Alexander Balabaev | Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (original) (raw)
Papers by Alexander Balabaev
The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in ... more The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in several modes of acceleration and accumulation. The new configuration of laser ion source with 100J CO2-laser has been started to use for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector U-3 delivering separated species of Fe16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. Some progress is achieved also in extension of experimental area and multi-purpose utilizing of machine to be used in a time sharing mode and running in parallel of several experiments and routine operation with various beams for a number of users. The machine status analysis and current results of activities aiming at both subsequent improvement of beam parameters and extending beam applications are presented*.
Review of Scientific Instruments
Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 2012
The design of a laser oscillator with a stabilized frequency composition and a stabilized intensi... more The design of a laser oscillator with a stabilized frequency composition and a stabilized intensity of output radiation is described. The oscillator's basic component is a TEA CO 2 module pumped by a self maintained discharge and operating in a repetition rate mode at a frequency of up to 3 Hz. A circuit for the formation of a self maintained homogeneous discharge in the working volume of a CO 2 + N 2 + He mixture at atmospheric pressure is the basic component of the gas discharge module. This circuit is based on the gen eration of a high voltage pulse with a special profile, which provides high reliability excitation of a discharge and pulse to pulse reproducibility of the discharge characteristics. The use of a hybrid circuit in the optical oscillator allows selection of a single longitudinal mode in the output radiation spectrum, thus eliminating undesirable interference phenomena, which lead to instability of the instantaneous values of the radiation intensity. During the development of the oscillator, the optimal operating parameters of the hybrid circuit were obtained, which ensure the high quality and reproducibility of the spatiotemporal and energy parameters of laser radiation.
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
The ITEP-TWAC facility has been put out of operation this year as a result of some equipment dama... more The ITEP-TWAC facility has been put out of operation this year as a result of some equipment damage by the fire, so the program of machine renewal and its equipment upgrading for accelerated beams parameters improvement and experimental area expansion is now under processing and development. Main items of this program and status of machine restoration activity are presented.
The program of the ITEP-TWAC Facility upgrade for next three years has been approved last year in... more The program of the ITEP-TWAC Facility upgrade for next three years has been approved last year in the frame of National Research Center Kurchatov Institute taking up ITEP in accordance with government decision. It includes expanding of multimode using proton and heavy ion beams in different applications on a base of new accelerator technologies development. The laser ion source advantage of high temperature plasma generation has to be transformed to high current and high charge state ion beam of Z/A up to 0.4 for elements with A ~ 60 to be effectively stacked in the accumulator ring by multiple charge exchange injection technique at the beam energy up to 700 MeV/u. The new high current heavy ion RFQ section is in progress for the beam test. Design of proton injection and beam slow extraction for booster synchrotron ring UK is performed for its utilizing as self-depending synchrotron in medical application and for imitation of cosmic radiation. The machine status analysis and current...
The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in ... more The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in several modes of acceleration and accumulation. The new configuration of laser ion source with 100J CO 2 -laser has been started to use for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector U-3 delivering separated species of Fe16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. Some progress is achieved also in extension of experimental area and multi-purpose utilizing of machine to be used in a time sharing mode and running in parallel of several experiments and routine operation with various beams for a number of users. The machine status analysis and current results of activities aiming at both subsequent improvement of beam parameters and extending beam applications are presented * .
Nowadays, Laser Ion Source (LIS) is the most intense source of highly charged ions for pulse leng... more Nowadays, Laser Ion Source (LIS) is the most intense source of highly charged ions for pulse length about 5-10 μs [1]. Therefore it is so attractive to fill the synchrotron rings in a single turn injection mode. By these reasons LIS is using for ITEP TeraWatt Accumulator (TWAC) facility aiming at the production of TeraWatt power level (100 kJ/100 ns) of intense ion beams [2]. The absolute number of carbon and aluminum ions with different charge states generated by 5 J/0,5 Hz rep-rate CO2-laser has been measured. Low Energy Beam Transport Line (LEBT) consisting of Einzellenses and a buncher have been used to match the source to 2 MV/2,5 MHz injector I-3. The first results of the transmission of C+4 ion beam through the LEBT and the results of acceleration in I-3 are presented. The next steps of LIS upgrading for TWAC facility are under discussion.
