Saad M A H M O O D Ali | University of Technology/Iraq (original) (raw)

Papers by Saad M A H M O O D Ali

Library Progress International, 2024

A good traditional laryngoscope is a medical tool that is widely used when diagnosing and imaging... more A good traditional laryngoscope is a medical tool that is widely used when diagnosing and imaging the tissues of the larynx in maintaining the artificial airway through a tube connected to the ventilator to complete the intubation process and technical difficulties with laryngoscopy affect patient comfort. These challenges are considered engineering tasks to develop designs in order to improve functionality related to visualizing internal anatomy and also by applying advanced artificial intelligence methodologies. The current work focuses on computer-aided design and 3D printing technology to produce a laryngoscope that can display the parts of the larynx in real-time so that the captured data of cancerous tissues can be diagnosed and stored as an example through artificial intelligence techniques. The binoculars were manufactured using PLA and an FDM 3D printer. The different parts of the laryngoscope were designed according to multiple design considerations to produce a device with a good degree of acceptab

Library Progress International, 2024

The main aims of the current work are to design, fabricate, and test a low-cost, easy-to-operate ... more The main aims of the current work are to design, fabricate, and test a low-cost, easy-to-operate portable pulse oximeter device capable of providing immediate blood oxygen saturation and heart rate readings with high accuracy for various disease conditions and all age groups. It can be used in intensive care departments, operating rooms, and health centers as well as at homes. The obtained results were compared using a calibrated device produced by a reputable company. The clinical examination results were evaluated by using the Export System 13.0 statistical software program. The readings are close to each other, with an error rate of less than 1%. The obtained results show that, in the case of a respiratory disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary or other lung diseases, the percentage of oxygen saturation decreased to between 73 to 88 %. For patients with heart disease, it was found that the oxygen saturation level changes significantly according to the type of disease. These obtained values decreased

Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ, Nov 1, 2016

Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā, Dec 5, 2023

The International Middle Eastern Simulation and Modelling Conference, MESM 2023, 2024

In the present work, an attempt was made to develop the optimal biomechanical properties for prod... more In the present work, an attempt was made to develop the optimal biomechanical properties for producing orthotic stents to repair congenital anomalies of the chest wall and pigeons' chests. The designed orthosis devices were fabricated for patients, especially young children, who suffer from pidgeon chest or any other type of deformity in the chest wall, including manubrium or xiphoid. The produced devices are a non-surgical alternative that will provide improved support for the treatment of chest deformities for many pathological conditions. It can be adjusted continuously to follow any changes or improvements in the chest wall, in a manner that provides comfort to the patient while walking, standing, and when performing daily activities. The manufactured orthotic stents are very easy to wear and remove. They are highly efficient, flexible, lightweight, low cost, and made out of suitable biocompatible materials to produce the proposed shapes of the fixators to ensure the appropriate distribution of pressure in the areas of contact with the ribs, which reduces the pain. These prevent allergic reactions or the formation of any bruises on the skin. Several adjustable mechanical sockets were made to suit a larger number of patients of different weights, ages, and levels of deformation of the protrusion of the thorax. The designed orthotic stents were produced to repair congenital malformations of the chest wall and pigeon chest for a 12-year-old boy, weighing 30 kg. He suffers from a noticeable progression and prominence in the rib cage. The patient felt comfortable and flexible in movement, and the device was integrated within the contours of the patient's chest. Many tests were also conducted on the patient to regulate his movement without pain and disturbance in any of the usual daily activities. The patient was followed up, once a month, and a simple additional regulation was performed each time. The patient expressed his feeling of relief and regained a large part of his self-confidence. The shape of the rib cage has become to a large extent similar to the normal rib cage, and he now continues his life in a better way, integrating into society.

The International Middle Eastern Simulation and Modelling Conference, MESM 2023, 2024

In the current project, efforts have been made to design and fabricate a novel multi-purpose wire... more In the current project, efforts have been made to design and
fabricate a novel multi-purpose wireless system for
monitoring the health of newborns in a premature. The
device was fabricated after studying the anatomy of the
newborns, and their related diseases. The designed and
developed wireless system can be worn on the wrist of a
newborn's hand. It contains sensors to measure the newborn's
temperature, heart rate, the sound level of its crying voice,
and oxygen saturation in the blood. The performance of the
device was examined at Jalawla Children's Hospital in Diyala
Governorate, after calibrating it with the readings of multiple
devices from international origins. The desired readings were
measured from neonates who were in the incubators with
ages ranging between 15 to 40 days. The produced device is
a comprehensive device for the health monitoring of
newborns to help mothers, doctors, and medical assistants
who immediately know the condition of the newborns
directly or remotely. The produced prototype device was
produced according to medical engineering standards. It is
small in size, light and low in cost, safe for children, and
does not cause any skin irritations or allergies. The device
provides immediate signs if any of the desired measurements
drop or rise out of the safe level, where an alarm system
consisting of a bell sound and repeated light will be triggered
to alert the nursing staff and the parents of the newborns.
Further work is needed to develop a smaller and lighter
portable version to allow more control by using artificial
intelligence to anticipate and immediately diagnose the
child's clinical condition and the type of pain or disease that
the newborn suffers from, at this age or older, and even for
adults who suffer from various diseases and accidents that
cause disability to the patient.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2024

The Cardiovascular disease is the leading and main cause of death worldwide. Researchers are cons... more The Cardiovascular disease is the leading and main cause of death worldwide. Researchers are constantly seeking to develop new monitoring systems, high-level identification and diagnosis technology for the early stages of the disease. This study aimed to design and manufactured a low-cost, wireless, ECG patient monitoring system for cardiovascular disease diagnosis. This was achieved using an Arduino, AD8232 heart rate sensor, and LabVIEW for pre-processing cardiac signals, to detect any abnormalities in the heart rhythm. This detection system followed two phases. Firstly, Arduino is used to collect data and deliver the input signals to LabVIEW. This was used to process and analyse the ECG signal as part two of the proposed technology. The analysis of heartbeats from the designed circuits are studied based on algorithms coded within Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The AD8232 sensor is used to measure the electrical activities (ECG signals) of the heart. The ECG sensor (AD8232) is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG recordings of the patient through three electrodes attached to the patient’s body and other bio-potential measurement applications. In this study, a monitoring system of patient's health is proposed, via specialized sensors, to determine the heart rate, oxygen level, and temperature. The system operated by triggering alerts if any of the measured values were abnormal and produce alert messages to the specialist physician and the patient’s next-of-kin with the patient’s location. Three heart diseases (coronary heart disease and two types of Peripheral arterial diseases) were identified in this study, by comparing the PQRS ECG signals with the standard values of the waves. The technology proposed in this study is expected to assist doctors diagnose various heart diseases by detecting disturbances in heart rate. In this study, a clinical trial data set (cardiology ECG recording) was recorded to determine the clinical utility of this technique.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, ECG monitoring

AIP Conference Publishing, 2024

The world was stunned and shocked at the beginning of the novel coronavirus (Covid 19) pandemic b... more The world was stunned and shocked at the beginning of the novel coronavirus (Covid 19) pandemic by the lack of medical equipment and failure of hospital deliveries in many areas. The idea of this project was thus to design and implement an automated, unmanned medical ambulance drone that would be quick to implement, assemble, and manage at a low cost to support effective medical logistics services by transporting vaccines, blood, food, and emergency medicines both to doctors and workers in need of such items in health institutions, and to patients otherwise isolated in their homes. The resulting prototype ambulance drone can be used to perform repetitive tasks at reasonable cost and quality and can reach critical cases quickly. The electrical and electronic circuit diagrams of the implemented drone were designed and
implemented using Fritzing software and C++. The outdoor signal range of the drone control is up to 1,000 m, with around half that distance indoors. A gyroscope is installed on the transmitter board, which, in the absence of new orders from the Arduino Nano, stabilises the plane in the air in a state of horizontal equilibrium. The software used then activates the flight
controller code, setting up a small serial input processor for incoming data using a timer. To ensure the safety of the drone, a return key is activated, and the implemented quadcopter can then hover in the air with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS), and the YMCA 32 flight controller that essentially stores the required GPS location in LAT coordinates and LON variables, ensuring that the quadcopter will hover over the correct coordinates. To achieve the urgent transportation of emergency medicines and corona vaccines, the drone was equipped with a small portable cooler (refrigerator). Where there is a need to operate the aircraft for longer distances, the drone’s batteries can be recharged during flight by means of
small, flexible polycrystalline solar panels. The drone was also equipped with further insulation in order to increase the efficacy of the cooling box, while the opening of the cooling box gate is controlled using a small robot.

AIP Conference Publication

Some children have problems concentrating and difficulty in using their hands for basic daily act... more Some children have problems concentrating and difficulty in using their hands for basic daily activities due to a condition known as ataxia, which has many causes. The impact of this thus varies from case to case. The idea underlying the current work is to design and manufacture a technological device inspired by traditional occupational therapy that can function in a toy-like manner while allowing users to improve their hand-eye coordination and focus, thus enabling affected children to be able to take better care of themselves and become more active members of society in time. The proposed device consists of a small lap desk, an electronic unit, thirteen LED buttons in four different colours, and a glove with five LEDs on each fingertip. The LED lights on the lap desk are turned on randomly, and the matching LED on one of the fingertips should then be turned on by the user. This product trains the brain, seeking to improve hand-eye coordination by repeated selection and activation of the appropriate button on the lap desk to match the colour on the glove, and pressing the button. A software program was therefore designed to create random runs of colour groups to ensure the brain is trained to respond quickly rather than memorising colour sequences. The device has shown effective initial results in terms of accelerating the learning and rehabilitation process, and, due to the current lack of technology use in occupational therapy
in the treatment of ataxia, the response speed of standard sessions is relatively slow. The utility of the proposed device lies in its ability to develop and accelerate cognitive assistance to help mitigate the impact of this condition, leading those with ataxia to a stage where they can become self-reliant in less time than traditional methods of occupational therapy.

