Muhammad Fiaz Anwar | The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (original) (raw)

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Papers by Muhammad Fiaz Anwar

Pakistaniaat a Journal of Pakistan Studies, Sep 3, 2013

The United States has long been a leader of worldwide efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear we... more The United States has long been a leader of worldwide efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations. American leaders use coercive policy measures to prevent nuclear proliferation, and additionally endorse the United Nations' policies of coercive sanctions that have been in vogue since the early days of the nuclear age. The Baruch Plan, for example, contained recommendations for punishing future violators of the universal non-nuclear regime. Sanctions were an implicit option in the nuclear non-proliferation regime, although the text of the Non-proliferation Treaty contained no reference to them. The safeguard system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an international organization of the United Nations, verified the NPT. Non-nuclear states who participated in the NPT negotiated inspection agreements with the IAEA to verify the peaceful use of their nuclear material. The various exportcontrol mechanisms in the nuclear and technological arena, most prominently the London Nuclear Suppliers Group guidelines, as well as the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), also contained elements of sanctions against violating states. These sanctions could cut off aid, economic assistance, military cooperation, and technology access to countries that violated nonproliferation agreements or took steps such as testing nuclear weapons and threatened security objectives. Military threat-based strategy, including coercive diplomacy and the threat of preventive strikes, could also be used, as well as breaking of diplomatic relations, cultural and sports boycotts, commercial sanctions both on imports and exports, and naval blockades. Of all these measures, the most widely used are economic sanctions. As the growing clout of the Third World countries made the UN approval extremely difficult, the US adopted the policy of unilateral imposition of sanctions. In the area of non-proliferation, imposition of US unilateral sanctions has been a practice since the 1970s. These sanctions were imposed against

Pakistaniaat a Journal of Pakistan Studies, Sep 3, 2013

The United States has long been a leader of worldwide efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear we... more The United States has long been a leader of worldwide efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations. American leaders use coercive policy measures to prevent nuclear proliferation, and additionally endorse the United Nations' policies of coercive sanctions that have been in vogue since the early days of the nuclear age. The Baruch Plan, for example, contained recommendations for punishing future violators of the universal non-nuclear regime. Sanctions were an implicit option in the nuclear non-proliferation regime, although the text of the Non-proliferation Treaty contained no reference to them. The safeguard system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an international organization of the United Nations, verified the NPT. Non-nuclear states who participated in the NPT negotiated inspection agreements with the IAEA to verify the peaceful use of their nuclear material. The various exportcontrol mechanisms in the nuclear and technological arena, most prominently the London Nuclear Suppliers Group guidelines, as well as the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), also contained elements of sanctions against violating states. These sanctions could cut off aid, economic assistance, military cooperation, and technology access to countries that violated nonproliferation agreements or took steps such as testing nuclear weapons and threatened security objectives. Military threat-based strategy, including coercive diplomacy and the threat of preventive strikes, could also be used, as well as breaking of diplomatic relations, cultural and sports boycotts, commercial sanctions both on imports and exports, and naval blockades. Of all these measures, the most widely used are economic sanctions. As the growing clout of the Third World countries made the UN approval extremely difficult, the US adopted the policy of unilateral imposition of sanctions. In the area of non-proliferation, imposition of US unilateral sanctions has been a practice since the 1970s. These sanctions were imposed against