Isnen Fitri | Universitas Sumatera Utara (original) (raw)
Papers by Isnen Fitri
ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur
Like other developing countries where traffic is a significant sound nuisance, traffic in Indones... more Like other developing countries where traffic is a significant sound nuisance, traffic in Indonesian urban areas is boisterous. How this condition is regulated by the Indonesian government so that the community can live healthily and comfortably is a very crucial issue. Unfortunately, Indonesia has not had any sound environmental improvement since the regulation was enacted. Additionally, regulators and government officers who run the rule carelessly worsen the condition. This study aims to study how sound is regulated in Indonesia’s central and local governments, what types of sound or noise and levels are covered, and whether recent local regulations have been enacted to regulate sound in Indonesian cities. The study mainly uses quantitative, i.e., snowball or chain referral sampling techniques, to collect sound regulations applied in ten large and busy cities in Indonesia. Then, the qualitative stage was conducted based on the content of the rules. The data shows that the Indones...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
In Medan, there are many buildings with high historical value abandoned. Ex-Deli Tobacco hospital... more In Medan, there are many buildings with high historical value abandoned. Ex-Deli Tobacco hospital is one of them. It was built in 1885 by Deli Maatschappij, a tobacco plantation pioneer company on Deli land. It is the first modern hospital in Sumatra, located in the heart of the city. This study aims to develop the design concept of the adaptive reuse of ex-Deli Tobacco hospital through a comprehensive approach, site survey, and interview with observers/activists of cultural heritage. Based on the analysis in the relation of structure and space of the city, as well as its site area (about 3.8 ha), the change of use into mix-use function concept becomes the best choice, by combining several functions such as restaurant/café/food court, office/co-working space, museum, and open green space. The old building is conserved based on its significance level. Besides, the new use recommended integrating with the Deli River revitalization concept, which contains a significant historical value...
INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings
Noise control is still one method to improve the urban acoustic environment in many countries, in... more Noise control is still one method to improve the urban acoustic environment in many countries, including Indonesia. The noise control tries to reduce the sound level in a particular space to increase comfort. In other words, the acoustic environment is designed to be comfortable and uneventful. Previous studies have shown that public spaces in Indonesian cities have a unique sound than cities in developed countries. Here, further studies to investigate whether the soundscapes of these cities are also unique are reported. Soundscape surveys added with sound pressure level (SPL) measurement and audio recording in 28 public places in ten major Indonesian cities indicate that a noise control approach to provide acoustic comfort and uneventful public spaces may not suit Indonesia. The analysis shows that, in general, the soundscape is perceived as an eventful environment, which is compatible with the SPL and audio recording. Furthermore, the results were significant among the ten cities....
JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
Irresponsible noise management by the concerned authorities and society’s indifference has made n... more Irresponsible noise management by the concerned authorities and society’s indifference has made noise in Indonesian urban areas a nightmare. The current noise regulation in Indonesia, which define 55 dB(A) as the lowest permissible noise level generated in residential areas, is outdated. This study investigates how urban communities reacted to the implementation of this outdated regulation. Data was collected by searching online open sources for noise-related keywords used in public complaints, court cases, authority campaigns, etc. The collected data was then plotted in an Excel sheet to create a modest statistical trend, and the detailed information on how the government and court ruled the case was treated as a transcript to be analysed qualitatively. The study results are to be compared and discussed with noise facts of those in more advanced countries. The discussion shows that the noise case in Indonesia is significantly minor compared to other countries with similar populatio...
