fariba Karimzadeh | Iran University of Medical Sciences (original) (raw)

Papers by fariba Karimzadeh

Basic and clinical neuroscience, Nov 1, 2020

online shortly after its acceptance, which is prior to technical editing and formatting and autho... more online shortly after its acceptance, which is prior to technical editing and formatting and author proofing. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience provides "Just Accepted" as an optional and free service which allows authors to make their results available to the research community as soon as possible after acceptance. After a manuscript has been technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the "Just Accepted" Web site and published as a published article. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which may affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Apoptosis plays an important role in many pathological processes of the central nervous system. T... more Apoptosis plays an important role in many pathological processes of the central nervous system. The neuroprotective effect of periodic fasting (PF) in contrast to severe fasting or starvation has been suggested. However, these beneficial effects seem to depend on the type and duration of the used feeding protocol. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different PF protocols on the apoptosis in the epileptic rats. Recurrent generalized seizures were caused by repetitive injection of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) for a period of 4 weeks every other day. While control animals had free access to food and water, animals on a PF diet were on intermittent fasting for 24 hours every 48 hours for 4 weeks before (T1), after (T2), or both before and after (T3) the injection of PTZ. Histological investigations were performed after the experiments were completed. Dark neuron densities in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas were decreased in PF groups, but never in the temporal cortex. The PF-d...

Sport Sciences for Health

Bratislava Medical Journal

INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The major etiologi... more INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The major etiological mechanism lies in glutamatergic/GABAergic imbalance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) protein in mildly and severely autistic patients, and also to compare plasma GAD65 concentration in mild and severe autism. METHOD: In total, 62 autistic patients (aged 6-9 years) and 17 age-matched neurotypically healthy controls were included in the study. The diagnosis, as well as the level of autism, was assessed by applying the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Plasma GAD65 protein level was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for GAD65. RESULTS: Our fi ndings showed no remarkable alteration in plasma GAD65 concentration in patients with mild autism as compared to healthy subjects, while patients with severe autism showed an increased plasma level of GAD65 as compared to healthy controls and mildly autistic patients. CONCLUSION: Our fi ndings suggest the level of plasma GAD65 to be considered a potential diagnostic biomarker for the severity of autism (Fig. 2, Ref. 40).

Archives of Neuroscience

Background: Despite extensive research, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying migraine develo... more Background: Despite extensive research, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying migraine development and especially its progression and transformation from episodic into chronic is still unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of somatosensory cortex and hippocampal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in migraine in a rat model. Methods: This study was an intervention study. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, including sham, episodic migraine (EM), and chronic migraine (CM). The sham group received normal intraperitoneal (IP) saline injections every two days for 11 days, and the EM group received a single dose of trinitroglycerin (TNG) injection (IP; 10 mg/kg). For the CM group, TNG was administrated every two days (on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11; IP; 10 mg/kg). TRPV1 levels in plasma, somatosensory cortex, and hippocampus were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: The findings showed that in both CM ...

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, 2021

The footprint of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) / ERbB4 in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorder... more The footprint of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) / ERbB4 in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders and TRPV1 regulation has been indicated. The alterations of NRG1 and ErbB4 as well as TRPV1 signaling pathway was investigated during development of absence epilepsy in the genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Male WAG/Rij and Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups of 2 and 6 months of age. The protein level of NRG1, ERbB4 and TRPV1 were measured in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus. The cortical protein level of NRG1 and ErbB4 in the 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was lower than Wistar rats. Protein level of TRPV1 was lower in 2- and 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats. Hippocampal protein level of NRG1 in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was lower than 2-month-old WAG/Rij rats. Low level of ErbB4 protein in 2-month-old and high level in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was shown compared to Wistar rats. Protein level of TRPV1 was lower in the 2-month-ol...

