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Caput 154 De donis gratiae gratis datae; in quo de divinationibus Daemonum

Chapter 154 ON THE GIFTS OF GRATUITOUS GRACE, INCLUDING A CONSIDERATION OF THE DIVINATIONS OF DEMONS

Quia vero ea quae homo per se non videt, cognoscere non potest nisi ea recipiat ab eo qui videt; fides autem est de his quae non videmus: oportet cognitionem eorum de quibus est fides, ab eo derivari qui ea ipse videt. Hic autem Deus est, qui seipsum perfecte comprehendit, et naturaliter suam essentiam videt: de Deo enim fidem habemus. Oportet igitur ea quae per fidem tenemus, a Deo in nos pervenire. Cum autem quae a Deo sunt, ordine quodam agantur, ut supra ostensum est, in manifestatione eorum quae sunt fidei, ordinem quendam observari oportuit: scilicet ut quidam immediate a Deo reciperent, alii vero ab his, et sic per ordinem usque ad ultimos.

[1] Since man can only know the things that he does not see himself by taking them from another who does see them, and since faith is among the things we do not see, the knowledge of the objects of faith must be handed on by one who sees them himself. Now, this one is God, Who perfectly comprehends Himself, and naturally sees His essence. Indeed, we get faith from God. So, the things that we hold by faith must come to us from God. But, since the things that come from God are enacted in a definite order, as we showed above, a certain order had to be observed in the manifestation of the objects of faith. That is to say, some persons had to receive them directly from God, then others from them, and so on in an orderly way down to the lowest persons.

In quibuscumque autem est aliquis ordo, oportet quod, quanto aliquid est propinquius primo principio, tanto virtuosius inveniatur. Quod in hoc ordine manifestationis divinae apparet. Invisibilia enim, quorum visio beatos facit, de quibus fides est, primo a Deo revelantur Angelis beatis per apertam visionem, ut ex supra dictis patet.

[2] Now, wherever there is an order among things, it is necessary that, the nearer one thing is to the first principle, the stronger it must be. This is apparent in the order of divine manifestation. For invisible things whose vision is beatifying, and to which faith applies, are first revealed by God to the blessed angels through open vision, as is clear from our previous statements.

Deinde, Angelorum interveniente officio, manifestantur quibusdam hominibus, non quidem per apertam visionem, sed per quandam certitudinem provenientem ex revelatione divina.

[3] In turn, by the intermediary ministry of the angels they are manifested to certain men; not, of course, through open vision, but through a kind of certitude resulting from divine revelation.

Quae quidem revelatio fit quodam interiori et intelligibili lumine mentem elevante ad percipiendum ea ad quae per lumen naturale intellectus pertingere non potest. Sicut enim per lumen naturale intellectus redditur certus de his quae lumine illo cognoscit, ut de primis principiis; ita et de his quae supernaturali lumine apprehendit, certitudinem habet. Haec autem certitudo necessaria est ad hoc quod aliis proponi possint ea quae divina revelatione percipiuntur: non enim cum securitate aliis proferimus de quibus certitudinem non habemus. Cum praedicto autem lumine mentem interius illustrante, adsunt aliquando in divina revelatione aliqua exteriora vel interiora cognitionis auxilia: utpote aliquis sermo, vel exterius sensibiliter auditus, qui divina virtute formetur; aut etiam interius per imaginationem, Deo faciente, perceptus; sive etiam aliqua corporaliter visa exterius a Deo formata, vel etiam interius in imaginatione descripta; ex quibus homo, per lumen interius menti impressum, cognitionem accipit divinorum. Unde huiusmodi auxilia sine interiori lumine ad cognitionem divinorum non sufficiunt: lumen autem interius sufficit sine istis.

[4] This revelation, then, is accomplished by means of a certain interior and intelligible light, elevating the mind to the perception of things that the understanding cannot reach by its natural light. For, just as the understanding by its natural light is made certain concerning things that it knows by that light (for instance, concerning first principles), so also does it acquire certitude concerning things which it apprehends by supernatural light. Now, this latter certitude is needed so that the things that are grasped by divine revelation may be offered to others, for we cannot present things to others with assurance if we have not certain knowledge of them. Now, accompanying this light that we have mentioned, which illumines the mind from within, there are at times in divine revelation other external or internal aids to knowledge; for instance, a spoken message, or something heard by the external senses which is produced by divine power, or something perceived internally through imagination due to God's action, or also some things produced by God that are seen by bodily vision, or that are internally pictured in the imagination. From these presentations, by the light internally impressed on the mind, man receives a knowledge of divine things. Consequently, without the interior light, these aids do not suffice for a knowledge of divine things, but the interior light does suffice without them.