Sangkhakala terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Sangkha dan Kala. Sangkha adalah sebutan dalam Bahasa San... more Sangkhakala terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Sangkha dan Kala. Sangkha adalah sebutan dalam Bahasa Sansekerta untuk jenis kerang atau siput laut. Sangkha dalam mitologi Hindhu digunakan sebagai atribut dewa dalam sekte Siwa dan Wisnu. Sedangkan Kala berarti waktu, ketika atau masa. Jadi Sangkhakala merupakan alat dari kerang laut yang mengeluarkan suara sebagai tanda bahwa waktu telah tiba untuk memulai suatu tugas atau pekerjaan. Berkenaan dengan itu, SANGKHAKALA BERKALA ARKEOLOGI merupakan istilah yang dikiaskan sebagai terompet ilmuwan arkeologi dalam menyebarluaskan arti dan makna ilmu arkeologi sehingga dapat dinikmati oleh kalangan ilmuwan khususnya dan masyarakat luas umumnya. Selain itu juga merupakan wadah informasi bidang arkeologi yang ditujukan untuk memajukan arkeologi maupun kajian ilmu lain yang terkait. Muatannya adalah hasil penelitian, tinjauan arkeologi dan ilmu terkait. Dalam kaitannya dengan penyebarluasan informasi dimaksud, redaksi menerima sumbangan artikel dalam ...
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Arte-Polis, 2017
The cultural heritage protection and management in Indonesia has been experiencing many challenge... more The cultural heritage protection and management in Indonesia has been experiencing many challenges, obstacles, and changes from a century. This paper discusses the legal aspects of cultural heritage management and protection in Indonesia based on the current heritage legislations as well as its relevancies with the international instruments issued within the same period. The study relied on a literature review highlights that the current heritage legislations still have many loopholes and unparalleled to the heritage trends at a global level. Alsothe current issues in heritage protection and management have become more complex and unintegrated with a development plan.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Due to the absence of guidelines or plans, conservation and protection activities were done accid... more Due to the absence of guidelines or plans, conservation and protection activities were done accidentally as a reaction to the situation. Therefore, this study aims to explore and establish a roadmap for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage in Medan through a compilation of secondary data on aspects of documentation, heritage legislation and community involvement and then followed by group discussions meeting with several Medan cultural heritage experts and staffs of the Cultural Office. Through data compilation and analysis, it was found that there were three missions from 6 missions of the city that had been determined by the current Medan Municipal Government. It was the guideline in making a scenario for the development of a roadmap for the heritage conservation in Medan which was dominated by the immovable heritage, especially buildings. Therefore this roadmap of heritage conservation of is intended to be a guideline in the effort to safeguard cultural heritage i...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
The paper explores the significance of the Merdeka-Kesawan that is a historic city center Medan, ... more The paper explores the significance of the Merdeka-Kesawan that is a historic city center Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, it describes the conflicts and potentials outcome of heritage conservation and development interventions by carrying out the observation and the unstructured interview to the local communities. The group discussion meeting was performed to get a consensus on the statement of significance of the area. The Merdeka-Kesawan is the heart of Medan city that up to the date it still has control and organizes the economic activity of the town covering an area of approximately 62 hectares. The pattern of the Merdeka historic area was different from the Kesawan area. Until the late 20th Century, the pattern and townscape have significant changes. Besides, the study highlighted that the Merdeka-Kesawan is losing its character and functionality due to the development plans have much ignored the historic urban landscape. Therefore, it is recommended to the Medan Municip...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
During the last four decades, heritage significance assessment has become an important step in cu... more During the last four decades, heritage significance assessment has become an important step in cultural heritage protection and management. It is essential to study cultural heritage significance and its assessment to develop the policies and planning, which will impact the conservation and the action in safeguarding cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, this research will explore the heritage significance of the historic Maimon Palace area through the historical and structural approach. It starts from documenting the existing, investigating the development of the historical place and formulating the statement of significance through group discussion meeting involving the local communities. The paper has presented the significance of the historic Maimon Palace area as a critical part of Medan city development, which is characterized by the Malay culture and Islamic identity. It is confirmed that Deli River, Derikhan Park, today is known as Seri Deli Park, and the Grand Mosque Al-Mashun are crucial elements surrounding the palace. The Maimon Palace's landmark is not only the landmarks for this area but also have remained a leading landmark for the city of Medan.