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, Sep 10, 2014

Young children with history of maternal stress during pregnancy suffer from several neurological ... more Young children with history of maternal stress during pregnancy suffer from several neurological and psychological disorders in the childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the neural apoptosis in the newborns. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and stress groups. Stress was applied on the pregnant females from day 15 until delivery. Pregnant rats were acutely stressed for 45 minutes three times a day with noise and light. Five micrometer paraffin embedded sections were prepared from the brain of neonates. To visualize DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) for staining DNA fragmentation after apoptotic cell death was performed. Apoptotic cells were counted in the dentate gyrus of neonates. The mean number of apoptotic cells increased in the neonates of stress group compared to control group in the dentate gyrus (P<0.001). Our findings showed that the maternal stress during pregnancy could lead to some brain structural related diseases.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2017

Memory is a fundamental mental process and without memory we are capable of nothing, except simpl... more Memory is a fundamental mental process and without memory we are capable of nothing, except simple reflexes and stereotype behaviors. The memory deficits followed by head injury, stroke, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases are common. Learning and memory is one of the main subjects that have been studied in the field of neuroscience. Considering ethical issues, humans can rarely be used as experimental model in medical researches. Thus, different kind of experimental tests have been designed that assess learning and memory deficits in animals in order to find effective treatment strategies. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the most commonly used tests for memory and learning in rats, including open field, habituation, Y-maze, step through passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance task, the Morris water maze, active avoidance test, 8-arm radial maze, and novel object recognition test. Conclusion: Different tests have been designed to evaluate various kinds of memory (depends on function and duration). Behavioral tests in the field of learning and memory have been beneficial to improve our understanding of information processing in healthy and damaged brain as well as the physiological and psychological aspects of memory disorders. This may be helpful to design new therapies for learning and memory deficits in patients with neurological disorders.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018

Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications, 2018

1 ف هورگ ی ز ی ژولو ي ، کشزپ هدکشناد ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار . 2 قحت زکرم... more 1 ف هورگ ی ز ی ژولو ي ، کشزپ هدکشناد ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار . 2 قحت زکرم ی تاق ناتسرامیب ،افش باصعا مولع متاخ نلاا ا ،نارهت ،ءایب ی نار . 3 قحت زکرم ی تاق وجشناد یی ، حارج هورگ ی زغم کشزپ هدکشناد ،باصعا و ی ، مولع هاگشناد کشزپ ی هش ی د تشهب ی ، ا ،نارهت ی نار . 4 دم ی ر ی ت قحت روما ی تاق روانف و ي ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ،نارهت ،نارهت ی نار . 5 قحت زکرم ی تاق لولس ی لوکلوم و ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار .

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2016

Early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurologic... more Early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurological and psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress on the volume of granular cells, total number of dark neurons and also the distribution of glycol-conjugates and changes of terminal sugars in the dentate gyrus. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into stress and control groups. Stress was applied on the pregnant females from day 15 until delivery. Pregnant rats were acutely stressed for 45 minutes three times daily with noise and light. Postpartum neonates were collected and weighted. The brain of neonates was removed and inserted in the paraformaldehyde 4%. The paraffin embedded horizontal sections with 5 micron thickness were prepared serially. The volume of granular cells and the number of dark neuron in the dentate gyrus was calculated by stereological method. The distribution of glycol-conjugates also was ana...

Neurochemical Research, 2021

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures.... more Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures. The anti-epileptic and the anti-epileptogenic effect of exercise has been reported, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of combined therapy of exercise and CBZ in epileptic rats, as well as the alternation of the GABA pathway as a possible involved mechanism. The seizure was induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), CBZ (25, 50 and 75), EX + CBZ (25, 50 and 75). Treadmill forced running for 30 min has been considered as the exercise 5 days per week for four weeks. CBZ was injected in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, half an hour before seizure induction and 5 h after doing exercise in the animals forced to exercise. Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the EX + CBZ (25) and EX + CBZ (50) groups compared to the seizure group. The distribution of GAD65 in both hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX + CBZ (75) group. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of the EX + CBZ (75) group. The distribution of GAD65 in the cortical area increased in EX, EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the neocortex of EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. Our findings suggested that exercise has improved the efficacy of CBZ and reduced the anti-epileptic dose. The enhancement of GABA signaling might be involved in the synergistic effect of exercise and CBZ.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures and affects about 65-... more Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures and affects about 65-70 million people worldwide. Many pathways and molecules are altered in the epilepsy process that can be used as targets in the treatment of epilepsy. Orexin or hypocretin is a type of neurotransmitter that has a role in the epileptogenic process. Conclusion: The orexin system, by acting on the brainstem, modulates the activities of the limbic and neocortical areas, which is involved in epilepsy. In this study, the role of orexin in epilepsy and its potential mechanisms have been reviewed.d