Haec autem invisibilium Dei revelatio ad sapientiam pertinet, quae proprie est cognitio divinorum. Et ideo dicitur Sap. 7 quod sapientia Dei per nationes in animas sanctas se transfert: neminem enim diligit Deus nisi eum qui cum sapientia inhabitat. Et Eccli. 15-5 dicitur: implevit eum dominus spiritu sapientiae et intellectus.

[5] However, this revelation of the invisible things of God belongs to wisdom, which is properly the knowledge of divine things. Thus, it is said in Wisdom (7:27-28) that the wisdom of God “conveys herself through nations into holy souls... for God loves no one but him who dwells with wisdom.” And again in Sirach (15:5) it is said: “the Lord has filled him with the spirit of wisdom and understanding.”

Sed quia invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt intellecta conspiciuntur, per divinam gratiam non solum revelantur hominibus divina, sed etiam aliqua de rebus creatis: quod ad scientiam pertinere videtur. Unde dicitur Sap. 7-17: ipse dedit mihi horum quae sunt scientiam veram: ut sciam dispositionem orbis terrarum, et virtutes elementorum. Et II Paralip. 1-12, dominus dixit ad Salomonem: scientia et sapientia data sunt tibi.

[6] But, since “the invisible things of God... are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made,” not only divine things are revealed to men by divine grace, but also some created things, and this seems to pertain to knowledge. Hence, it is said in Wisdom (7:17): "For He has given me the true knowledge of the things that are: to know the disposition of the whole world, and the virtues of the elements.” And in 2 Chronicles (1:12) the Lord said to Solomon: “Knowledge and wisdom are granted to you.”

Ea vero quae homo cognoscit, in notitiam alterius producere convenienter non potest nisi per sermonem. Quia igitur illi qui a Deo revelationem accipiunt, secundum ordinem divinitus institutum, alios instruere debent; necessarium fuit ut etiam his gratia locutionis daretur, secundum quod exigeret utilitas eorum qui erant instruendi. Unde dicitur Isaiae 50-4: dominus dedit mihi linguam eruditam, ut sciam sustentare eum qui lapsus est verbo. Et dominus discipulis dicit, Luc. 21-15: ego dabo vobis os et sapientiam, cui non poterunt resistere et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri. Et propter hoc etiam, quando oportuit per paucos veritatem fidei in diversis gentibus praedicari, instructi sunt quidam divinitus ut linguis variis loquerentur: sicut dicitur Act. 2-4: repleti sunt omnes spiritu sancto, et coeperunt loqui variis linguis, prout spiritus sanctus dabat eloqui illis.

[7] But the things that man knows he cannot properly convey to the knowledge of another man, except by speech. So, since those who receive a revelation from God, according to the divinely established order, should instruct others, it was necessary for them also to be given the grace of speech, in keeping with what the benefit of those who were to be instructed demanded. Hence, it is said in Isaiah (50:4): “The Lord hath given me a learned tongue, that I should know how to uphold by word him that is weary.” And the Lord says to the disciples, in Luke (21:15): “I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to resist and gainsay.” And also for this reason, when it was necessary for the truth of the faith to be preached by a few men to different peoples, some were divinely instructed to “speak with divers tongues,” as is said in Acts (2:4): “They were all filled with the Holy Spirit: and they began to speak with divers tongues, according as the Holy Spirit gave them to speak.”

Sed quia sermo propositus confirmatione indiget ad hoc quod recipiatur, nisi sit per se manifestus; ea autem quae sunt fidei, sunt humanae rationi immanifesta: necessarium fuit aliquid adhiberi quo confirmaretur sermo praedicantium fidem. Non autem confirmari poterat per aliqua principia rationis, per modum demonstrationis: cum ea quae sunt fidei, rationem excedant. Oportuit igitur aliquibus indiciis confirmari praedicantium sermonem quibus manifeste ostenderetur huiusmodi sermonem processisse a Deo, dum praedicantes talia operarentur, sanando infirmos, et alias virtutes operando, quae non posset facere nisi Deus. Unde dominus, discipulos ad praedicandum mittens, dixit, Matth. cap. 10-8: infirmos curate, mortuos suscitate, leprosos mundate, Daemones eiicite. Et Marci ult. dicitur: illi autem profecti praedicaverunt ubique, domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis.

