In: Almeida e Costa, F., Rocha, LM, Costa, E., Harvey, I., Coutinho, A. (eds.) ECAL ...
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, Aug 1, 2010
Bingham, Schmidt, & Rosenblum, (1... more Bingham, Schmidt, & Rosenblum, (1989) showed that people are able to select, by hefting balls, the optimal weight for each size ball to be thrown farthest. We now investigate function learning and smart mechanisms as hypotheses about how this affordance is perceived. Twenty-four unskilled adult throwers learned to throw by practicing with a subset of balls that would only allow acquisition of the ability to perceive the affordance if hefting acts as a smart mechanism to provide access to a single information variable that specifies the affordance. Participants hefted 48 balls of different sizes and weights and judged throwability. Then, participants, assigned to one of four groups, practiced throwing (three groups with vision and one without) for a month using different subsets of balls. Finally, hefting and throwing were tested again with all the balls. The results showed: (1) inability to detect throwability before practice, (2) throwing improved with practice, and (3) participants learned to perceive the affordance, but only with visual feedback. These results indicated that the affordance is perceived using a smart mechanism acquired while learning to throw.
Behavior Research Methods Instruments Computers, 1990
Ecological Psychology, Oct 28, 2014
Plos One, 2013
Old age is associated with reduced mobility of the hand. To investigate age related decline when ... more Old age is associated with reduced mobility of the hand. To investigate age related decline when reaching-to-lift an object we used sophisticated kinematic apparatus to record reaches carried out by healthy older and younger participants. Three objects of different widths were placed at three different distances, with objects having either a high or low friction surface (i.e. rough or slippery). Older participants showed quantitative differences to their younger counterparts -movements were slower and peak speed did not scale with object distance. There were also qualitative differences with older adults showing a greater propensity to stop the hand and adjust finger position before lifting objects. The older participants particularly struggled to lift wide slippery objects, apparently due to an inability to manipulate their grasp to provide the level of precision necessary to functionally enclose the object. These data shed light on the nature of age related changes in reaching-to-grasp movements and establish a powerful technique for exploring how different product designs will impact on prehensile behavior.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percep Perf, 1999