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 2020

AMPA receptors, consisting of glutamate receptor type1 (GluR1) subunit are involved in the pathop... more AMPA receptors, consisting of glutamate receptor type1 (GluR1) subunit are involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders. In this study, the role of the GluR1 subunit in the development, as well as features of absence seizures were assessed. Both Wistar and WAG/Rij (a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy) rats with 2 and 6-month ages were included in the study. The expression of GluR1 was measured in the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, the effects of pharmacological activation and inhibition of AMPA receptors on the characteristic of absence epileptic activities were evaluated by microinjection of agonist or antagonist of AMPA receptors on the somatosensory cortex in the epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Distribution of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors in the both IV (p < 0.001) and VI (p < 0.01) layers of the somatosensory cortex in the epileptic WAG/Rij rats was higher than non-epileptic animals. In addition, the microinjection of AMPA receptors agonist on the ...

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged around the world as a pandemic. The disease... more The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged around the world as a pandemic. The disease has various symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and fever. The disease causes failure in different organs, including the respiratory, gas trointes tinal, kidney, and central nervous sys tems. The exact pathobiology of the virus is incompletely known. In this s tudy, by reviewing previous evidence and s tudies, we have reviewed the possible mechanisms and ways of contracting the central nervous sys tem. Conclusion: One way for coronavirus to enter the nervous sys tem is through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. This receptor express in different tissues and the severity of virus infection are directly related to the amount of receptor in the tissues. Viruses can enter the brain directly through neuronal and blood circulation pathways. Common symptoms of the central nervous sys tem during `SARS-CoV-2 infection include dizziness, headaches, weakness, decreased consciousness, and pares thesia. Encephalitis, demyelination, neuropathy, and s troke have been reported in association with SARS-CoV-2. Invasion of the medullary cardiorespiratory control center by SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the refractory respiratory failure observed in severe COVID-19 infected patients. The neuro-invasive and neurotrophic effects of coronaviruses might be related to the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the peripheral circulatory sys tem during the cytokine s torm, as well as the production of these cytokines by microglia and as trocytes.

Basic and clinical neuroscience, Nov 1, 2020

online shortly after its acceptance, which is prior to technical editing and formatting and autho... more online shortly after its acceptance, which is prior to technical editing and formatting and author proofing. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience provides "Just Accepted" as an optional and free service which allows authors to make their results available to the research community as soon as possible after acceptance. After a manuscript has been technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the "Just Accepted" Web site and published as a published article. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which may affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Apoptosis plays an important role in many pathological processes of the central nervous system. T... more Apoptosis plays an important role in many pathological processes of the central nervous system. The neuroprotective effect of periodic fasting (PF) in contrast to severe fasting or starvation has been suggested. However, these beneficial effects seem to depend on the type and duration of the used feeding protocol. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different PF protocols on the apoptosis in the epileptic rats. Recurrent generalized seizures were caused by repetitive injection of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) for a period of 4 weeks every other day. While control animals had free access to food and water, animals on a PF diet were on intermittent fasting for 24 hours every 48 hours for 4 weeks before (T1), after (T2), or both before and after (T3) the injection of PTZ. Histological investigations were performed after the experiments were completed. Dark neuron densities in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas were decreased in PF groups, but never in the temporal cortex. The PF-d...

Sport Sciences for Health

Bratislava Medical Journal

INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The major etiologi... more INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The major etiological mechanism lies in glutamatergic/GABAergic imbalance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) protein in mildly and severely autistic patients, and also to compare plasma GAD65 concentration in mild and severe autism. METHOD: In total, 62 autistic patients (aged 6-9 years) and 17 age-matched neurotypically healthy controls were included in the study. The diagnosis, as well as the level of autism, was assessed by applying the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Plasma GAD65 protein level was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for GAD65. RESULTS: Our fi ndings showed no remarkable alteration in plasma GAD65 concentration in patients with mild autism as compared to healthy subjects, while patients with severe autism showed an increased plasma level of GAD65 as compared to healthy controls and mildly autistic patients. CONCLUSION: Our fi ndings suggest the level of plasma GAD65 to be considered a potential diagnostic biomarker for the severity of autism (Fig. 2, Ref. 40).