[8] But because oral teaching that is offered requires confirmation so that it may be accepted, unless it be evident in itself, and because things that are of faith are not evident to human reason, it was necessary for some means to be provided whereby the words of the preachers of the faith might be confirmed. Now, they could not be confirmed by any rational principles in the way of demonstration, since the objects of faith surpass reason. So, it was necessary for the oral teaching of the preachers to be confirmed by certain signs, whereby it might be plainly shown that this oral teaching came from God; so, the preachers did such things as healing the sick, and the performance of other difficult deeds, which only God could do. Hence, the Lord, sending forth His disciples to preach, said in Matthew (10:8): “Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out devils.” And it is said at the end of Mark (16:20): “But they going forth preached everywhere: the Lord working withal, and confirming the word with signs that followed.”

Fuit autem et alius confirmationis modus: ut, dum praedicatores veritatis vera invenirentur dicere de occultis quae postmodum manifestari possunt, eis crederetur vera dicentibus de his quae homines experiri non possunt. Unde necessarium fuit donum prophetiae, per quod futura, et ea quae communiter homines latent, Deo revelante, possent cognoscere et aliis indicare: ut sic, dum in his invenirentur vera dicere, in his quae sunt fidei eis crederetur. Unde apostolus dicit I Cor. 14-24 si omnes prophetent, intret autem quis infidelis vel idiota convincitur ab omnibus, diiudicatur ab omnibus: occulta enim cordis eius manifesta fiunt, et ita cadens in faciem adorabit Deum, pronuntians quod Deus vere in vobis sit.

[9] But there was still another way of confirmation, in so far as the preachers of truth were found to speak true things about hidden events which could be made evident later, so that credit was given them as speakers of truths about matters which men were not able to experience. Hence, the a gift of prophecy was necessary, whereby they might know and reveal to others, through God’s revelation, future events and things generally concealed from men. Thus, in this way, when they were discovered to tell about true events, belief would be accorded them in regard to matters of faith. Hence, the Apostle says, in 1 Corinthians (14:24-25): “If all prophesy, and an unbeliever or an unlearned person comes in, he is convinced by all, he is judged by all; the secrets of his heart are made manifest; and so, falling down on his face, he will adore God, affirming that God is among you indeed.”

Non autem per hoc prophetiae donum sufficiens testimonium fidei adhiberetur, nisi esset de his quae a solo Deo cognosci possunt: sicut et miracula talia sunt quod solus Deus ea potest operari. Huiusmodi autem praecipue sunt in rebus inferioribus occulta cordium, quae solus Deus cognoscere potest, ut supra ostensum est; et futura contingentia, quae etiam soli divinae cognitioni subsunt, quia ea in seipsis videt, cum sint ei praesentia ratione suae aeternitatis, ut supra ostensum est.

[10] However, an adequate testimony to the faith is not supplied by this gift of prophecy unless it were concerned with things that can be known by God alone, just as miracles are of such nature that God alone can work them. Now, these things are especially, in the affairs of this world, the secrets of our hearts, which God alone can know, as we showed above, and contingent future events which also come only under divine cognition, for He sees them in themselves because they are present to Him by reason of His eternity, as we showed above.

Possunt tamen aliqua futura contingentia etiam ab hominibus praecognosci: non quidem inquantum futura sunt, sed inquantum in causis suis praeexistunt; quibus cognitis, vel secundum seipsas, vel per aliquos effectus earum manifestos, quae signa dicuntur, de aliquibus effectibus futuris potest ab homine praecognitio haberi; sicut medicus praecognoscit mortem vel sanitatem futuram ex statu virtutis naturalis, quam cognoscit pulsu, urina, et huiusmodi signis. Huiusmodi autem cognitio futurorum partim quidem certa est: partim vero incerta. Sunt enim quaedam causae praeexistentes ex quibus futuri effectus ex necessitate consequuntur: sicut, praeexistente compositione ex contrariis in animali, ex necessitate sequitur mors. Quibusdam vero causis praeexistentibus, sequuntur futuri effectus non ex necessitate, sed ut frequenter: sicut ex semine hominis in matricem proiecto, ut in pluribus, sequitur homo perfectus; quandoque tamen monstra generantur, propter aliquod impedimentum superveniens operationi naturalis virtutis. Primorum igitur effectuum praecognitio certa habetur: horum autem qui posterius dicti sunt, non est praecognitio infallibiliter certa. Praecognitio autem quae de futuris habetur ex revelatione divina, secundum gratiam prophetalem, est omnino certa: sicut et divina praecognitio est certa. Non enim Deus praecognoscit futura solum prout sunt in suis causis, sed infallibiliter, secundum quod sunt in seipsis, sicut superius ostensum est. Unde et cognitio prophetica per eundem modum datur homini de futuris cum certitudine perfecta. Nec tamen haec certitudo repugnat contingentiae futurorum, sicut nec certitudo scientiae divinae, ut supra ostensum est.