Engineering and Technology Journal, 2023

Metal Matrix Composite (MCC) reveals considerably better properties, such as low density, high te... more Metal Matrix Composite (MCC) reveals considerably better properties, such as low density, high tensile strength, hardness, and good resistance to wear compared with every alloy or other metal. The current study concentrated upon the assessment of the properties of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) synthesis with the Al-7075 as a matrix and the MSGNPs that sieved to (35 nm) at different weight fractions percentages as reinforcements using stir-casting method and compared with Al7075/B4C-WC nanocomposites. These experiments aim to select the appropriate type and percentage of reinforcement particles for producing Al-7075 composites with the best mechanical properties. The mechanical properties, as well as the metallurgical features for analyzing the microstructure and the distribution of (MSGNP, SiC-WC) into the composite alloy specimens, have been studied utilizing the mechanical tests and the Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) SEM pictures. By reviewing the mechanical test results, they manifested that the value of the composite's ultimate strength was enhanced with the additive concentration of nanoglass. The maximum tensile strength was obtained for the sample comprising 4% MSGNP—the composite with 6 wt.% B4C and WC have the highest hardness value, which means the increase of the added composite material beyond 10% will decrease the hardness. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination results illustrate the various phases of the two-theta value-generated diffraction patterns for the Al-7075/MSGNP and Al-7075/B4C-WC workpieces materials. These examinations show that the matrix of Al and the clear glass are the two major composite constituents and contain B4C, WC, and aluminum matrix, which are consistent with what was shown by the optical microstructure of the composite. The Al-7075 microstructure analysis also demonstrated a virtuous metallic bonding between the particles of Al and the uniformly dispersed and transparent glass particles at the optimal addition of 8wt%. Such enhancement was ascribed to the reinforcement's sufficiency and the uniform dispersion of MSGNP. Therefore, the addition of 8 wt.% was chosen in the present work.

Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 2023

The primary aim of the current study is to investigate the influence of input parameters of near ... more The primary aim of the current study is to investigate the influence of input parameters of near dry electric discharge machine (ND-EDM) upon the output performances including the MRR, EWR, SR and WLT for the fabricated new metal matrix composite (MMCs) of aluminum A7075 matrix nanocomposites by adding 8% of Microscopic Slide Glass Nanoparticles (MSGNPs) as reinforcements to improve the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Al-7075/MSGNP composites using stir-casting method. In ND-EDM the dielectric medium plays a significant role in the procedure responses. In the current work, the vegetable oil with gases, such as air, Ar, mix (Ar+N 2), and Freon were used as a dielectric media. The obtained results show that the highest MRR achieved when using the vegetable oil + Freon gas, reached 29.425 mm 3 /min, and then 26.943 mm 3 /min when using the vegetable oil + Air as a dielectric. The lowest EWR achieved when employing the vegetable oil + Argon gas, reached 0.120 mm 3 /min, and then 0.175 mm 3 /min. The lowest SR values obtained for all the designed experiments reached 3.287 µm when using Ip (10 A), Ton (1600 µsec), and Ar additive gas, followed by 4.567 µm when adding Freon gases to the dielectric. In the ND-EDM, the average of recast white layer thickness in the case of vegetable oil + air, vegetable oil + Ar, vegetable oil + mix (Ar-N 2), and vegetable oil + Freon was 1.505, 1.180, 0.456, and 0 μm, respectively. These unique results can be used to increase the service and fatigue life of parts and machines that are exposed to sudden dynamic mechanical or thermal loads, without the need for additional operations to remove this brittle layer, which causes the failure of these parts with a short service life. The created mathematical models displayed a higher value of R-Square and the adjusted R-square, which manifest a better fit. Normal probability plots of the residuals for MRR, EWR, and SR elucidated an obvious pattern (i.e., the points were stabilized in a straight line) which indicates that every factor affects the mentioned responses and the outcomes of these responses from the regression model (predicted value by factorial) and the true values (from the experiments).

Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2023

In the present work, development models of a new artificial human soft heart and artificial heart... more In the present work, development models of a new artificial human soft heart and artificial heart valves using nanocomposite materials and synthetics were designed, manufactured, and tested. The fabricated mechanical artificial heart valves were examined to determine the best service life for each type. The fatigue life results were implemented by using the transient repeated and continuously applied blood pressure on each produced value to simulate diastolic and systolic that occur in the natural heart at each pulse cycle. The obtained results showed that a 3D printing of a new generation soft artificial heart for a permanent replacement was implemented as an alternative to the high-cost available temporary implant mechanical hearts, which may exceed the price by tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars, with a working life of not more than five years. The obtained fatigue safety factors for the produced artificial valves using different materials and designs were decreased with the complexity of the movement of the moving parts of the valve. The highest rates were obtained when using the valves with flat, simple movement in one direction like the single-leaflet type valve, where all the used materials are suitable for the production of this type of valve. The highest obtained safety factor was reached (15). The lowest rates were recorded when using the highly flexible and strong PSN4 nanocomposite material for fabricating the mitral tri-leaflet valve (thick.= 1.0 mm) reached 1.91. This value decreases to 0.99 when using the same type and material of valve but with a thickness equal to 0.5 mm. It can be noted here that the only suitable for the manufacture of this artificial valve type is the nanocomposite polyetherimide/ silicone rubber with nano silica (PSN4), whereas the other used materials failed because the fatigue factor values are less than 1. The service life span of this material is about 9200 x 106 cycles, which is equivalent to about 290 years, followed by SIBSTAR 103 with a default age of 209.6 x 106 cycles or 9 years.

ETI - The European Technology Institute, 2023

The main goal of the current work is to design, fabricate, and control a prosthetic upper limb pr... more The main goal of the current work is to design, fabricate, and control a prosthetic upper limb prototype that (as much as possible) simulates the shape, size, and motion of the natural arm, by using five servo motors. In this work, the designed and fabricated lightweight, high efficiency
and low-cost five-fingered soft robotic upper prosthetic arm prototype were presented and implemented that enabled the people who have undergone an amputation in their upper arm by restoring some functions to the arm,
allowing them to be completely self-sufficient without the need for any assistance from others. The fabricated arm showed high flexibility with a cosmetic shape to obtain the best possible mechanisms for grasping various objects.
The produced arm is capable of performing both catching and unfolding motion in all the required degrees of motion including, the ability to move each finger (up to a single phalanx) individually to match the real arm with its motion capabilities and efficiency. The fabricated arm was controlled by the voice commands and the Arduino Uno processor using a high versatility, distinguished, and efficient programming based on the c++ language, where the code is translated into the aforementioned motions of
the prosthetic arm using various motors that were connected to the fingers. The fabricated prosthetic arm was simple, responsible, and quite functional suitable for human daily activities to ensure a normal life.

International Journal of Engineering, 2023

Heart valve replacement is a major health burden and is required by millions of people worldwide,... more Heart valve replacement is a major health burden and is required by millions of people worldwide, which invites the continuous need to discover and manufacture more effective and permanent artificial replacements. In the present work, unique models of eight artificial heart valves were designed and examined using seven synthetic and nanocomposite materials. The designed valves were examined to determine the best designs and materials in terms of durability, flexibility, and energy consumption, and to improve the biomechanical performance by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Design Expert System 13. The highest values of the equivalent stress due to the applied blood pressure on the moving parts on each type of manufactured heart valve occur in valves with three dimensions moving parts, reached in the mitral tri-leaflet valve 14.13 MPa, followed by the tricuspid aortic valve. The equivalent stresses for other types of valves produced with simple surface action were lower than 2 MPa. The strain energy that is expended during the process of diastole and systole was found to be directly proportional to the strength and flexibility of the materials used. The energy consumption rates decrease when using highly elastic materials such as TPE and PSN4. The values of this energy also increase with an increase in the area of the moving parts of the valve, especially when faced with the process of closing blood flow, as with the use of the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). The highest total deformation resulted in the valve body when using TPU, followed by TPE, nylon, PETG, and PLA, while the lowest deformation rates were observed when using PSN4, which ranged from 5x105 to 0.1 mm, followed by SIBSTAR103 nanostructured rubber. The obtained values of stress safety factors were decreased with the complexity of the movement for the moving parts of the valve. The highest rates were recorded when using the tricuspid mitral valve, reaching 2.45 when using the high-strength and flexible PSN4 nanomaterial. It can be concluded that the best materials for manufacturing these four types of valves are the PSN4, followed by SIBSTAR103T, TPU, and TPE. The use of PETG, PLA, and nylon materials is not recommended for the manufacture of any prosthetic heart valves, due to their lack of strength, flexibility, and high brittleness, especially for PETG and PLA materials. It was also noted here that PSN4 is the only material suitable for the manufacture of mitral tri-leaflet and tricuspid mitral valve artificial valves. For other types of valves manufactured with a single leaflet, high safety stress factors were obtained because their movement is simple, flat, and in one direction, where the highest values were observed when testing a single hemispherical leaflet type valve, then the conical caged ball and the caged ball type, respectively.