Archives of Neuroscience

Background: Despite extensive research, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying migraine develo... more Background: Despite extensive research, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying migraine development and especially its progression and transformation from episodic into chronic is still unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of somatosensory cortex and hippocampal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in migraine in a rat model. Methods: This study was an intervention study. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, including sham, episodic migraine (EM), and chronic migraine (CM). The sham group received normal intraperitoneal (IP) saline injections every two days for 11 days, and the EM group received a single dose of trinitroglycerin (TNG) injection (IP; 10 mg/kg). For the CM group, TNG was administrated every two days (on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11; IP; 10 mg/kg). TRPV1 levels in plasma, somatosensory cortex, and hippocampus were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: The findings showed that in both CM ...

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, 2021

The footprint of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) / ERbB4 in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorder... more The footprint of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) / ERbB4 in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders and TRPV1 regulation has been indicated. The alterations of NRG1 and ErbB4 as well as TRPV1 signaling pathway was investigated during development of absence epilepsy in the genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Male WAG/Rij and Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups of 2 and 6 months of age. The protein level of NRG1, ERbB4 and TRPV1 were measured in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus. The cortical protein level of NRG1 and ErbB4 in the 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was lower than Wistar rats. Protein level of TRPV1 was lower in 2- and 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats. Hippocampal protein level of NRG1 in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was lower than 2-month-old WAG/Rij rats. Low level of ErbB4 protein in 2-month-old and high level in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats was shown compared to Wistar rats. Protein level of TRPV1 was lower in the 2-month-ol...

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, Sep 10, 2014

Young children with history of maternal stress during pregnancy suffer from several neurological ... more Young children with history of maternal stress during pregnancy suffer from several neurological and psychological disorders in the childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the neural apoptosis in the newborns. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and stress groups. Stress was applied on the pregnant females from day 15 until delivery. Pregnant rats were acutely stressed for 45 minutes three times a day with noise and light. Five micrometer paraffin embedded sections were prepared from the brain of neonates. To visualize DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) for staining DNA fragmentation after apoptotic cell death was performed. Apoptotic cells were counted in the dentate gyrus of neonates. The mean number of apoptotic cells increased in the neonates of stress group compared to control group in the dentate gyrus (P<0.001). Our findings showed that the maternal stress during pregnancy could lead to some brain structural related diseases.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2017

Memory is a fundamental mental process and without memory we are capable of nothing, except simpl... more Memory is a fundamental mental process and without memory we are capable of nothing, except simple reflexes and stereotype behaviors. The memory deficits followed by head injury, stroke, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases are common. Learning and memory is one of the main subjects that have been studied in the field of neuroscience. Considering ethical issues, humans can rarely be used as experimental model in medical researches. Thus, different kind of experimental tests have been designed that assess learning and memory deficits in animals in order to find effective treatment strategies. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the most commonly used tests for memory and learning in rats, including open field, habituation, Y-maze, step through passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance task, the Morris water maze, active avoidance test, 8-arm radial maze, and novel object recognition test. Conclusion: Different tests have been designed to evaluate various kinds of memory (depends on function and duration). Behavioral tests in the field of learning and memory have been beneficial to improve our understanding of information processing in healthy and damaged brain as well as the physiological and psychological aspects of memory disorders. This may be helpful to design new therapies for learning and memory deficits in patients with neurological disorders.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018

Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications, 2018

1 ف هورگ ی ز ی ژولو ي ، کشزپ هدکشناد ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار . 2 قحت زکرم... more 1 ف هورگ ی ز ی ژولو ي ، کشزپ هدکشناد ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار . 2 قحت زکرم ی تاق ناتسرامیب ،افش باصعا مولع متاخ نلاا ا ،نارهت ،ءایب ی نار . 3 قحت زکرم ی تاق وجشناد یی ، حارج هورگ ی زغم کشزپ هدکشناد ،باصعا و ی ، مولع هاگشناد کشزپ ی هش ی د تشهب ی ، ا ،نارهت ی نار . 4 دم ی ر ی ت قحت روما ی تاق روانف و ي ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ،نارهت ،نارهت ی نار . 5 قحت زکرم ی تاق لولس ی لوکلوم و ی ، هاگشناد کشزپ مولع ی ا ی ،نار ا ،نارهت ی نار .