[11] Of course, some contingent future events can also be foreknown by men; not, indeed, according as they are future, but inasmuch as they pre-exist in their causes. When these latter are known, either in themselves or through some of their evident effects, which are called signs, a foreknowledge of some future effects may be acquired by man. Thus, a physician foreknows future death or good health,from the condition of natural strength, which he knows from the pulse, the urine, and signs of this kind. Now, this kind of knowledge of future matters is partly certain, but partly uncertain. In fact, there are some pre-existing causes from which future events follow of necessity; for instance, if there be a pre-existing composition of contraries in an animal, death results necessarily. But, from some pre-existing causes future effects do not follow necessarily, but usually. For instance, in most cases a perfect human being results from the insemination of a mother by a man’s semen; sometimes, however, monsters are generated, because of some obstruction which overcomes the operation of the natural capacity. So, there is certain foreknowledge of the first kind of effects, but of those mentioned in the second case there is no infallibly certain foreknowledge. However, the foreknowledge that is acquired concerning future events from divine revelation, according to prophetic grace, is altogether certain, just as divine foreknowledge is also certain. Indeed, God does not merely foreknow future events as they are in their causes, but infallibly, as they are in themselves, as we showed earlier. And so, prophetic knowledge of future things is given man in the same way, with perfect certitude. Nor is this certitude opposed to the contingency of future events, any more than the certitude of divine knowledge is, as we showed above.

Revelantur tamen aliquando aliqui futuri effectus prophetis, non secundum quod sunt in seipsis, sed secundum quod sunt in causis suis. Et tunc nihil prohibet, si causae impediantur ne perveniant ad suos effectus, quin etiam prophetae praenuntiatio immutetur: sicut Isaias praenuntiavit Ezechiae aegrotanti, dispone domui tuae, quia morieris et non vives, qui tamen sanatus est; et Ionas propheta praenuntiavit quod post quadraginta dies Ninive subverteretur, nec tamen est subversa. Praenuntiavit igitur Isaias mortem futuram Ezechiae secundum ordinem dispositionis corporis et aliarum causarum inferiorum ad istum effectum; et Ionas subversionem Ninive secundum exigentiam meritorum; utrobique tamen aliter evenit secundum operationem Dei liberantis et sanantis.

[12] However, some future events are at times revealed to prophets, not as they are in themselves, but as they are in their causes. In that case, if the causes are obstructed from achieving their effects, nothing prevents the prophetic forecast from being modified. Thus, Isaiah foretold to the ailing Hezekiah: “take order with Your house, for You shall die, and not live” (Is. 38:1), but be was restored to health; and Jonah the Prophet foretold that “after forty days, Nineveh shall be destroyed” (Jonah 3:4), Yet it was not overturned. Hence, Isaiah made his prophecy of the coming death of Hezekiah according to the order of his bodily condition and of the lower causes in relation to this result, and Jonah prophesied the disruption of Nineveh according to the demands of its merits; however, in both cases, it turned out differently, in accord with the working of a free and health-giving God.

Sic igitur prophetica denuntiatio de futuris sufficiens est fidei argumentum: quia, licet homines aliqua de futuris praecognoscant, non tamen de futuris contingentibus est praecognitio cum certitudine, sicut est praecognitio prophetiae. Etsi enim aliquando fiat prophetae revelatio secundum ordinem causarum ad aliquem effectum, simul tamen, vel postea, fit eidem revelatio de eventu futuri effectus, qualiter sit immutandus: sicut Isaiae revelata fuit sanatio Ezechiae, et Ionae liberatio Ninivitarum.