AIP Conference Proceeding, 2023

Amputation is always considered a major health problem that causes panic and leads to body disfig... more Amputation is always considered a major health problem that causes panic and leads to body disfigurement and changes in the life and activity of amputees and their independence. The process of adaptation with prosthetic limbs is a major problem in the field of rehabilitation. Not only does it require extra effort from the patient to adapt to a new condition in terms of movement and balance, but it is also not easy to get a perfect fit between the socket and the amputated tip. The present work aims to design and manufacture a low-cost, lightweight, flexible, and highly efficient regulated lower limb prosthesis socket for a 22-year-old male weighing 78 kg. The socket recess on the leg of the amputee patient can be adjusted to be comfortable, flexible, and integrated with the details of the amputation area. The socket was designed and manufactured with the characteristics of rapid and continuous regulation to ensure a tight fit of the socket with the amputated limb. It enables the patient to quickly adapt and to ensure patient comfort during normal daily activities as well as during wearing and removing the prosthesis where the dimensions and size of the amputated leg of the patient change after the prosthesis was installed due to dynamic loads to which it was subjected. The pneumatic control system consists of the manufactured socket, the mechanism for controlling air pressure and the system of air gates were designed to adjust the socket to work with a number of mechanical stresses with variable directions to ensure the best fixation of the prosthesis, the highest comfort and to restore a large part of the daily activities lost by patients of different ages, weights, and levels of amputation in their lower limbs.

AIP Conference Proceding, 2023

The purpose of electrical stimulation is to take advantage of the physiological effects of electr... more The purpose of electrical stimulation is to take advantage of the physiological effects of electrical current on muscles to strengthen muscles, delay muscle atrophy, treat pain, increase range of motion, treat frozen shoulder, and other treatments. In the recent period, paralysis has increased the incidence of muscle and nerves as a result of the increase in accidents and sports injuries, which calls for the need to treat these injuries and relieve pain through electrical stimulation. The current work focuses on the design, construction, and testing of the electrical muscle stimulator and measurement of muscle activity device by using a specific current and difference potential on the muscle to achieve a muscle physiological response or to activate a specific mechanism in it. In order to design the device, cases that can be treated with electrical stimulation were studied, then an electronic circuit was designed that controls many transactions and applies electrical signals with variable voltage and frequency, where the physiotherapist chooses the values required for these transactions to obtain treatment patterns commensurate with the different cases of illnesses and responses of patients. The working principle of the current device is based on the generation of sine, triangular or square waves that are fed into a DC generator to obtain a constant therapeutic current, the values of which and at the time of application were controlled by controlling the input voltage of the generator by a microcontroller. The EMS-produced device is a portable and low-cost diagnostic device that can be used in the medical, sports, and therapeutic fields, to assess the functions and health of muscles, diagnose patients with muscular problems, and research biomechanics, neuromuscular physiology, etc. The device also provides information on the generated electrical signals that are immune from environmental noise, which the clinician can use to make a diagnosis or achieve the most appropriate response.

AIP Conference Proceding, 2023

Diseases of the human musculoskeletal system are increasingly common, especially those affecting ... more Diseases of the human musculoskeletal system are increasingly common, especially those affecting the knee joint, for various reasons, including those that result from aging of the human body or rheumatic disease. Continuous passive movement (CPM) that is performed by an external force is used to rehabilitate the knee and is one of the assistive techniques to restore its functions. Early knee motion recovery therapy has a positive effect on reducing postoperative pain, hospitalization duration, and knee swelling. In the current work, efforts have been made to study and discuss the current
issues related to the components, designs, fabricating, and methods of treatment of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. Review and study the latest research and studies related to the design of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine and the related study of lower limbs diseases, and the advantages and complications of the process. The design, development, and fabrication of a simple, lightweight continuous passive motion (CPM) machine as an affiant way to help ease knee pain through physical therapy was implemented. The design and manufacture of several device parts included the use of the mechanical design program ANSYS 18.0. and 3D printing processes were implemented. The efficiency of the produced (CPM) machine with the three speeds provided by the device was tested and examined on several patients
with paralysis as a result of strokes, risk after knee surgery, and severe pain in the lower extremities. The device showed a great help to patients in reducing pain, and the risk of DVT after knee surgery in increasing a joint’s range of motion, reducing the length of hospital stays, and reducing the need for manual movement of the joint while people are under anesthetics.

Ingeniería e Investigación , 2023

Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with... more Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with lower limb amputation. This work attempted to design and manufacture a low-cost, novel, comfortable, lightweight, durable, and flexible smart below-knee foot prosthesis prototype. This prosthesis foot was designed according to the natural leg measurement of an adult male patient. The foot is composed of rigid PVC layers interspersed with elastic strips of PTFE, and the axis of the ankle joint is flexible and consists of metal layers and a composite of polymeric damping strips with different mechanical properties, making it flexible and allowing it to absorb shocks and store and release energy. The design, modeling, and simulation of the manufactured prosthetic foot were performed via the ANSYS 18.0 software and the finite element method (FEM), where a large number of parallel and oblique planes and sketches were created. This work included four adult patients weighing 50, 75, 90, and 120 kg with different walking cycles. The results show that the highest equivalent von Mises stress and total deformations for the prosthetic limb occur at the beginning of the walking step, while the highest equivalent elastic strains and strain energy release rates are observed at the end of the walking step, regardless of the weight. This prototype can satisfactorily perform the biomechanical functions of a natural human foot, and it can be produced in attractive sizes, models, and shapes to suit different levels of below-knee amputations for different ages and weights, especially for patients with limited income.

3rd International Conference on Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, 2023

The biomechanical behavior investigating of the soft artificial heart is a hard task since it is ... more The biomechanical behavior investigating of the soft artificial heart is a hard task since it is very complicated in material properties and geometry. The current work was focused on designed, modeled, developed and analyzed of a low cost, new generation, real size, easily operable, durable and low power consumption soft artificial heart required to replace the living heart permanently. The investigation and numerical simulation of the artificial heart were implemented by using the ANSYS 15.7 and SolidWorks 17 software programs, the fluent fluid flow (CFX), the Multiphysics static structural and fluent fluid poly-flow (CFD) analysis systems to determine the dynamic response during the activity of the blood flow cycles of the pressurized blood on the heart performance. The biomechanics analyzing and modeling of the soft artificial heart were implemented by using the finite element technique. To verifying and improving the biomechanical performances, the response surface methodology (RSM) and the Design Expert 11.0 software program were used. During the maximum level of absolute pressure applied on air pressurized chambers and ventricles, the simulation results and the animated graphs showed that the performance of the designed and produced soft artificial heart is completely safe. The results also show that the total deformation, strain energy, the maximum principal elastic strain, the fatigue lives, and the stress and fatigue safety factors reached their optimum values when using the Nano-composite elastomers SIBSTAR 103T and the polyetherimide/silicone (PSN4).

The current work concerns with studying the effect of micro electrical discharge machining (Micro... more The current work concerns with studying the effect of micro electrical discharge machining (Micro-EDM) parameters, including; the types of electrodes, the pulse current and the pulse on time on the process responses performances like; material removal rates (MRR), tool wear ratio (TWR), surface roughness (SR), overcut (OC) and the holes taper for micro-EDM holes-drilling of a biomaterial stainless steel 304L workpieces with 250–300 μm dimensions. The experimental results were designed and modeled by using the response surface methodology (RSM), the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the statistical Expert system 10.0 software program. The results show that the use of higher pulse current up to (16 A) improved the MRR, OC and the taperness of the produced micro-holes, while the use of lower pulse current (8 A) improved the EWR. The using of pulse on duration values up to (75 μs) improved the taperness of the produced micro-holes, while it has fewer influences on the other output parameters. Results also indicated that the MRR reached a maximum value of (0.81×10−3 mm3/min) when using the copper electrodes. This value is higher by 49.4% than when using the tinned coated copper electrodes. The lower value obtained of EWR when using the graphite electrodes reached (0.01×10−3 gm/min). This value is too low when compared with using the copper or tinned coated copper electrodes. The best values of OC obtained when using the tinned coated copper electrodes, reached (−1.89 μm). This value is improved by 23.2% than when using the copper electrodes. The results also show that the best minimum hole taperness obtained when using the copper electrodes (0.31°). This value is lower by 41.9% than when using the tinned coated copper electrodes.

Library Progress International, 2024

Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ, Nov 1, 2016

Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā, Dec 5, 2023

The International Middle Eastern Simulation and Modelling Conference, MESM 2023, 2024

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2024

AIP Conference Publishing, 2024

AIP Conference Publication

Engineering and Technology Journal, 2023

Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 2023

Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2023

ETI - The European Technology Institute, 2023

International Journal of Engineering, 2023

AIP Conference Proceeding, 2023

AIP Conference Proceding, 2023

Ingeniería e Investigación , 2023

3rd International Conference on Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, 2023

Basic manufacturing industries and processes including casting, forging, assembling, inspection/a... more Basic manufacturing industries and processes including casting, forging, assembling, inspection/attesting and certification; packaging, warehousing and forwarding. Metalworking operations; shaping, planning, milling, drilling, turning, reaming, broaching, abrasive machining, chip-less machine processes. Metal cutting tools and cutting fluids; cutting forces and power requirement for cutting. Threads, gears, selection of materials; processing methods and equipment for manufacturing. Fabrication methods including welding, soldering, brazing adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening. Heat treatment. Tools for wood-working. Quality control in manufacturing.