A schematic diagram of heavy ion injector based on laser ion sources is described. Two different ... more A schematic diagram of heavy ion injector based on laser ion sources is described. Two different basic laser configurations used in ITEP synchrotron. First laser excels in simplicity and consists of CO 2 free-running laser that is applied for carbon target plasma heating and ionization at laser power density q=3 • 10 12 W/cm 2 to create high current C 4+ ion beam. Second master oscillator-amplifier laser configuration intends for production super high laser intensity at a target to provide considerable charge state in a plasma of heavy elements (Al, Fe, Ag etc). This laser configuration is founded on original physical principle * that simplifies the installation and ensures high reliability for long term operation. Laser characteristics for the different laser scheme and ion current for injector outlet beam of C 4+ and Ag +19 are shown in this paper. The latter was accelerated in synchrotron for energy up to 100 MeV/u.
The laser ion source (LIS) developed in collaboration ITEP-TRINITI-CERN [1] with an upgraded vers... more The laser ion source (LIS) developed in collaboration ITEP-TRINITI-CERN [1] with an upgraded version of powerful 100J CO 2 -laser has been used for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector I-3 delivering separated species of Fe 16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. First results of Fe-ion beam treating from laser ion source to accumulator ring are presented.
9th International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, 1996
The report contains the results of research of carbon materials surfase microrelief (piro-graphit... more The report contains the results of research of carbon materials surfase microrelief (piro-graphite PG-1 and highly strong reactor graphite MGP-6) with the help of air scanning tunneling microscope. The experimental carbon materials were irradiated by heavy ions of middle and high energies. The purpose of the experiments was to find out possibilities of utilization of radiation technologies for production effective multi-tips flat cathodes on the basis of field electron emission. It is known the need in such cathodes is quite big in vacuum microelectronics. for example, in flat matrix display screens production, highly efficient light sources production, etc.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1989
The experiments necessary for precising driver and target parameters of thermonuclear fusion with... more The experiments necessary for precising driver and target parameters of thermonuclear fusion with heavy-ion ignition, planned and performed in ITEP, are discussed. Realization of these experiments is possible on low-intensity beams.
![Research paper thumbnail of Generation of intense beams of Pb[sup +4] to Pb[sup +10] ions in a laser ion source](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41850498/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002
Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by... more Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by a 100 J CO 2 laser. The laser power density on the target surface was varied between 10 10 W/cm 2 and 9ϫ10 10 W/cm 2 by changing the focal spot size. Data on the production of Pb ϩ4 to Pb ϩ10 ions are presented for the 15 and 40 ns laser pulse durations. The 10 mA/80 s pulses of Pb ϩ4 ions ͑about 10 12 ions per pulse͒ were directed into an extraction aperture of 3.4 cm in diameter for optimal irradiation conditions. This is comparable with the parameters of the MEVVA ion source. Laser ion sources can be especially attractive due to the absence of the ''noise'' problem, typical for the MEVVA ion source, and because of the possibility of generating higher charge states. The emittance of the lead ion beam extracted from the laser-produced plasma was measured by using a 5 J laser, which provided plasma parameters ͑the electron temperature, ion velocities, and the charge state distribution͒ close to those of the plasma generated by the 100 J CO 2 laser under optimized ͑for the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions͒ conditions. The emittance was measured for 30 and 50 kV extraction voltages with a 10 s temporal resolution. The value of about 400 mm mrad was obtained for the lead ion beam with the total current of 10 mA, and a pulse length of 75 s for about 75% of the beam ions.
![Research paper thumbnail of Generation of intense beams of Pb[sup 4+]–Pb[sup 10+] ions in a laser ion source (abstract)](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41850497/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002
Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by... more Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by a 100 J CO 2 laser. The laser power density on the target surface was varied between 10 10 W/cm 2 and 9ϫ10 10 W/cm 2 by changing the focal spot size. Data on the production of Pb ϩ4 to Pb ϩ10 ions are presented for the 15 and 40 ns laser pulse durations. The 10 mA/80 s pulses of Pb ϩ4 ions ͑about 10 12 ions per pulse͒ were directed into an extraction aperture of 3.4 cm in diameter for optimal irradiation conditions. This is comparable with the parameters of the MEVVA ion source. Laser ion sources can be especially attractive due to the absence of the ''noise'' problem, typical for the MEVVA ion source, and because of the possibility of generating higher charge states. The emittance of the lead ion beam extracted from the laser-produced plasma was measured by using a 5 J laser, which provided plasma parameters ͑the electron temperature, ion velocities, and the charge state distribution͒ close to those of the plasma generated by the 100 J CO 2 laser under optimized ͑for the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions͒ conditions. The emittance was measured for 30 and 50 kV extraction voltages with a 10 s temporal resolution. The value of about 400 mm mrad was obtained for the lead ion beam with the total current of 10 mA, and a pulse length of 75 s for about 75% of the beam ions.