[13] And so, prophetic prediction of future events is an adequate argument for the faith, since, though men do know some things in advance about future matters, their knowledge of future contingencies is not accompanied by certitude, as is the foreknowledge of prophecy. For, though prophetic revelation is sometimes accomplished on the basis of the order of causes to a given effect, yet at the same time, or later, a revelation may be made to the same prophet concerning the outcome of the future event, as to how it is to be modified. For example, the healing of Hezekiah was revealed to Isaiah (Isa. 38:5), and the saving of the Ninevites to Jonah (Jonah 4:5ff.).

Maligni autem spiritus, veritatem fidei corrumpere molientes, sicut abutuntur operatione miraculorum ut errorem inducant et argumentum verae fidei debilitent, tamen non vere miracula faciendo, sed ea quae hominibus miraculosa apparent, ut supra ostensum est: ita etiam abutuntur prophetica praenuntiatione, non quidem vere prophetando, sed praenuntiando aliqua secundum ordinem causarum homini occultarum, ut videantur futura praecognoscere in seipsis. Et licet ex causis naturalibus effectus contingentes proveniant, praedicti tamen spiritus, subtilitate intellectus sui, magis possunt cognoscere quam homines quando et qualiter effectus naturalium causarum impediri possint: et ideo in praenuntiando futura mirabiliores et veraciores apparent quam homines quantumcumque scientes. Inter causas autem naturales, supremae, et a cognitione nostra magis remotae, sunt vires caelestium corporum: quas praedictis spiritibus cognitas esse secundum proprietatem suae naturae, ex superioribus patet. Cum ergo omnia inferiora corpora secundum vires et motum superiorum corporum disponantur, possunt praedicti spiritus multo magis quam aliquis astrologus, praenuntiare ventos et tempestates futuras, corruptiones aeris, et alia huiusmodi quae circa mutationes inferiorum corporum accidunt ex motu superiorum corporum causata. Et licet caelestia corpora super partem intellectivam animae directe non possint imprimere, ut supra ostensum est, plurimi tamen sequuntur impetus passionum et inclinationes corporales, in quas efficaciam habere caelestia corpora manifestum est: solum enim sapientum, quorum parvus est numerus, est huiusmodi passionibus ratione obviare. Et inde est quod etiam de actibus hominum multa praedicere possunt: licet quandoque et ipsi in praenuntiando deficiant, propter arbitrii libertatem.

[14] But malign spirits strive to corrupt the truth of the faith, just as they make bad use of the working of wonders, in order to lead to error and weaken the proof of the true faith, even though they do not perform miracles in the proper sense, but things that appear wonderful to men, as we showed above—so also they abuse prophetic prediction, not, of course, prophesying, but foretelling certain things according to the order of causes hidden to man, so that they seem to know in advance future events in themselves. Now, though contingent effects come from natural causes, these spirits, as a result of the subtlety of their understanding, can know more than men as to when and bow the effects of natural causes may be obstructed. So, in foretelling future things, they appear to be more astonishing and more truthful than men, no matter how learned the latter may be. Of course, among natural causes, the highest and farthest removed from our knowledge are the powers of,the celestial bodies. That these are known to the spirits under discussion, in accord with what is proper to their nature, is evident from earlier explanations. Therefore, since all lower bodies are controlled through the powers and motions of the higher bodies, these spirits are far more able than any astronomer to foretell future winds and storms, changing conditions of the atmosphere, and other such things which occur in the changing of lower bodies as a result of the motion of the higher bodies. Also, though celestial bodies can make no impression directly on the intellectual part of the soul, as we showed above, a good many men follow the impulse of their bodily passions and tendencies, on which we have shown that the celestial bodies do have an influence. In fact, it is only possible for wise men, of whom the number is small, to resist this kind of passion by using their reason. So, the result is that many predictions can be made concerning man’s acts, although even these spirits fail at times in their predictions because of freedom of choice.

Ea vero quae praecognoscunt, praenuntiant quidem non mentem illustrando, sicut fit in revelatione divina: non enim eorum intentio est ut mens humana perficiatur ad veritatem cognoscendam, sed magis quod a veritate avertatur. Praenuntiant autem quandoque quidem secundum imaginationis immutationem, vel in dormiendo, sicut cum per somnia aliquorum futurorum indicia monstrant; sive in vigilando, sicut in arreptitiis et phreneticis patet, qui aliqua futura praenuntiant; aliquando vero per aliqua exteriora indicia, sicut per motus et garritus avium, et per ea quae apparent in extis animalium, et in punctorum quorundam descriptione, et in similibus, quae sorte quadam fieri videntur; aliquando autem visibiliter apparendo, et sermone sensibili praenuntiando futura.