Mechanics: Oldest of the Physical Sciences: Archimedes (287-212 BC): Principles of Lever and Buoy... more Mechanics: Oldest of the Physical Sciences: Archimedes (287-212 BC): Principles of Lever and Buoyancy. Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences that is concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the action of forces.
Statics: Deals with equilibrium of bodies under action of forces (bodies may be either at rest or move with a constant velocity).
Dynamics: Deals with motion of bodies (accelerated motion)

Mechanics is the study and describes of motion without regard to its causes (kinematics) and of t... more Mechanics is the study and describes of motion without regard to its causes (kinematics) and of the forces which produce motion (dynamics). We shall first study kinematics in one dimension. To describe kinematics in one dimension, we will introduce several different quantities like speed, velocity, acceleration, distance.

Machine elements carry different types of loads (concentrated, distributed, axial, lateral, momen... more Machine elements carry different types of loads (concentrated, distributed, axial, lateral, moments, torsion, etc.). These loads cause stresses of different types and magnitudes in different locations in the element. When designing machine elements it is important to locate the critical locations (or sections) and to evaluate the stress at the critical sections to ensure the safety and functionality of the machine element.

Kerbala Today Newspaper, 2008

The industrial reality in the Holy Governorate has commonalities with other governorates in terms... more The industrial reality in the Holy Governorate has commonalities with other governorates in terms of obsolescence of industrial lines, management methods, wage systems and centralization of directives. It is also characterized by the lack of industrial companies in all sectors, public, mixed and private.
It has become clear that the underdeveloped industrial reality in this sacred governorate has made it impossible to rely on the construction budget for its advancement. Therefore, exceptional intervention is required by the respected head and members of the local government and all those involved in the industrial sector to develop a modern, bold and comprehensive scientific plan to advance the industrial sector. Through attention and upgrading of every part and element that enters the industrial production cycle, they start from studying consumer desires, through preparing studies and designs, training employees, providing raw materials, production machines, quality and inspection devices, and ending with marketing the product to ensure access to an industrial sector that provides high quality products at competitive prices.
In spite of the treatments and solutions required to advance the industrial reality of this sacred governorate are known and defined by the officials in the governorate and among those concerned in the industrial sector, I find it necessary to emphasize and address them by establishing an industrial investment department within the Supreme Commission for Investment in the governorate made up of members From the board with industrial specialists with distinguished members in the public and private sector and the union and the Chamber of Industry in the province with periodic hosting of specialists in various industrial fields and whenever the need arises and the tasks of this department are focused on defining a strategic Integrated system for the advancement of industrial reality and suggested that you take care of the following matters
إن للواقع الصناعي في محافظة المقدسة قواسم مشتركة مع المحافظات الأخرى من حيث تقـادم الخطوط الصناعية وأساليب الإدارة وأنظمة الأجور ومركزية التوجيهات كما يتميز بقلة الشركات الصناعية في جميع القطاعات العام والمختلط والخاص .
وقد أصبح الأمر جليا إن الواقع الصناعي المتخلف في هذه المحافظة المقدسة جعل من المستحيل الاعتماد على ميزانية الأعمار للنهوض به ، لذا يتطلب الأمر التدخل الاستثنائي من قبل السادة رئيس وأعضاء الحكومة المحلية المحترمين وكافة المعنيين بالقطاع الصناعي لاستحداث خطة علمية حديثة جريئة وشاملة للنهوض بالقطاع الصناعي وذلك من خلال الاهتمام والارتقاء بكل جزئية وعنصر يدخل في دورة الإنتاج الصناعي ابتدآ من دراسة رغبات المستهلك ومروراً بإعداد الدراسات والتصاميم وتدريب العاملين وتوفير المواد الأولية ومكائن الإنتاج وأجهزة الفحص والجودة وانتهاءً بتسويق المنتج لضمان الوصول إلى قطاع صناعي يوفر منتجات ذات جودة عالية وبأسعار تنافسية .
وعلى الرغم من العلاجات والحلول المطلوبة للنهوض بالواقع الصناعي لهذه المحافظة المقدسة معروفة ومحددة من قبل السادة المسؤولين في المحافظة ولدى السادة المعنيين في القطاع الصناعي ، إلا إنني أجد من الضروري التأكيد عليها ومعالجتها من خلال إنشاء دائرة للاستثمار الصناعي داخل الهيئة العليا للاستثمار في المحافظة مكونة من أعضاء من الهيئة ذوي الاختصاص الصناعي مع أعضاء مميزين في القطاع العام والخاص واتحاد وغرفة الصناعة في المحافظة مع الاستضافة الدورية للمتخصصين في المجالات الصناعية المختلفة وكلما دعت الحاجة وتتركز مهمات هذه الدائرة في تحديد إستراتيجية متكاملة للنهوض بالواقع الصناعي واقترح إن تهتم بالأمور التالية

Before entering into the study of the Iraqi industrial reality, a short pause is required to iden... more Before entering into the study of the Iraqi industrial reality, a short pause is required to identify the most important characteristics and features of the Iraqi state after nearly a century of its establishment.
The modern Iraqi state was established in 1921 as a country with primitive agriculture and then as an oil producing country. The Iraqi economy since the thirties has been subjected to continuous crises that started with the global crisis of the thirties. Then Iraq suffered a new deterioration after the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939-1945, when its economy was placed at the service of the British war effort. This period was characterized, despite some correct foundations, by weak planning and the prevalence of the phenomenon of underdevelopment at all levels, with the weakness of the industrial sector and the lack of its production and economy on some textile factories, maintenance workshops and simple handicrafts such as ceramics.
After the revolution of July 14, 1958, an economic development process that included the industrial sector started by relying on oil imports, but it failed to achieve any financial return that supports the national product. The successive governments continued to use the increasing oil resources to establish a number of low-cost industrial projects until the negative effects of these projects began to emerge after their complete inability to create an economic surplus.
The country in Iraq has also begun to transform over the years because of the increasing oil imports into a country with a total economy and started to limit the economic freedom of the citizen. Because of the increasing growth in state ownership and the public sector, and the lack of development of sound economic and administrative policies, instances of bureaucracy, corruption and cronyism emerged in some joints of the state and the economy, which led to the emergence of economic and industrial groups that do not possess scientific expertise despite obtaining state support. The state also failed to draw up a clear law for a fair distribution of wealth in Iraq.
These developments were accompanied by the entry of global ideologies that are not commensurate with the circumstances of Iraq, which managed to attract some of the half-learners and turned it into fuel for continuous crises through the rule of ordinary awareness of large segments instead of scientific awareness, which in turn seemed to tear the national unity and social structure of society.
With the beginning of the seventies, despite the nationalization of oil ownership and the increase in oil imports in an increasing manner, the nature of the Iraqi development project did not change badly in increasing the size of industrial projects and increasing the volume of government spending despite increasing the employment of labor at a good rate. With the end of the seventies, the state moved towards military industrialization, which required large financial allocations.
With the beginning of the eighties of the last century, the deterioration started in infrastructure and the industrial sector due to the shrinking of oil imports and exports to its minimum due to the war and the economic blockade.
After the change in 2003, and despite the wide changes that occurred in Iraq, this was not accompanied by clear features to adopt modern economic paths, and therefore Iraq still lacks clarity of an economic strategy for the advancement.
The regional neighboring countries did not deal positively and integrally with the Iraqi economy, but rather benefited from all the situations that the Iraqi economy went through in developing their economies and industry sector at the expense of the Iraqi economy and industrial sector.
Iraq is a promising country and it has the third largest oil reserves in the world, but unfortunately it did not benefit from this tremendous wealth in establishing a developed industry that achieves self-sufficiency and develops infrastructure and contributes to the well-being of citizens and eliminates unemployment.
Iraq is currently producing about (2) million barrels of oil and at the extraction rates are the lowest in the world. The licensing rounds, which are supposed to increase oil production to 6 and then to 10 or 12 million barrels per day, will not seriously contribute to the reconstruction and the desired ages if they are not accompanied by comprehensive economic and administrative reforms with the start of establishing a strong and advanced national industrial base that takes the initiative and puts the economy The Iraqi is on the railroad of the future where we live the opportunity after the last, which if not taken advantage of, we will go deep into technological retardation with the possibility of foreign domination (God forbid) on the wealth and land of Iraq.
قبل الدخول في دراسة الواقع الصناعي العراقي لا بد من وقفة قصيرة للتعرف على أهم مميزات وسمات الدولة العراقية بعد ما يقارب القرن من تأسيسها.
تأسست الدولة العراقية الحديثة عام 1921 كدولة ذات زراعة بدائية ثم كبلد منتج للنفط. وقد تعرض الاقتصاد العراقي منذ الثلاثينات لازمات مستمرة بدأت بأزمة الثلاثينات العالمية . ثم تعرض العراق إلى تدهور جديد بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1939-1945 عند وضع اقتصاده في خدمة المجهود الحربي البريطاني. وقد اتسمت هذه الفترة رغم بعض الأسس الصحيحة بضعف التخطيط وسيادة مظاهر التخلف على جميع الأصعدة مع ضعف القطاع الصناعي وقلة إنتاجه واقتصاده على بعض معامل النسيج وورش الصيانة والحرف اليدوية البسيطة كصناعة الخزف.
وبعد ثورة 14 تموز 1958 بدأت عملية تنمية اقتصادية شملت القطاع الصناعي بالاعتماد على الواردات النفطية إلا أنها فشلت في تحقيق إي مردود مالي يدعم الناتج القومي. وقد استمرت الحكومات المتعاقبة في استخدام الموارد النفطية المتزايدة في إنشاء عدد من المشاريع الصناعية قليلة المردود حتى بدأت الآثار السلبية لهذه المشاريع تبرز بعد عجزها التام في خلق فائض اقتصادي.
كما بدأت الدولة في العراق تتحول بمرور السنين وبسبب تزايد الواردات النفطية إلى دولة ذات الاقتصاد الشمولي وبدأت تحد من الحرية الاقتصادية للمواطن. وبسبب تزايد نمو ملكية الدولة والقطاع العام ولعدم تطور سياسات اقتصادية وإدارية صحيحة بدأت تبرز حالات من البيروقراطية الفساد والمحسوبية في بعض مفاصل الدولة والاقتصاد مما أدى إلى بروز مجموعات اقتصادية وصناعية لا تمتلك الخبرة العلمية رغم حصولها على دعم الدولة. كما أخفقت الدولة في وضع قانون واضح لتوزيع الثروة في العراق توزيعا عادلاً.
وقد صاحب هذه التطورات دخول إيديولوجيات عالمية لا تتناسب وظروف العراق استطاعت استقطاب البعض من أنصاف المتعلمين وحولته الى وقود لازمات مستمرة عبر سيادة الوعي العادي لشرائح واسعة بدلاً من الوعي العلمي وهذا بدوره بدا يمزق الوحدة الوطنية والبنية الاجتماعية للمجتمع.
ومع بداية السبعينات ورغم تأميم ملكية النفط وتضاعف واردات النفط بشكل متصاعد إلا إن طبيعة المشروع التنموي العراقي لم تتغير سوء في زيادة حجم المشاريع الصناعية وزيادة حجم الإنفاق الحكومي رغم زيادة تشغيل الأيدي العاملة بنسبة جيدة. ومع نهاية السبعينات توجهت الدولة نحو التصنيع العسكري الذي تطلب تخصيصات مالية كبيرة.
ومع بداية عقد الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي بدأ التدهور يدب في البنى التحتية وفي القطاع الصناعي بسبب تقلص واردات النفط والصادرات إلى أدنى حدودها بسبب الحرب والحصار الاقتصادي.
وبعد التغيير في عام 2003 وعلى الرغم من التغييرات الواسعة التي حدثت في العراق لكن ذلك لم يرافقه ملامح واضحة لاعتماد مسارات اقتصادية حديثة وبالتالي لا يزال العراق يفتقد لوضوح إستراتيجية اقتصادية للنهوض.
ولم تتعاطى دول الجوار الإقليمي مع الاقتصاد العراقي تعاطياً ايجابياً وتكاملياً بل استفادت من جميع الأوضاع التي مر بها الاقتصاد العراقي في تطوير اقتصادياتها وقطاع الصناعة فيها على حساب الاقتصاد والقطاع الصناعي العراقي.
إن العراق بلد واعد وهو يمتلك ثالث اكبر احتياطي للنفط قي العالم ولكن للآسف لم يستفاد من هذه الثروة الهائلة في إنشاء صناعة متطورة تحقق الاكتفاء الذاتي وتطور البنى التحتية وتساهم في رفاه المواطن وتقضي على البطالة.
وينتج العراق حاليا حوالي (2) مليون برميل من النفط وبمعدلات استخراج هي الاوطأ بالعالم. كما أن جولات التراخيص والتي من المفروض أن تزيد إنتاج النفط إلى 6 ثم إلى 10 أو 12 مليون برميل يومياً سوف لن تساهم بشكل جدي في إعادة البناء والأعمار المنشودة إذا لم تصاحبها إصلاحات اقتصادية وإدارية شاملة مع البدء بإنشاء قاعدة صناعية وطنية قوية متطورة تأخذ المبادرة وتضع الاقتصاد العراقي على سكة قطار المستقبل حيث نعيش الفرصة ما بعد الأخيرة والتي ان لم تستغل سنغرق عميقاً في التخلف التكنولوجي مع احتمالية الهيمنة الأجنبية ( لا سامح الله ) على ثروات وأرض العراق.