![Research paper thumbnail of Laser ion source based on a 100 J/1 Hz CO[sub 2]-laser system](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41850506/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Review of Scientific Instruments, 2004
The laser system is a key element of the laser ion source ͑LIS͒, significantly influencing source... more The laser system is a key element of the laser ion source ͑LIS͒, significantly influencing source stability and reliability. A 100 J/1 Hz master oscillator-power amplifier CO 2 -laser system has been designed, built, and tested for a Pb 25ϩ LIS, with the aim of producing the ion beam parameters compatible with an injection chain for the large hadron collider. The results obtained during commissioning of the laser at ITEP and CERN are presented. LIS parameters based on 100 J/1 Hz CO 2 -laser system and the use of such a source for the ITEP-TWAC project are discussed.
Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2005
Laser ion source (LIS) is the only type of source capable of generating 10-30 mA beams of highly ... more Laser ion source (LIS) is the only type of source capable of generating 10-30 mA beams of highly charged ions for the ITEP-TeraWatt (TWAC) accelerator/accumulator facility [B.Yu. Sharkov et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 415 20 (1998).]. The assembling stage of the new LIS based on 100 J/1 Hz master oscillator-power amplifier CO 2 -laser system [Yu. Satov, et al., J. Russ. Laser Res. 25(3) 205 .] is in progress at ITEP now. In the first phase, the ion beam parameters (charge state distribution, current, pulse length and emittance) will be specified for different elements and target irradiation conditions. According to the planning, the new LIS and the new high-current injector [D. Kashinsky, et al., Proceedings of the Heavy Ion Fusion Conference, Moskow (2002).] will be used to deliver the beams of highly charged ions for the ITEP-TWAC accelerator/accumulator facility.
The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in ... more The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in several modes of acceleration and accumulation. The new configuration of laser ion source with 100J CO2-laser has been started to use for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector U-3 delivering separated species of Fe16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. Some progress is achieved also in extension of experimental area and multi-purpose utilizing of machine to be used in a time sharing mode and running in parallel of several experiments and routine operation with various beams for a number of users. The machine status analysis and current results of activities aiming at both subsequent improvement of beam parameters and extending beam applications are presented*.
Review of Scientific Instruments
Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 2012
The design of a laser oscillator with a stabilized frequency composition and a stabilized intensi... more The design of a laser oscillator with a stabilized frequency composition and a stabilized intensity of output radiation is described. The oscillator's basic component is a TEA CO 2 module pumped by a self maintained discharge and operating in a repetition rate mode at a frequency of up to 3 Hz. A circuit for the formation of a self maintained homogeneous discharge in the working volume of a CO 2 + N 2 + He mixture at atmospheric pressure is the basic component of the gas discharge module. This circuit is based on the gen eration of a high voltage pulse with a special profile, which provides high reliability excitation of a discharge and pulse to pulse reproducibility of the discharge characteristics. The use of a hybrid circuit in the optical oscillator allows selection of a single longitudinal mode in the output radiation spectrum, thus eliminating undesirable interference phenomena, which lead to instability of the instantaneous values of the radiation intensity. During the development of the oscillator, the optimal operating parameters of the hybrid circuit were obtained, which ensure the high quality and reproducibility of the spatiotemporal and energy parameters of laser radiation.
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
Laser and Particle Beams, 2012
The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-... more The results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ...
The ITEP-TWAC facility has been put out of operation this year as a result of some equipment dama... more The ITEP-TWAC facility has been put out of operation this year as a result of some equipment damage by the fire, so the program of machine renewal and its equipment upgrading for accelerated beams parameters improvement and experimental area expansion is now under processing and development. Main items of this program and status of machine restoration activity are presented.