[15] However, they do not make their predictions of what they foreknow by enlightening the mind, as is done in the case of divine revelation. Indeed, it is not their intention that the human mind be perfected in order to know the truth, but, rather, that it be turned away from the truth. Now, they sometimes predict, indeed, by impressing the imagination, either during sleep, as when they show the signs of certain future events through dreams, or while one is awake, as is apparent in the case of people in a trance or frenzy who foretell future events. At other times, too, they do it through external signs, for instance, by the movement and chirping of birds, and by means of the appearances of the inner parts of animals, and by the drawing of certain kinds of mathematical figures, and in other like ways which seem to work by some kind of lot. At still other times, they do it by visual apparitions and by predicting future events in speech that can be heard.

Et licet horum ultimum manifeste per malignos spiritus fiat, tamen alia quidam reducere conantur in aliquas causas naturales. Dicunt enim quod, cum corpus caeleste moveat ad aliquos effectus in istis inferioribus, ex eiusdem corporis impressione in aliquibus rebus illius effectus signa quaedam apparent: caelestem enim impressionem diversae res diversimode recipiunt. Secundum hoc ergo dicunt quod immutatio quae fit a corpore caelesti in aliqua re, potest accipi ut signum immutationis alterius rei. Et ideo dicunt quod motus qui sunt praeter deliberationem rationis, ut visa somniantium et eorum qui sunt mente capti, et motus et garritus avium, et descriptiones punctorum cum quis non deliberat quot puncta debeat describere, sequuntur impressionem corporis caelestis. Et ideo dicunt quod huiusmodi possunt esse signa effectuum futurorum qui ex motu caeli causantur.

[16] Although the last of these ways is obviously the work of evil spirits, some people have made efforts to explain the other ways in terms of natural causes. They say, in fact, that when a celestial body moves toward definite effects in these things here below, some signs of the result of the influence of the same body appear, because different things receive the celestial influence in different ways. On this basis, then, they say that the change that is produced in a thing by the celestial body can be taken as a sign of the change in another thing. Hence, they say that movements that are apart from rational deliberation, such as visions in people who are dreaming and in those who are out of their mind, and the flight and crying of birds, and the drawing of figures, when a person does not deliberate on how many points he should draw, are all the results of the influence of a celestial body. So, they say that things like these can be the signs of future effects that are caused by the motion of the heavens.

Sed quia hoc modicam rationem habet, magis aestimandum est quod praenuntiationes quae ex huiusmodi signis fiunt, ab aliqua intellectuali substantia originem habeant, cuius virtute disponuntur praedicti motus praeter deliberationem existentes, secundum quod congruit observationi futurorum. Et licet quandoque haec disponantur voluntate divina, ministerio bonorum spirituum, quia et a Deo multa per somnia revelantur, sicut Pharaoni et Nabuchodonosor; et sortes quae mittuntur in sinu, quandoque etiam a domino temperantur, ut Salomon dicit: tamen plerumque ex operatione spirituum malignorum accidunt; ut et sancti doctores dicunt, et etiam ipsi gentiles censuerunt; dicit enim maximus Valerius quod observatio auguriorum et somniorum et huiusmodi ad religionem pertinent, qua idola colebantur. Et ideo in veteri lege, simul cum idololatria, haec omnia prohibebantur: dicitur enim Deut. 18-9 ne imitari velis abominationes illarum gentium, quae scilicet idolis serviebant; nec inveniatur in te qui lustret filium suum aut filiam ducens per ignem; aut qui ariolos sciscitetur, et observet somnia atque auguria; nec sit maleficus neque incantator; neque qui Pythones consulat nec divinos, et quaerat a mortuis veritatem.