The Iraqi state and with it the Iraqi people have continued to live in a state of continuous cr... more The Iraqi state and with it the Iraqi people have continued to live in a state of continuous crises since its foundation in 1921, which intensified with the end of the monarchy and the government's control of all the massive national wealth, which led to the provisions of its control over all activities after it hit the real private sector and local investments with a number of strikes Painful successive governments have continued to direct more of these strikes to this day and have replaced it with a corrupt and paralyzed public sector in solidarity with a parasitic private sector that is fake on the one hand and on the other hand the state alone has not been able to protect national wealth even in the periods that have grown And therein, and from what caused the fall of governments and parties in a sequential manner over the past sixty years, which also led and will inevitably exacerbate external interference in all of Iraq’s affairs and consider Iraq a minor country that requires guardianship by all, starting from the countries and the oil and financial monopolies through regional political and economic wills on Iraq and from what It will end up as a result of the weakness of the state, the ongoing rivalry, and consequently the destruction of the country, the disintegration of the state, the collapse of Iraqi society, and the enslavement of its children, God forbid, especially since most of the regional neighboring countries did not deal positively and complementarily with the Iraqi economy. Indeed, it benefited from all the situations and crises that the people and the state went through in the Iraqi economy in developing their economies at the expense of the Iraqi economy and the industrial sector, and the matter did not stop at this point of limiting the danger, but rather deliberately demonstrated its guardianship not only on the current or future capabilities of the country, but exceeded its boldness to try to guardianship The history, religion and values of the ethnic people of all walks of life.
It is well known that there are a number of crises that stand in the way of preventing the implementation and success of any initiative or law for the benefit of the state or society, and therefore the state stands unable to achieve tangible successes towards the true elimination of poverty and unemployment, the end of contradictions and the state of disability that strikes most state institutions and society as well as success in providing Services and community modernization in the social, educational, educational, economic and political fields.
All this led to the loss of state imports from oil production and other wealth, and the matter became worse by acquiring the people's limited funds through the imposition of escalating fees from taxes and customs, with a continuous rise in the prices of services and energy, despite the limited availability and whose rent is not returned to the budget with a significant impact, but it is working to spread Poverty and the destruction of the national economy.
In general, all the country's imports today that come through sales of oil production and other national wealth and through the acquisition of people's money, it goes to foreign countries and companies by up to 85% through the purchase of various types of goods and goods for the state sector and for barely living for a portion of the country's population, and that Because of underdevelopment in the industrial and agricultural fields, and also in the service, agricultural and tourism fields, which can be easily produced within the country if this reform is done, in addition to that (10%) go to storing in the treasury of the Central Bank without any investments mentioned, and the rest is about (5%) acquired less than (1%) of the population and part of it goes into the pockets of not a few large, medium and small brokers and spoilers, while about half of the population of Iraq still live marginalized and have no share in the wealth of the country, which made them subject to poverty and persistent crises.
لقد استمرت الدولة العراقية ومعها الشعب العراقي تعيش في حالة من الازمات المستمرة منذ تأسيسها في العام 1921 والتي اشتدت مع انتهاء العهد الملكي وسيطرة الحكومة على كامل الثروات الوطنية الهائلة مما ادى الى احكام سيطرتها على كامل الفعاليات بعد ان ضربت القطاع الخاص الحقيقي والاستثمارات المحلية بعدد من الضربات الموجعة وقد استمرت الحكومات المتتابعة بتوجيه المزيد من هذه الضربات الى يومنا هذا واستبدلته بقطاع عام فاسد ومشلول متضامنا مع قطاع خاص طفيلي ووهمي هذا من جهة ومن جهة اخرى لم تستطع الدولة لوحدها حماية الثروات الوطنية حتى في الفترات التي تعاظمت قوتها فيها ومما سبب سقوط الحكومات والاحزاب بشكل متتابع طوال الستين عاما الماضية ومما ادى ايضا وسيؤدي حتما الى تفاقم التدخل الخارجي في جميع شؤون العراق واعتبار العراق بلدا قاصرا يتطلب الوصاية عليه من قبل الجميع ابتداءا من الدول والاحتكارات النفطية والمالية مرورا بالوصايا السياسية والاقتصادية الاقليمية على العراق ومما سينتهي بالنتيجة الى ضعف الدولة والتناحر المستمر وبالتالي دمار البلد وتفكك الدولة وانهيار المجتمع العراقي واستعباد ابناءه لا سمح الله , خصوصا وان اغلب دول الجوار الإقليمي لم تتعاطى مع الاقتصاد العراقي تعاطياً ايجابياً وتكاملياً بل استفادت من جميع الأوضاع والازمات التي مر بها الشعب والدولة الاقتصاد العراقي في تطوير اقتصاداتها على حساب الاقتصاد والقطاع الصناعي العراقي ولم يتوقف الامر عند هذا الحد من الخطورة بل راحت تتعمد اظهار وصايتها ليس فقط على مقدرات البلاد الحالية او المستقبلية بل وتعدت جرأتها لمحاولتها الوصاية على تاريخ ودين وقيم الشعب العرقي بكافة اطيافه .
من المعلوم ان هنالك جملة من الازمات التي تقف حائلا دون تنفيذ ونجاح اي مبادرة او قانون لصالح الدولة او المجتمع وبالتالي تقف الدولة عاجزة عن تحقيق نجاحات ملموسة نحو القضاء الحقيقي على الفقر والبطالة وانهاء التناقضات وحالة العجز التي تضرب اغلب مؤسسات الدولة والمجتمع فضلا عن النجاح في تقديم الخدمات وتحديث المجتمع في المجالات الاجتماعية والتربوية والتعليمية والاقتصادية والسياسية .
وكل هذا ادى الى ضياع واردات الدولة من انتاج النفط والثروات الاخرى وزاد الامر سوء بالاستحواذ على اموال الشعب المحدودة من خلال فرض رسوم متصاعدة من ضرائب وكمارك مع ارتفاع مستمر في اسعار الخدمات والطاقة رغم محدودية توفرها والتي ريعها لا يعود على الميزانية بتأثير كبير لكنها تعمل على نشر الفقر وتدمير الاقتصاد الوطني .
وبشكل عام فأن جميع واردات الدولة اليوم التي تأتي من خلال مبيعات انتاج النفط وباقي الثروات الوطنية ومن خلال الاستحواذ على اموال الشعب فأنها تذهب الى الدول والشركات الاجنبية بنسبة تصل الى 85% من خلال شراء مختلف انواع السلع والبضائع لقطاع الدولة ولمعيشة بالكاد لجزء من السكان البلد وذلك بسبب التخلف في المجال الصناعي والزراعي وفي المجال الخدمي والزراعي والسياحي ايضا والتي بالإمكان إنتاجها بسهولة داخل البلد اذا ما تم الاصلاح هذا اضافة الى ان (10% ) تذهب للخزن في خزائن البنك المركزي دون اية استثمارات تذكر والباقي حوالي (5%) يستحوذ عليها اقل من (1% ) من السكان ويذهب جزء منها الى جيوب عدد ليس بالقليل من السماسرة والمفسدين الكبار والمتوسطين والصغار بينما يظل حوالي نصف سكان العراق يعشون مهمشين ولا نصيب لهم في ثروات البلد مما جعلهم تحت طائلة الفقر والازمات المستمرة .