Among the important problems encountered in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation ... more Among the important problems encountered in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation in Indonesia nowadays is the establishment of the cultural register in national, province, or regency/city levels. Criteria in article 5 of the Law on Items of Cultural Heritage No.11/2010 are insufficient for the process of assigning historical assets as cultural heritage items. The criteria also seem to merely be a “copy and paste” of the previous law. Meanwhile, at the global level, during the last several decades, many countries have begun to adopt the concept of the important values of heritages, which is depicted in the Burra Charter as a reference to develop criteria in assigning items of cultural heritages. To improve our national criteria in the near future, this study is aimed at evaluating national criteria in article 5 based on opinions of 33 representatives of local communities in Medan, as stakeholders in the preservation of cultural heritages in the city of Medan, by perfo...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
Medan as one of the historical towns in Indonesia is rich with architectural and urban heritages;... more Medan as one of the historical towns in Indonesia is rich with architectural and urban heritages; however, there still has no integrated plan to safeguard them. This paper discusses the cultural mapping of the seven heritage conservation districts in the city of Medan. It focuses on exploring the process and challenges of the study from the initial step of data collections to the building of the cultural maps with web based GIS. Multi-method of data collection tactics or triangulation such as field survey, interviews was done to cover the cultural data resources including both tangible (or quantitative) and intangible (or qualitative). Participation of the local community is essential to identify mainly the intangibles one. Based on the preliminary analysis of the seven heritage districts in Medan city, Merdeka-Kesawan area had whole categories of the cultural assets and resources compared to other six heritage areas. Consequently, it influences the enhancement its cultural heritage significance. By using our methods, we emphasized the importance of the cultural mapping in preparing the conservation policies and strategies of the seven heritage districts in Medan. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015
The legal protection of cultural heritage in Indonesia had begun since the issuing of Monumenten ... more The legal protection of cultural heritage in Indonesia had begun since the issuing of Monumenten Ordonnantie No.19 year 1931. The Athens Charter, which has marked a milestone in global collaboration for heritage conservation protections, was published four months later after the issuance of MO. This paper discusses the historical outline of the legal aspects of the cultural heritage protection in Indonesia from the Dutch East Indies Government era until now. Also, it purposes to review the contents and scope of the heritage laws in every political period of Indonesia, as well as its relevancy with the international instruments issued within the same period. The study relied on a literature review and historical data from various sources on cultural heritage legislation in Indonesia. It highlights the aspect legislation of cultural heritage in Indonesia still have many loopholes and unparalleled to the global trend.
Abstract. Medan is a historical and multi-ethnic city which is one of the tourist destinations in... more Abstract. Medan is a historical and multi-ethnic city which is one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia. Medan has many cultures that produce a lot of arts and crafts from each culture. However, the facilities and infrastructure for culture are still lacking. Only Cultural Park and PRSU are cultural spaces facilitated by the government. From the private sector, several galleries sell creative cultural industries that are managed privately. Therefore, this study aims as a boost where it is necessary to build a centre for a complete arts and crafts shop as a medium for art artisans to explore their talents and to help the economy of the surrounding community. Data collection in this study relies on secondary data obtained from libraries, related offices related to urban planning such as the Medan City Planning Agency and online sources. Then proceed with observing the location of potential sites as art markets. These observations emphasize apart from the location of the site as we...
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
National criteria for assessing Indonesian cultural heritage properties are mentioned in Article ... more National criteria for assessing Indonesian cultural heritage properties are mentioned in Article five under the Law 11/2010 on Cultural Property. In general, the four criteria are not much different from the previous legislation, the Law 5/1992. National criteria serve as a guide in determining the criteria for provincial and municipal level. This paper aims to review the national criteria based on opinions of 33 respondents (local people from various professions), who have an interest in heritage conservation, through semi-structured interviews and nominal group technique (NGT). The results of the study highlighted the crucial need of involving community in reviewing current national criteria, to improve assessment criteria for cultural heritage values. Besides, it would support national, provincial and municipal governments in drafting new regulations as a guideline for practice of heritage conservation regarding the Law 11/2010, which until today most have not been published.
ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur
Like other developing countries where traffic is a significant sound nuisance, traffic in Indones... more Like other developing countries where traffic is a significant sound nuisance, traffic in Indonesian urban areas is boisterous. How this condition is regulated by the Indonesian government so that the community can live healthily and comfortably is a very crucial issue. Unfortunately, Indonesia has not had any sound environmental improvement since the regulation was enacted. Additionally, regulators and government officers who run the rule carelessly worsen the condition. This study aims to study how sound is regulated in Indonesia’s central and local governments, what types of sound or noise and levels are covered, and whether recent local regulations have been enacted to regulate sound in Indonesian cities. The study mainly uses quantitative, i.e., snowball or chain referral sampling techniques, to collect sound regulations applied in ten large and busy cities in Indonesia. Then, the qualitative stage was conducted based on the content of the rules. The data shows that the Indones...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
In Medan, there are many buildings with high historical value abandoned. Ex-Deli Tobacco hospital... more In Medan, there are many buildings with high historical value abandoned. Ex-Deli Tobacco hospital is one of them. It was built in 1885 by Deli Maatschappij, a tobacco plantation pioneer company on Deli land. It is the first modern hospital in Sumatra, located in the heart of the city. This study aims to develop the design concept of the adaptive reuse of ex-Deli Tobacco hospital through a comprehensive approach, site survey, and interview with observers/activists of cultural heritage. Based on the analysis in the relation of structure and space of the city, as well as its site area (about 3.8 ha), the change of use into mix-use function concept becomes the best choice, by combining several functions such as restaurant/café/food court, office/co-working space, museum, and open green space. The old building is conserved based on its significance level. Besides, the new use recommended integrating with the Deli River revitalization concept, which contains a significant historical value...
INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings
Noise control is still one method to improve the urban acoustic environment in many countries, in... more Noise control is still one method to improve the urban acoustic environment in many countries, including Indonesia. The noise control tries to reduce the sound level in a particular space to increase comfort. In other words, the acoustic environment is designed to be comfortable and uneventful. Previous studies have shown that public spaces in Indonesian cities have a unique sound than cities in developed countries. Here, further studies to investigate whether the soundscapes of these cities are also unique are reported. Soundscape surveys added with sound pressure level (SPL) measurement and audio recording in 28 public places in ten major Indonesian cities indicate that a noise control approach to provide acoustic comfort and uneventful public spaces may not suit Indonesia. The analysis shows that, in general, the soundscape is perceived as an eventful environment, which is compatible with the SPL and audio recording. Furthermore, the results were significant among the ten cities....
JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
Irresponsible noise management by the concerned authorities and society’s indifference has made n... more Irresponsible noise management by the concerned authorities and society’s indifference has made noise in Indonesian urban areas a nightmare. The current noise regulation in Indonesia, which define 55 dB(A) as the lowest permissible noise level generated in residential areas, is outdated. This study investigates how urban communities reacted to the implementation of this outdated regulation. Data was collected by searching online open sources for noise-related keywords used in public complaints, court cases, authority campaigns, etc. The collected data was then plotted in an Excel sheet to create a modest statistical trend, and the detailed information on how the government and court ruled the case was treated as a transcript to be analysed qualitatively. The study results are to be compared and discussed with noise facts of those in more advanced countries. The discussion shows that the noise case in Indonesia is significantly minor compared to other countries with similar populatio...