[17] However, since this has little reason, it is better to think that the predictions that are made from signs of this kind take their origin from some intellectual substance, by whose power the aforesaid motions occurring without deliberation are controlled, in accord with what befits the observation of future events. And while these movements are sometimes controlled by the divine will, through the ministry of good spirits, since many things are revealed by God through dreams—as to Pharaoh (Gen. 41:25), and to Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. 2:28), and “lots that are cast into the lap, that are also at times disposed of by the Lord,” as Solomon says (Prov. 16:33).Yet most of the time they happen as a result of the working of evil spirits, as the holy Doctors say, and as even the Gentiles themselves agree. For Maximus Valerius says that the practice of auguries and dreams, and that sort of thing, belongs to the religion in which idols were worshiped. And so, in the Old Law, along with idolatry, all these practices were prohibited. Indeed, it is said in Deuteronomy (18:9-11): “beware lest you have a mind to imitate the abominations of those nations,” that is, those that serve idols; “neither let there be found among you anyone who expiates his son or daughter, making them to pass through the fire; or who consults soothsayers, or observes dreams and omens; neither let there be any wizard nor charmer, nor anyone who consults pythonic spirits, or fortune tellers, or who seeks the truth from the dead.”

Attestatur autem praedicationi fidei prophetia per alium modum: inquantum scilicet aliqua fide tenenda praedicantur quae temporaliter aguntur, sicut nativitas Christi, passio et resurrectio, et huiusmodi; et ne huiusmodi ficta a praedicantibus esse credantur, aut casualiter evenisse, ostenduntur longe ante per prophetas praedicta. Unde apostolus dicit, Rom. 1-1 Paulus, servus Iesu Christi, vocatus apostolus, segregatus in Evangelium Dei, (quod ante promiserat per prophetas suos in Scripturis sanctis) de filio suo, qui factus est ei ex semine David secundum carnem.

[18] Moreover, prophecy attests to the preaching of the faith in another way, namely, in so far as some tenets of the faith are preached which took place in time, such as the birth of Christ, His passion and resurrection, and events of that kind. And lest these be thought fictions made by the preachers, or to have come about by chance, they are shown to have been preached long beforehand by the Prophets. Consequently, the Apostle says in Romans (1:1): “Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, which He had promised before, by His prophets in the holy scriptures, concerning His Son, Who was made to Him of the seed of David, according to the flesh.”

Post gradum autem illorum qui immediate revelationem a Deo recipiunt, est necessarius alius gratiae gradus. Quia enim homines revelationem a Deo accipiunt non solum pro praesenti tempore, sed etiam ad instructionem omnium futurorum, necessarium fuit ut non solum ea quae ipsis revelantur, sermone narrarentur praesentibus; sed etiam scriberentur ad instructionem futurorum. Unde et oportuit aliquos esse qui huiusmodi scripta interpretarentur. Quod divina gratia esse oportet, sicut et ipsa revelatio per gratiam Dei fuit. Unde et Gen. 40-8 dicitur: numquid non Dei est interpretatio?

[19] Following the degree of those who receive revelation directly from God, another degree of grace is necessary. In fact, since men receive revelation from God not only for their own time, but also for the instruction of all men that are to come, it was necessary that the things revealed to them not only be recounted orally to their contemporaries, but also that they be written down for the instruction of men to come. Consequently, there had to be some who would interpret this kind of writings. Now, this should be a divine grace, just as revelation was accomplished by the grace of God. Hence, it is said in Genesis (40:8): “Does not interpretation belong to God?”

Sequitur autem ultimus gradus: eorum scilicet qui ea quae aliis sunt revelata, et per alios interpretata, fideliter credunt. Hoc autem Dei donum esse superius ostensum est.

[20] Then there follows the last degree: of those, namely, who faithfully believe the things that are revealed to others, and interpreted by still others. But that this is a gift of God was shown earlier.

Quia vero per malignos spiritus aliqua similia fiunt his quibus fides confirmatur, tam in signorum operatione quam in futurorum revelatione, ut supra dictum est, ne per huiusmodi homines decepti mendacio credant, necessarium est ut adiutorio divinae gratiae instruantur de huiusmodi spiritibus discernendis: secundum quod dicitur I Ioan. 4-1: nolite omni spiritui credere, sed probate spiritus, si ex Deo sunt.

[21] But, since some things are done by evil spirits similar to the things whereby the faith is confirmed, both in the working of wonders and in the revelation of future events, as we said above, lest men that have been deceived by such things believe in a lie, it is necessary that they be instructed by the help of divine grace concerning the discernment of this kind of spirits, in accord with what is said in 1 John (4:1): “do not believe every spirit, but try the spirits if they are of God.”