Strengthening of Metals • There are 4 major ways to strengthen metals, They all reduce the ductil... more Strengthening of Metals
• There are 4 major ways to strengthen metals,
They all reduce the ductility:
1 Cold work ( Strain Hardening)
2 Reduce grain size ( Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction)
3 Add other elements in solid solution ( Solid Solution
Strengthening)
4 Add second phase particles ( Precipitation or Age
Hardening)

In this work, the following basic concepts reviewed: *The basic nature and concepts related to f... more In this work, the following basic concepts reviewed:
*The basic nature and concepts related to fatigue failure.
* How fatigue, or life, prediction is NOT an exact science
* Scatter in test data and variations in real parts limit resolution of prediction.
* Some thoughts on designing for fatigue.
*Basics of new FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) guidance and Fatigue Management Programs (FMP).
*Case studies and FAA expectations.

لقد استمرت الدولة العراقية ومعها الشعب العراقي تعيش في حالة من الازمات المستمرة منذ تأسيسها في ... more لقد استمرت الدولة العراقية ومعها الشعب العراقي تعيش في حالة من الازمات المستمرة منذ تأسيسها في العام 1921 والتي اشتدت مع انتهاء العهد الملكي وسيطرة الحكومة على كامل الثروات الوطنية الهائلة مما ادى الى احكام سيطرتها على كامل الفعاليات بعد ان ضربت القطاع الخاص الحقيقي والاستثمارات المحلية بعدد من الضربات الموجعة وقد استمرت الحكومات المتتابعة بتوجيه المزيد من هذه الضربات الى يومنا هذا واستبدلته بقطاع عام فاسد ومشلول متضامنا مع قطاع خاص طفيلي ووهمي هذا من جهة ومن جهة اخرى لم تستطع الدولة لوحدها حماية الثروات الوطنية حتى في الفترات التي تعاظمت قوتها فيها ومما سبب سقوط الحكومات والاحزاب بشكل متتابع طوال الستين عاما الماضية ومما ادى ايضا وسيؤدي حتما الى تفاقم التدخل الخارجي في جميع شؤون العراق واعتبار العراق بلدا قاصرا يتطلب الوصاية عليه من قبل الجميع ابتداءا من الدول والاحتكارات النفطية والمالية مرورا بالوصايا السياسية والاقتصادية الاقليمية على العراق ومما سينتهي بالنتيجة الى ضعف الدولة والتناحر المستمر وبالتالي دمار البلد وتفكك الدولة وانهيار المجتمع العراقي واستعباد ابناءه لا سمح الله , خصوصا وان دول الجوار الإقليمي لم تتعاطى مع الاقتصاد العراقي تعاطياً ايجابياً وتكاملياً بل استفادت من جميع الأوضاع والازمات التي مر بها الشعب والدولة الاقتصاد العراقي في تطوير اقتصاداتها على حساب الاقتصاد والقطاع الصناعي العراقي ولم يتوقف الامر عند هذا الحد من الخطورة بل راحت تتعمد اظهار وصايتها ليس فقط على مقدرات البلاد الحالية او المستقبلية بل وتعدت جرأتها لمحاولتها الوصاية على تاريخ ودين وقيم الشعب العرقي بكافة اطيافه .
من المعلوم ان هنالك جملة من الازمات التي تقف حائلا دون تنفيذ ونجاح اي مبادرة او قانون لصالح الدولة او المجتمع وبالتالي تقف الدولة عاجزة عن تحقيق نجاحات ملموسة نحو القضاء الحقيقي على الفقر والبطالة وانهاء التناقضات وحالة العجز التي تضرب اغلب مؤسسات الدولة والمجتمع فضلا عن النجاح في تقديم الخدمات وتحديث المجتمع في المجالات الاجتماعية والتربوية والتعليمية والاقتصادية والسياسية .
وكل هذا ادى الى ضياع واردات الدولة من انتاج النفط والثروات الاخرى وزاد الامر سوء بالاستحواذ على اموال الشعب المحدودة من خلال فرض رسوم متصاعدة من ضرائب وكمارك مع ارتفاع مستمر في اسعار الخدمات والطاقة رغم محدودية توفرها والتي ريعها لا يعود على الميزانية بتأثير كبير لكنها تعمل على نشر الفقر وتدمير الاقتصاد الوطني .
وبشكل عام فأن جميع واردات الدولة اليوم التي تأتي من خلال مبيعات انتاج النفط وباقي الثروات الوطنية ومن خلال الاستحواذ على اموال الشعب فأنها تذهب الى الدول والشركات الاجنبية بنسبة تصل الى 85% من خلال شراء مختلف انواع السلع والبضائع لقطاع الدولة ولمعيشة بالكاد لجزء من السكان البلد وذلك بسبب التخلف في المجال الصناعي والزراعي وفي المجال الخدمي والزراعي والسياحي ايضا والتي بالإمكان إنتاجها بسهولة داخل البلد اذا ما تم الاصلاح هذا اضافة الى ان (10% ) تذهب للخزن في خزائن البنك المركزي دون اية استثمارات تذكر والباقي حوالي (5%) يستحوذ عليها اقل من (1% ) من السكان ويذهب جزء منها الى جيوب عدد ليس بالقليل من السماسرة والمفسدين الكبار والمتوسطين والصغار بينما يظل حوالي نصف سكان العراق يعشون مهمشين ولا نصيب لهم في ثروات البلد مما جعلهم تحت طائلة الفقر والازمات المستمرة .

A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances synthetic or natu... more A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body".
Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application.
Host Response is the response of the host organism (local and systemic) to the implanted material or device.

Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Iraq, 2014

Statistics: is the science of collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and reasonable in... more Statistics: is the science of collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and reasonable interpretation of data. It also deals with methods and techniques that can be used to draw conclusions about the characteristics of a large number of data points--commonly called a population by using a smaller subset of the entire data.
However statistics can give an instant overall picture of data based on graphical presentation or numerical summarization irrespective to the number of data points. Besides data summarization, another important task of statistics is to make inference and predict relations of variables.
Statistics is sometimes described as the science of decision making under uncertainty and can be divided into two broad areas as follows:
Descriptive Statistics Quantities and techniques used to describe a sample characteristic or illustrate the sample data e.g. mean, standard deviation, box-plot. Descriptive statistics are the first step in analyzing data and always precedes inferential statistics but can be, depending on the type of study, the only way to analyze collected data.
Inferential Statistics which covers those statistical procedures used to help draw conclusions or inferences about a population on the basis of a sample of data collected from the population. Sampling is necessary because measuring every member of a population is time-consuming and expensive, impractical or impossible. Important areas inferential statistics include confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, regression analysis and experimental design. Underlying inferential statistics is the idea of probability and probability distributions.

Biomaterial Engineering Deparment, University of Technology, Iraq, 2016

Biomaterials are used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in safe, reliab... more Biomaterials are used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in safe, reliably economically, and physiologically acceptable manner. A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or injury. Commonplace examples include suture needles, plates, teeth fillings, etc.

Biomaterials are any substance or drugs, of synthetic or natural origin, which can be used for any period alone or as part of a system and that increases or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body. Biomaterials cover all classes of materials – metals, ceramics, polymers.
During the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable materials for medical applications.

University of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Department, Iraq, 2018

The Biomaterials Inspection Laboratory has a long list of material properties that it can test. ... more The Biomaterials Inspection Laboratory has a long list of material properties that it can test. The area of biomedical engineering has been expanded . The need to educate the multidisciplinary students who will make up the work force in research and industry in biomedical engineering has also correspondingly increased. These experiments will continue to be prepared in order to cover basic tests for biomaterial inspections in the following fields:: Biological Testing of Biomaterials, In Vivo Assessment of Tissue Compatibility, Basic Toxicology and Inspection of Blood-Material Interactions.