The program of the ITEP-TWAC Facility upgrade for next three years has been approved last year in... more The program of the ITEP-TWAC Facility upgrade for next three years has been approved last year in the frame of National Research Center Kurchatov Institute taking up ITEP in accordance with government decision. It includes expanding of multimode using proton and heavy ion beams in different applications on a base of new accelerator technologies development. The laser ion source advantage of high temperature plasma generation has to be transformed to high current and high charge state ion beam of Z/A up to 0.4 for elements with A ~ 60 to be effectively stacked in the accumulator ring by multiple charge exchange injection technique at the beam energy up to 700 MeV/u. The new high current heavy ion RFQ section is in progress for the beam test. Design of proton injection and beam slow extraction for booster synchrotron ring UK is performed for its utilizing as self-depending synchrotron in medical application and for imitation of cosmic radiation. The machine status analysis and current...
The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in ... more The ITEP-TWAC facility is in operation of 4000 hours per year with proton and heavy ion beams in several modes of acceleration and accumulation. The new configuration of laser ion source with 100J CO 2 -laser has been started to use for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector U-3 delivering separated species of Fe16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. Some progress is achieved also in extension of experimental area and multi-purpose utilizing of machine to be used in a time sharing mode and running in parallel of several experiments and routine operation with various beams for a number of users. The machine status analysis and current results of activities aiming at both subsequent improvement of beam parameters and extending beam applications are presented * .
Nowadays, Laser Ion Source (LIS) is the most intense source of highly charged ions for pulse leng... more Nowadays, Laser Ion Source (LIS) is the most intense source of highly charged ions for pulse length about 5-10 μs [1]. Therefore it is so attractive to fill the synchrotron rings in a single turn injection mode. By these reasons LIS is using for ITEP TeraWatt Accumulator (TWAC) facility aiming at the production of TeraWatt power level (100 kJ/100 ns) of intense ion beams [2]. The absolute number of carbon and aluminum ions with different charge states generated by 5 J/0,5 Hz rep-rate CO2-laser has been measured. Low Energy Beam Transport Line (LEBT) consisting of Einzellenses and a buncher have been used to match the source to 2 MV/2,5 MHz injector I-3. The first results of the transmission of C+4 ion beam through the LEBT and the results of acceleration in I-3 are presented. The next steps of LIS upgrading for TWAC facility are under discussion.
A schematic diagram of heavy ion injector based on laser ion sources is described. Two different ... more A schematic diagram of heavy ion injector based on laser ion sources is described. Two different basic laser configurations used in ITEP synchrotron. First laser excels in simplicity and consists of CO 2 free-running laser that is applied for carbon target plasma heating and ionization at laser power density q=3 • 10 12 W/cm 2 to create high current C 4+ ion beam. Second master oscillator-amplifier laser configuration intends for production super high laser intensity at a target to provide considerable charge state in a plasma of heavy elements (Al, Fe, Ag etc). This laser configuration is founded on original physical principle * that simplifies the installation and ensures high reliability for long term operation. Laser characteristics for the different laser scheme and ion current for injector outlet beam of C 4+ and Ag +19 are shown in this paper. The latter was accelerated in synchrotron for energy up to 100 MeV/u.
The laser ion source (LIS) developed in collaboration ITEP-TRINITI-CERN [1] with an upgraded vers... more The laser ion source (LIS) developed in collaboration ITEP-TRINITI-CERN [1] with an upgraded version of powerful 100J CO 2 -laser has been used for Fe-ion beam generation at the input of the pre-injector I-3 delivering separated species of Fe 16+ ions with energy of 1.1 MeV/u to booster synchrotron UK for acceleration up to the energy of 165 MeV/u and accumulation in the storage ring U-10 using multiple charge exchange injection technique. First results of Fe-ion beam treating from laser ion source to accumulator ring are presented.