Hos autem gratiae effectus, ad instructionem et confirmationem fidei ordinatos, apostolus enumerat I ad Cor. 12, dicens: alii per spiritum datur sermo sapientiae, alii autem sermo scientiae, secundum eundem spiritum; alteri fides, in eodem spiritu; alii gratia sanitatum, in uno spiritu; alii operatio virtutum; alii prophetia; alii discretio spirituum; alii genera linguarum; alii interpretatio sermonum.

[22] Now, the Apostle enumerates these effects of grace, that are directed to the instruction and confirmation of the faith, in 1 Corinthians (12:8-10), saying: “To one indeed, by the Spirit is given the word of wisdom; and to another, the word of knowledge, according to the same Spirit; to another, faith in the same Spirit; to another, the grace of healing in one Spirit; to another, the working of miracles; to another, prophecy; to another, the discerning of spirits; to another, divers kinds of tongues; to another, the interpretation of speeches.”

Per hoc autem excluditur error quorundam Manichaeorum, qui dicunt corporalia miracula non esse a Deo facta. Simul etiam excluditur eorum error quantum ad hoc quod dicunt prophetas non esse spiritu Dei locutos. Excluditur etiam error Priscillae et Montani, qui dicebant prophetas, tanquam arreptitios, non intellexisse quae loquebantur. Quod divinae revelationi non congruit, secundum quam mens principalius illuminatur.

[23] By this conclusion we set aside the error of certain Manicheans, who say that corporeal miracles are not performed by God. At the same time we exclude the error of those men, in so far as they assert that the Prophets did not speak by the Spirit of God. We also dispose of the error of Prisca and Montanus, who said that the Prophets, like epileptics, did not understand what they spoke about. For this does not agree with divine revelation, whose chief effect is the illumination of the mind.

In praemissis autem gratiae effectibus consideranda est quaedam differentia. Nam etsi omnibus gratiae nomen competat, quia gratis, absque praecedenti merito, conferuntur; solus tamen dilectionis effectus ulterius nomen gratiae meretur ex hoc quod gratum Deo facit: dicitur enim Proverb. 8-17: ego diligentes me diligo. Unde fides et spes, et alia quae ad fidem ordinantur, possunt esse in peccatoribus, qui non sunt Deo grati: sola autem dilectio est proprium donum iustorum, quia qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus in eo, ut dicitur I Ioan. 4-16.

[24] Among the effects of grace that have been noted above there is a difference which must be observed. Though the name grace is suitable to all, since it is conferred gratis, without preceding merit, only the effect of love is further entitled to the name grace by virtue of the fact that it makes one in the good graces of God. For it is said in Proverbs (8:17): “I love them that love me.” Thus, faith and hope, and other things related to faith, can be present in sinners who are not in the good graces of God. But love alone is the special gift of the just, for “he who abides in charity abides in God, and God in him,” as is said in 1 John (4:16).

Est autem et alia differentia in praedictis effectibus gratiae consideranda. Nam quidam eorum sunt ad totam vitam hominis necessarii, utpote sine quibus salus esse non potest: sicut credere, sperare, diligere, et praeceptis Dei obedire. Et ad hos effectus necesse est habituales quasdam perfectiones hominibus inesse, ut secundum eas agere possint cum fuerit tempus. Alii vero effectus sunt necessarii, non per totam vitam, sed certis temporibus et locis: sicut facere miracula, praenuntiare futura, et huiusmodi. Et ad hos non dantur habituales perfectiones, sed impressiones quaedam fiunt a Deo quae cessant actu cessante, et eas oportet iterari cum actus iterari fuerit opportunum: sicut prophetae mens in qualibet revelatione novo lumine illustratur; et in qualibet miraculorum operatione oportet adesse novam efficaciam divinae virtutis.

[25] Moreover, there is still another difference to be considered in the preceding effects of grace. Some of them are necessary during the whole life of man, for without them he cannot be saved: for example, to believe, hope, love, and obey the commandments of God. So, in regard to these effects, there must be certain habitual perfections present in men, so that they may perform these acts when the occasion demands. But other effects are necessary, not for a whole life, but for definite times and places; for example, to work miracles, to foretell future events, and such actions. So, for these actions habitual perfections are not given, but certain impressions are made by God, which cease to exist as soon as the act stops, and these impressions have to be repeated when the act is again to be repeated. Thus, the mind of the Prophet is illumined for each revelation by a new light, and in each case of the working of miracles there must be a new influence of divine power.