University of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Department, Iraq, 2018

Medical device manufacturing, as the name suggests, refers to the production of medical devices. ... more Medical device manufacturing, as the name suggests, refers to the production of medical devices. Due to the large amount of regulations in the industry, the production of medical devices presents significant challenges from both engineering and legal perspectives.
In medical device manufacturing, three things are paramount:
• Efficiency, efficiency is critical as device makers are racing to bring to new products to market as quickly as possible.
• Quality, quality is critical because no medical device can be marketed that is not fully compliant and approved by the FDA as safe and effective. This is especially true for complex Class III medical devices, which face some of the most stringent quality requirements in the industry.
• Manufacturing facilities, Medical device manufacturing facilities fall under the requirements of ISO 13485 and the FDA’s Quality System Good Management Practices, specifically US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21, Part 820 Quality System Regulations (QSR). These requirements outline the criteria for successful quality programs for medical device manufacturers, and all facilities, equipment and processes must comply with these standards.
The medical device industry covers implants, instruments and equipment intended for therapeutics, monitoring and diagnostics. These include reconstructive devices such as hip and knee replacements as well as implantable monitors for cardiac and diabetic care.
In the United States, medical device industry is one of the largest markets globally, exceeding $110 billion annually. In 2012 it represented 38% of the global market and currently more than 6500 medical device companies exist nationwide. These companies are primarily small-scale operations with fewer than 50 employees.
The medical device manufacturing industry is divided into the following branches:
• Electro-Medical Equipment,
• Irradiation Apparatuses,
• Surgical and Medical Instruments,
• Surgical Appliances and Supplies, and
• Dental Equipment and Supplies.
The fabrication of medical devices involves multiple components and materials, both synthetic and biological (e.g. nanotubes, polymers, stem cells, deoxyribonucleic acid).
Generally, productivity can increase significantly by improving the assembly process. And because medical devices require a series of material combinations, cell seeding/culturing, and have to be patient specific, the assembly of medical devices is considered to be a highly complex and time-consuming process, and the working environment has to be free from contamination during the process.
The assembly of medical devices is dependent on two main factors:
(a) highly skilled and well-trained workers and
(b) a sterile and conducive environment.
These dependencies, however, pose many underlying issues such as:
• High costs and time incurred to hire/train highly skilled workers,
• High costs and energy consumption required to maintain a cleanroom environment, which cannot be ignored in a commercial manufacturing industry.

University of Technology, Control and Systems Department, Michatronic Branch, Iraq, 2014

Theory of Machines: may be defined as that branch of engineering science, which deals with the st... more Theory of Machines: may be defined as that branch of engineering science, which deals with the study of relative motion between the various parts of machine, and forces which act on them. The knowledge of this subject is very essential for an engineer in designing the various parts of a machine.
They Theory of Machines may be sub- divided into the following four branches:
1- Kinematics: is the study of motion, without considering the forces which produce that motion. Kinematics of machines deals with the study of the relative motion of machine parts. It involves the study of position, displacement, velocity and acceleration of machine parts with the time.
2- Kinetics: is that branch of theory of machines which is responsible to relate the action of forces on bodies to their resulting motion.
3- Dynamics: is that branch of theory of machines which deals with the forces and their effects, while acting upon the machine parts in motion.
4- Statics: is that branch of theory of machines which deals with the forces and their effects, while the machine parts are rest.

Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq, 2019

The design process for medical devices is highly regulated to ensure the safety of patients and h... more The design process for medical devices is highly regulated to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers. In Europe, the Medical Device Directive was developed to regulate medical devices. It is a document that is legally binding, enforceable in law and with penalties for non-compliance. Regulations outside Europe vary. For example, in the United States of America, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the safety of medical devices. In order to comply with the regulations, companies are required to have a quality management system in place to ensure that the whole design process is managed and planned in a systematic and repeatable manner. To show compliance with the regulatory aspects it is necessary to maintain a Design History File (which can also be known as a Technical File or Design Dossier) which describes the design history of a product and is maintained post-product release to include subsequent changes to the product and relevant post-market surveillance data.

There are three most concerned properties In the quality of biomedical devices, mechanical proper... more There are three most concerned properties In the quality of biomedical devices, mechanical properties, durability and biocompatibility . The failure modes of biomedical devices can be mainly divided into thrombosis, infection, inappropriate healing, structural failure, adverse local tissue interactions, migration and systemic and miscellaneous effects. Each failure mode has negative effects on some (or all) of the quality properties. Tests for biomedical devices can be summarized as mechanical tests and biological tests. Mechanical tests are used to test mechanical properties and durability while biological tests are used to test biocompatibility and durability. Different kinds of tests focus on studying different failure modes, in some ways, evaluating the reliability of biomedical devices from different angles. Based on reliability-centered systems engineering which focus on dealing with failure and the unique property of biomedical devices, i.e. biocompatibility, the concept of failure is extended and the clear definition of the reliability of biomedical devices is given.

These tables summarize the most important equations, tables and curves that engineers need, espec... more These tables summarize the most important equations, tables and curves that engineers need, especially in mechanical specialties, which are necessary for different levels of education and for professionals and in the field of building design software programs

Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Minerals and UNIDO,, 2012

تقدم الأستراتيجية الصناعية رؤية وطنية للدور المحوري لقطاع الصناعة في النمو والتنمية المستدامة وتر... more تقدم الأستراتيجية الصناعية رؤية وطنية للدور المحوري لقطاع الصناعة في النمو والتنمية
المستدامة وترسيخ التعامل الخلاق مع مصادر الثروة بأنواعها في العراق, كما تقدم عرضاً
مستوفياً لوسائل تحقيق ذلك الدور بما في ذلك الأدارة الفعالة وتعديل وسن التشريعات
والتمويل.
وقد صيغت هذه الاستراتيجية استناداً إلى تشخيص وتحليل تفصيلي للوضع الحالي للصناعة
في العراق، والتوجهات الاقتصادية في العالم، بتحليلات ومناقشات مستفيضة حول سمات
الاقتصاد والمجتمع العراقي،شارك فيها أطراف العلاقة الصناعية في القطاع الصناعي
العام والخاص والمختلط ، كما تمت الاستفادة من خبرات عدد من التجارب العالمية في
التنمية الصناعية
تتبنى الاستراتيجية تحقيق الدور المطلوب للصناعة في توجه العراق نحو إقتصاد قائم على
المعرفة، بما فيه من تعزيز للقدرات التنافسية والتنويع الصناعي, أساسها الشراكة بين
القطاعين العام والخاص، وعلى التنمية المتوازنة على مستوى الأقاليم والمحافظات
ومستفيدة من الميزات النسبية لكل منها .
تنطلق الاستراتيجية من الرسالة الحضارية المنوطة بالعراق على الصعيدين الاقليمي
والعالمي، ومن الطموح الوطني الذي اختطته كل من خطة التنمية الوطنية الخمسية
،وأستراتيجية الطاقة, والطاقة المتجددة, إضافة إلى السياسات والاستراتيجيات القطاعية
فريق العمل
الأستراتيجي

Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Minerals and UNIDO,, 2012

تقدم الأستراتيجية الصناعية رؤية وطنية للدور المحوري لقطاع الصناعة في النمو والتنمية المستدامة وت... more تقدم الأستراتيجية الصناعية رؤية وطنية للدور المحوري لقطاع الصناعة في النمو والتنمية
المستدامة وترسيخ التعامل الخلاق مع مصادر الثروة بأنواعها في العراق, كما تقدم عرضاً
مستوفياً لوسائل تحقيق ذلك الدور بما في ذلك الأدارة الفعالة وتعديل وسن التشريعات
والتمويل.
وقد صيغت هذه الاستراتيجية استناداً إلى تشخيص وتحليل تفصيلي للوضع الحالي للصناعة
في العراق، والتوجهات الاقتصادية في العالم، بتحليلات ومناقشات مستفيضة حول سمات
الاقتصاد والمجتمع العراقي،شارك فيها أطراف العلاقة الصناعية في القطاع الصناعي
العام والخاص والمختلط ، كما تمت الاستفادة من خبرات عدد من التجارب العالمية في
التنمية الصناعية
تتبنى الاستراتيجية تحقيق الدور المطلوب للصناعة في توجه العراق نحو إقتصاد قائم على
المعرفة، بما فيه من تعزيز للقدرات التنافسية والتنويع الصناعي, أساسها الشراكة بين
القطاعين العام والخاص، وعلى التنمية المتوازنة على مستوى الأقاليم والمحافظات
ومستفيدة من الميزات النسبية لكل منها .
تنطلق الاستراتيجية من الرسالة الحضارية المنوطة بالعراق على الصعيدين الاقليمي
والعالمي، ومن الطموح الوطني الذي اختطته كل من خطة التنمية الوطنية الخمسية
،وأستراتيجية الطاقة, والطاقة المتجددة, إضافة إلى السياسات والاستراتيجيات القطاعية
فريق العمل
الأستراتيجي

Scholars' Press, Omni Scriptum GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, 2016