Sangkhakala terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Sangkha dan Kala. Sangkha adalah sebutan dalam Bahasa San... more Sangkhakala terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Sangkha dan Kala. Sangkha adalah sebutan dalam Bahasa Sansekerta untuk jenis kerang atau siput laut. Sangkha dalam mitologi Hindhu digunakan sebagai atribut dewa dalam sekte Siwa dan Wisnu. Sedangkan Kala berarti waktu, ketika atau masa. Jadi Sangkhakala merupakan alat dari kerang laut yang mengeluarkan suara sebagai tanda bahwa waktu telah tiba untuk memulai suatu tugas atau pekerjaan. Berkenaan dengan itu, SANGKHAKALA BERKALA ARKEOLOGI merupakan istilah yang dikiaskan sebagai terompet ilmuwan arkeologi dalam menyebarluaskan arti dan makna ilmu arkeologi sehingga dapat dinikmati oleh kalangan ilmuwan khususnya dan masyarakat luas umumnya. Selain itu juga merupakan wadah informasi bidang arkeologi yang ditujukan untuk memajukan arkeologi maupun kajian ilmu lain yang terkait. Muatannya adalah hasil penelitian, tinjauan arkeologi dan ilmu terkait. Dalam kaitannya dengan penyebarluasan informasi dimaksud, redaksi menerima sumbangan artikel dalam ...
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Arte-Polis, 2017
The cultural heritage protection and management in Indonesia has been experiencing many challenge... more The cultural heritage protection and management in Indonesia has been experiencing many challenges, obstacles, and changes from a century. This paper discusses the legal aspects of cultural heritage management and protection in Indonesia based on the current heritage legislations as well as its relevancies with the international instruments issued within the same period. The study relied on a literature review highlights that the current heritage legislations still have many loopholes and unparalleled to the heritage trends at a global level. Alsothe current issues in heritage protection and management have become more complex and unintegrated with a development plan.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Due to the absence of guidelines or plans, conservation and protection activities were done accid... more Due to the absence of guidelines or plans, conservation and protection activities were done accidentally as a reaction to the situation. Therefore, this study aims to explore and establish a roadmap for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage in Medan through a compilation of secondary data on aspects of documentation, heritage legislation and community involvement and then followed by group discussions meeting with several Medan cultural heritage experts and staffs of the Cultural Office. Through data compilation and analysis, it was found that there were three missions from 6 missions of the city that had been determined by the current Medan Municipal Government. It was the guideline in making a scenario for the development of a roadmap for the heritage conservation in Medan which was dominated by the immovable heritage, especially buildings. Therefore this roadmap of heritage conservation of is intended to be a guideline in the effort to safeguard cultural heritage i...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
The paper explores the significance of the Merdeka-Kesawan that is a historic city center Medan, ... more The paper explores the significance of the Merdeka-Kesawan that is a historic city center Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, it describes the conflicts and potentials outcome of heritage conservation and development interventions by carrying out the observation and the unstructured interview to the local communities. The group discussion meeting was performed to get a consensus on the statement of significance of the area. The Merdeka-Kesawan is the heart of Medan city that up to the date it still has control and organizes the economic activity of the town covering an area of approximately 62 hectares. The pattern of the Merdeka historic area was different from the Kesawan area. Until the late 20th Century, the pattern and townscape have significant changes. Besides, the study highlighted that the Merdeka-Kesawan is losing its character and functionality due to the development plans have much ignored the historic urban landscape. Therefore, it is recommended to the Medan Municip...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
During the last four decades, heritage significance assessment has become an important step in cu... more During the last four decades, heritage significance assessment has become an important step in cultural heritage protection and management. It is essential to study cultural heritage significance and its assessment to develop the policies and planning, which will impact the conservation and the action in safeguarding cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, this research will explore the heritage significance of the historic Maimon Palace area through the historical and structural approach. It starts from documenting the existing, investigating the development of the historical place and formulating the statement of significance through group discussion meeting involving the local communities. The paper has presented the significance of the historic Maimon Palace area as a critical part of Medan city development, which is characterized by the Malay culture and Islamic identity. It is confirmed that Deli River, Derikhan Park, today is known as Seri Deli Park, and the Grand Mosque Al-Mashun are crucial elements surrounding the palace. The Maimon Palace's landmark is not only the landmarks for this area but also have remained a leading landmark for the city of Medan.