9th International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, 1996
The report contains the results of research of carbon materials surfase microrelief (piro-graphit... more The report contains the results of research of carbon materials surfase microrelief (piro-graphite PG-1 and highly strong reactor graphite MGP-6) with the help of air scanning tunneling microscope. The experimental carbon materials were irradiated by heavy ions of middle and high energies. The purpose of the experiments was to find out possibilities of utilization of radiation technologies for production effective multi-tips flat cathodes on the basis of field electron emission. It is known the need in such cathodes is quite big in vacuum microelectronics. for example, in flat matrix display screens production, highly efficient light sources production, etc.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1989
The experiments necessary for precising driver and target parameters of thermonuclear fusion with... more The experiments necessary for precising driver and target parameters of thermonuclear fusion with heavy-ion ignition, planned and performed in ITEP, are discussed. Realization of these experiments is possible on low-intensity beams.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002
Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by... more Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by a 100 J CO 2 laser. The laser power density on the target surface was varied between 10 10 W/cm 2 and 9ϫ10 10 W/cm 2 by changing the focal spot size. Data on the production of Pb ϩ4 to Pb ϩ10 ions are presented for the 15 and 40 ns laser pulse durations. The 10 mA/80 s pulses of Pb ϩ4 ions ͑about 10 12 ions per pulse͒ were directed into an extraction aperture of 3.4 cm in diameter for optimal irradiation conditions. This is comparable with the parameters of the MEVVA ion source. Laser ion sources can be especially attractive due to the absence of the ''noise'' problem, typical for the MEVVA ion source, and because of the possibility of generating higher charge states. The emittance of the lead ion beam extracted from the laser-produced plasma was measured by using a 5 J laser, which provided plasma parameters ͑the electron temperature, ion velocities, and the charge state distribution͒ close to those of the plasma generated by the 100 J CO 2 laser under optimized ͑for the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions͒ conditions. The emittance was measured for 30 and 50 kV extraction voltages with a 10 s temporal resolution. The value of about 400 mm mrad was obtained for the lead ion beam with the total current of 10 mA, and a pulse length of 75 s for about 75% of the beam ions.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002
Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by... more Experiments have been carried out to optimize the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions from the plasma produced by a 100 J CO 2 laser. The laser power density on the target surface was varied between 10 10 W/cm 2 and 9ϫ10 10 W/cm 2 by changing the focal spot size. Data on the production of Pb ϩ4 to Pb ϩ10 ions are presented for the 15 and 40 ns laser pulse durations. The 10 mA/80 s pulses of Pb ϩ4 ions ͑about 10 12 ions per pulse͒ were directed into an extraction aperture of 3.4 cm in diameter for optimal irradiation conditions. This is comparable with the parameters of the MEVVA ion source. Laser ion sources can be especially attractive due to the absence of the ''noise'' problem, typical for the MEVVA ion source, and because of the possibility of generating higher charge states. The emittance of the lead ion beam extracted from the laser-produced plasma was measured by using a 5 J laser, which provided plasma parameters ͑the electron temperature, ion velocities, and the charge state distribution͒ close to those of the plasma generated by the 100 J CO 2 laser under optimized ͑for the yield of Pb ϩ4 ions͒ conditions. The emittance was measured for 30 and 50 kV extraction voltages with a 10 s temporal resolution. The value of about 400 mm mrad was obtained for the lead ion beam with the total current of 10 mA, and a pulse length of 75 s for about 75% of the beam ions.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2004
The laser system is a key element of the laser ion source ͑LIS͒, significantly influencing source... more The laser system is a key element of the laser ion source ͑LIS͒, significantly influencing source stability and reliability. A 100 J/1 Hz master oscillator-power amplifier CO 2 -laser system has been designed, built, and tested for a Pb 25ϩ LIS, with the aim of producing the ion beam parameters compatible with an injection chain for the large hadron collider. The results obtained during commissioning of the laser at ITEP and CERN are presented. LIS parameters based on 100 J/1 Hz CO 2 -laser system and the use of such a source for the ITEP-TWAC project are discussed.
Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2005
Laser ion source (LIS) is the only type of source capable of generating 10-30 mA beams of highly ... more Laser ion source (LIS) is the only type of source capable of generating 10-30 mA beams of highly charged ions for the ITEP-TeraWatt (TWAC) accelerator/accumulator facility [B.Yu. Sharkov et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 415 20 (1998).]. The assembling stage of the new LIS based on 100 J/1 Hz master oscillator-power amplifier CO 2 -laser system [Yu. Satov, et al., J. Russ. Laser Res. 25(3) 205 .] is in progress at ITEP now. In the first phase, the ion beam parameters (charge state distribution, current, pulse length and emittance) will be specified for different elements and target irradiation conditions. According to the planning, the new LIS and the new high-current injector [D. Kashinsky, et al., Proceedings of the Heavy Ion Fusion Conference, Moskow (2002).] will be used to deliver the beams of highly charged ions for the ITEP-TWAC accelerator/accumulator facility.