The present work is concerned with studying the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) an... more The present work is concerned with studying the effect of electrical
discharge machining (EDM) and powder mixing electrical discharge
machining (PMEDM) parameters (pulse current, pulse on time,) using
copper and graphite electrodes on the output response performance
characteristics.
These responses were the induced surface residual stresses, the
material removal rate (MMR), the tool wear ratio (TWR), the workpiece
surface roughness (SR), the white layer thickness (WLT), the total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life and safety factors.
Response surface methodology (RSM) and the design of experiment
(DOE) were used to plan and design the experimental work matrices for
four groups of experiments, two EDM groups using kerosene dielectric
alone, where the second was treated by the shot blast peening processes after EDM machining. The third and fourth groups were done by adding the SiC or graphite micro powders mixing to dielectric fluid (PMEDM). To verify the experimental results, the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to predict the EDM and PMEDM performance models for high carbon high chromium AISI D2 die steel in terms of empirical equations. The total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life in terms of safety factors after EDM and PMEDM models were developed by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 software.
The results showed that the copper electrodes induce lower tensile
surface residual stresses by (15.38%) than when using the graphite
electrodes with the kerosene dielectric alone, by (7.51%) and (40.0%) with SiC and graphite powders, respectively and by (33%) with shot blast
peening processes. Using the copper electrodes and graphite powder reduced the induced tensile residual stresses by (79.3%) and (82.6 %) when compared with using kerosene dielectric alone or with SiC powder,
respectively. When the graphite electrodes were used with graphite powder, the MRR was improved by (174%) with respect to the value obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best results of (TWR) were obtained when using the graphite
electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone reached (0.1023 %). This result
improved the TWR by (320%) with respect to the corresponding value
obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best result obtained when using the graphite electrodes and
graphite mixing powder, which improved the SR by (41%) and (92%)
compared with using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone and SiC powder, respectively. Using the copper electrodes and shot blast peening after EDM improved the SR when using longer shot peening time (60 min.) by (60.24%) compared with using copper electrodes without shot peening treatments.
The copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder improved the
SR by (134%) and (110%), respectively compared with the using of the
same electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone.
The WLT reaches its minimum values as (8.34 􀂗m) when using
graphite electrodes, where this means an improvement by (40.0 %) when
comparing with the using of copper electrodes. The lowest WLT values of (5.0 micro-m.) and (5.57 micro-m.) using the copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder, respectivelly. This means an improvement by (134%) and (67%) when compared with the using of the copper and graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone, respectively
The graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than copper
electrodes by (82.4 %) when using kerosene dielectric alone. While, using
the SiC powder and graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than
copper electrodes by (91.5 %) and by (285.3 %) and (602.7 %) than using
the copper and graphite electrodes and the kerosene dielectric alone,
respectively.
The fatigue life in terms of experimental safety factor with respect to
as received material using graphite electrodes after EDM and shot blast
peening increased with increasing the shot peening time by (19.10%) and (23.26%) compared with results without using the shot blast peening when using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
The graphite electrodes with shot peening processes improved
fatigue stresses at (10^6 cycles) by (19.58 %) and (23.71 %) compared with the copper and graphite electrodes without shot peening processes,
respectively.
The graphite electrodes with PMEDM and SiC powder improved the
experimental fatigue safety factor by (7.30 %) compared with the use of
copper electrodes and by (14.61%) and (18.61%) compared with results
using the kerosene dielectric alone with copper and graphite electrodes,
respectively.
The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the
experimental fatigue safety factor by (30.38 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and by (15.73 %) and (19.77 %) compared with results of group (2) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively. The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the fatigue stresses at (10^6 cycles) by (26.36 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and gave a higher fatigue life than the situation when working without mixing powder by (15.83 %) and (19.83 %) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
Finally, there is a good agreement between the experimental results
and the corresponding values verified by using the optimization process for all cases regarding the input parameters of the EDM and PMEDM
processes, and this proves the accuracy of the models developed by the
RSM and FEM using ANSYS software.

Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology - Iraq, 2015

The present work is concerned with studying the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) an... more The present work is concerned with studying the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) and powder mixing electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) parameters (pulse current, pulse on time,) using copper and graphite electrodes on the output response performance characteristics.
These responses were the induced surface residual stresses, the material removal rate (MMR), the tool wear ratio (TWR), the workpiece surface roughness (SR), the white layer thickness (WLT), the total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life and safety factors.
Response surface methodology (RSM) and the design of experiment (DOE) were used to plan and design the experimental work matrices for four groups of experiments, two EDM groups using kerosene dielectric alone, where the second was treated by the shot blast peening processes after EDM machining. The third and fourth groups were done by adding the SiC or graphite micro powders mixing to dielectric fluid (PMEDM). To verify the experimental results, the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to predict the EDM and PMEDM performance models for high carbon high chromium AISI D2 die steel in terms of empirical equations. The total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life in terms of safety factors after EDM and PMEDM models were developed by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 software.
The results showed that the copper electrodes induce lower tensile surface residual stresses by (15.38%) than when using the graphite electrodes with the kerosene dielectric alone, by (7.51%) and (40.0%) with SiC and graphite powders, respectively and by (33%) with shot blast peening processes. Using the copper electrodes and graphite powder reduced the induced tensile residual stresses by (79.3%) and (82.6 %) when compared with using kerosene dielectric alone or with SiC powder, respectively.
When the graphite electrodes were used with graphite powder, the MRR
was improved by (174%) with respect to the value obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best results of (TWR) were obtained when using the graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone reached (0.1023 %). This result improved the TWR by (320%) with respect to the corresponding value obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best result obtained when using the graphite electrodes and graphite mixing powder, which improved the SR by (41%) and (92%) compared with using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone and SiC powder, respectively.
Using the copper electrodes and shot blast peening after EDM improved the SR when using longer shot peening time (60 min.) by (60.24%) compared with using copper electrodes without shot peening treatments.
The copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder improved the SR by (134%) and (110%), respectively compared with the using of the same electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone.
The WLT reaches its minimum values as (8.34 μm) when using graphite electrodes, where this means an improvement by (40.0 %) when comparing with the using of copper electrodes. The lowest WLT values of (5.0 μm) and (5.57 μm) using the copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder, respectivelly. This means an improvement by (134%) and (67%) when compared with the using of the copper and graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone, respectively
The graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than copper electrodes by (82.4 %) when using kerosene dielectric alone. While, using the SiC powder and graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than copper electrodes by (91.5 %) and by (285.3 %) and (602.7 %) than using the copper and graphite electrodes and the kerosene dielectric alone, respectively.
The fatigue life in terms of experimental safety factor with respect to as received material using graphite electrodes after EDM and shot blast peening increased with increasing the shot peening time by (19.10%) and (23.26%) compared with results without using the shot blast peening when using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
The graphite electrodes with shot peening processes improved fatigue stresses at (106 cycles) by (19.58 %) and (23.71 %) compared with the copper and graphite electrodes without shot peening processes, respectively.
The graphite electrodes with PMEDM and SiC powder improved the experimental fatigue safety factor by (7.30 %) compared with the use of copper electrodes and by (14.61%) and (18.61%) compared with results using the kerosene dielectric alone with copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the experimental fatigue safety factor by (30.38 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and by (15.73 %) and (19.77 %) compared with results of group (2) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the fatigue stresses at (106 cycles) by (26.36 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and gave a higher fatigue life than the situation when working without mixing powder by (15.83 %) and (19.83 %) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
Finally, there is a good agreement between the experimental results and the corresponding values verified by using the optimization process for all cases regarding the input parameters of the EDM and PMEDM processes, and this proves the accuracy of the models developed by the RSM and FEM using ANSYS software

University of Baghdad, Mechanical Engineering Department, Iraq, 1994

Explosive welding is one of the fastest growing branches of the solid¬phase welding processes occ... more Explosive welding is one of the fastest growing branches of the solid¬phase welding processes occurs under high velocity oblique impact.
The present work deals with experimental investigation of the effects of explosive welding parameters on the final quality of c l added products by using the parallel welding arrangements.
The experimental tests are carried out by using national explosive materials manufactured for the purpose of this project. Moreover, the tests were performed under a wide range of explosive substances, stand-off distances and explosive loadings.
The test programme is divided into four main systems as cladding plates
of:
I- stainless steel 3041, 3mm thickness with carbon steel A516GR60 of 12,5mm thickness. The plates areas are 250x250mm2
II- Stainless steel 3041, 3mm thickness with carbon steel A516GR60 of 21mm thickness. The plates areas are 2750x1375mm2
III- Pure aluminum with thickness 6mm with high strength carbon steel A516GR70 of 12.5mm thickness. The area of each plate used is-250x250mm2,
IV- Multilayer composites of three layers of stainless steel plate 3041, 3mm thickness, with carbon steel plate A516GR60 of 12.5mm thickness. The area of each plate is 250 x 250mm2
The results are evaluated on the basis of mechanical destructive and non-destructive tests. These include ultrasonic, X-ray, tensile-shear tests, bending, torsion, and micro-hardness. Furthermore, the microstructure, interface wave dimensions and configurations are also studied.
The best cladded qualities are produced when using the Amatol explosive for systems I, II, and IV, and Alsumod 18% RDX for system III. However, the results show that explosive layer areas, grain sizes and homogeneity play an important role in the quality of the product.
The best ranges of explosive welding parameters are achieved with detonation velocities less than 1. 4 times the sonic velocities in cladded materials, with stand-off distances equal to 0.5 to 1.3 times the flyer plate thickness (tr) for system (I), 0. 5 to ltf for system (II), 0. 33 to O. 70 tr for system (III), and equal to O. 5 tr for system {IV). In addition, the explosive loading of R;:;Q,7 to 1,2 for system (I), less than unity for system (II), 1.05 for system (III) and 0.75 for system (IV) can also be found, being the best recommended values.