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2016

Early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurologic... more Early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurological and psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress on the volume of granular cells, total number of dark neurons and also the distribution of glycol-conjugates and changes of terminal sugars in the dentate gyrus. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into stress and control groups. Stress was applied on the pregnant females from day 15 until delivery. Pregnant rats were acutely stressed for 45 minutes three times daily with noise and light. Postpartum neonates were collected and weighted. The brain of neonates was removed and inserted in the paraformaldehyde 4%. The paraffin embedded horizontal sections with 5 micron thickness were prepared serially. The volume of granular cells and the number of dark neuron in the dentate gyrus was calculated by stereological method. The distribution of glycol-conjugates also was ana...

Neurochemical Research, 2021

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures.... more Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures. The anti-epileptic and the anti-epileptogenic effect of exercise has been reported, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of combined therapy of exercise and CBZ in epileptic rats, as well as the alternation of the GABA pathway as a possible involved mechanism. The seizure was induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), CBZ (25, 50 and 75), EX + CBZ (25, 50 and 75). Treadmill forced running for 30 min has been considered as the exercise 5 days per week for four weeks. CBZ was injected in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, half an hour before seizure induction and 5 h after doing exercise in the animals forced to exercise. Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the EX + CBZ (25) and EX + CBZ (50) groups compared to the seizure group. The distribution of GAD65 in both hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX + CBZ (75) group. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of the EX + CBZ (75) group. The distribution of GAD65 in the cortical area increased in EX, EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the neocortex of EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. Our findings suggested that exercise has improved the efficacy of CBZ and reduced the anti-epileptic dose. The enhancement of GABA signaling might be involved in the synergistic effect of exercise and CBZ.

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures and affects about 65-... more Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures and affects about 65-70 million people worldwide. Many pathways and molecules are altered in the epilepsy process that can be used as targets in the treatment of epilepsy. Orexin or hypocretin is a type of neurotransmitter that has a role in the epileptogenic process. Conclusion: The orexin system, by acting on the brainstem, modulates the activities of the limbic and neocortical areas, which is involved in epilepsy. In this study, the role of orexin in epilepsy and its potential mechanisms have been reviewed.d

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 2021

Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 2020

AMPA receptors, consisting of glutamate receptor type1 (GluR1) subunit are involved in the pathop... more AMPA receptors, consisting of glutamate receptor type1 (GluR1) subunit are involved in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders. In this study, the role of the GluR1 subunit in the development, as well as features of absence seizures were assessed. Both Wistar and WAG/Rij (a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy) rats with 2 and 6-month ages were included in the study. The expression of GluR1 was measured in the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, the effects of pharmacological activation and inhibition of AMPA receptors on the characteristic of absence epileptic activities were evaluated by microinjection of agonist or antagonist of AMPA receptors on the somatosensory cortex in the epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Distribution of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors in the both IV (p < 0.001) and VI (p < 0.01) layers of the somatosensory cortex in the epileptic WAG/Rij rats was higher than non-epileptic animals. In addition, the microinjection of AMPA receptors agonist on the ...

The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged around the world as a pandemic. The disease... more The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged around the world as a pandemic. The disease has various symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and fever. The disease causes failure in different organs, including the respiratory, gas trointes tinal, kidney, and central nervous sys tems. The exact pathobiology of the virus is incompletely known. In this s tudy, by reviewing previous evidence and s tudies, we have reviewed the possible mechanisms and ways of contracting the central nervous sys tem. Conclusion: One way for coronavirus to enter the nervous sys tem is through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. This receptor express in different tissues and the severity of virus infection are directly related to the amount of receptor in the tissues. Viruses can enter the brain directly through neuronal and blood circulation pathways. Common symptoms of the central nervous sys tem during `SARS-CoV-2 infection include dizziness, headaches, weakness, decreased consciousness, and pares thesia. Encephalitis, demyelination, neuropathy, and s troke have been reported in association with SARS-CoV-2. Invasion of the medullary cardiorespiratory control center by SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the refractory respiratory failure observed in severe COVID-19 infected patients. The neuro-invasive and neurotrophic effects of coronaviruses might be related to the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the peripheral circulatory sys tem during the cytokine s torm, as well as the production of these cytokines by microglia and as trocytes.