Among the important problems encountered in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation ... more Among the important problems encountered in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation in Indonesia nowadays is the establishment of the cultural register in national, province, or regency/city levels. Criteria in article 5 of the Law on Items of Cultural Heritage No.11/2010 are insufficient for the process of assigning historical assets as cultural heritage items. The criteria also seem to merely be a “copy and paste” of the previous law. Meanwhile, at the global level, during the last several decades, many countries have begun to adopt the concept of the important values of heritages, which is depicted in the Burra Charter as a reference to develop criteria in assigning items of cultural heritages. To improve our national criteria in the near future, this study is aimed at evaluating national criteria in article 5 based on opinions of 33 representatives of local communities in Medan, as stakeholders in the preservation of cultural heritages in the city of Medan, by perfo...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
Medan as one of the historical towns in Indonesia is rich with architectural and urban heritages;... more Medan as one of the historical towns in Indonesia is rich with architectural and urban heritages; however, there still has no integrated plan to safeguard them. This paper discusses the cultural mapping of the seven heritage conservation districts in the city of Medan. It focuses on exploring the process and challenges of the study from the initial step of data collections to the building of the cultural maps with web based GIS. Multi-method of data collection tactics or triangulation such as field survey, interviews was done to cover the cultural data resources including both tangible (or quantitative) and intangible (or qualitative). Participation of the local community is essential to identify mainly the intangibles one. Based on the preliminary analysis of the seven heritage districts in Medan city, Merdeka-Kesawan area had whole categories of the cultural assets and resources compared to other six heritage areas. Consequently, it influences the enhancement its cultural heritage significance. By using our methods, we emphasized the importance of the cultural mapping in preparing the conservation policies and strategies of the seven heritage districts in Medan. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015
The legal protection of cultural heritage in Indonesia had begun since the issuing of Monumenten ... more The legal protection of cultural heritage in Indonesia had begun since the issuing of Monumenten Ordonnantie No.19 year 1931. The Athens Charter, which has marked a milestone in global collaboration for heritage conservation protections, was published four months later after the issuance of MO. This paper discusses the historical outline of the legal aspects of the cultural heritage protection in Indonesia from the Dutch East Indies Government era until now. Also, it purposes to review the contents and scope of the heritage laws in every political period of Indonesia, as well as its relevancy with the international instruments issued within the same period. The study relied on a literature review and historical data from various sources on cultural heritage legislation in Indonesia. It highlights the aspect legislation of cultural heritage in Indonesia still have many loopholes and unparalleled to the global trend.
Abstract. Medan is a historical and multi-ethnic city which is one of the tourist destinations in... more Abstract. Medan is a historical and multi-ethnic city which is one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia. Medan has many cultures that produce a lot of arts and crafts from each culture. However, the facilities and infrastructure for culture are still lacking. Only Cultural Park and PRSU are cultural spaces facilitated by the government. From the private sector, several galleries sell creative cultural industries that are managed privately. Therefore, this study aims as a boost where it is necessary to build a centre for a complete arts and crafts shop as a medium for art artisans to explore their talents and to help the economy of the surrounding community. Data collection in this study relies on secondary data obtained from libraries, related offices related to urban planning such as the Medan City Planning Agency and online sources. Then proceed with observing the location of potential sites as art markets. These observations emphasize apart from the location of the site as we...
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
National criteria for assessing Indonesian cultural heritage properties are mentioned in Article ... more National criteria for assessing Indonesian cultural heritage properties are mentioned in Article five under the Law 11/2010 on Cultural Property. In general, the four criteria are not much different from the previous legislation, the Law 5/1992. National criteria serve as a guide in determining the criteria for provincial and municipal level. This paper aims to review the national criteria based on opinions of 33 respondents (local people from various professions), who have an interest in heritage conservation, through semi-structured interviews and nominal group technique (NGT). The results of the study highlighted the crucial need of involving community in reviewing current national criteria, to improve assessment criteria for cultural heritage values. Besides, it would support national, provincial and municipal governments in drafting new regulations as a guideline for practice of heritage conservation regarding the Law 11/2010, which until today most have not been published.