Ahmed Akgunduz | Islamic University of Rotterdam (original) (raw)

Papers by Ahmed Akgunduz

Research paper thumbnail of The Ottoman Model in Jerusalem, the Common Capital of All Religions

The journal of Rotterdam Islamic and social studies, 2012

Ahmed Akgunduz[1] “As Jerusalem was a sacred town for not only the Muslims but also the Christian... more Ahmed Akgunduz[1] “As Jerusalem was a sacred town for not only the Muslims but also the Christians and the Jews, it was visited by a colossal number of visitors from all over the world during the sovereignty of the Ottomans as has the case ever been. We will explore this fact with many firmans by Ottoman Sultans. During the reigning era of the Ottomans there used to be four large quarters in Jerusalem. In the northeast thereof was located the Muslim Quarter, where were found the Town Hall, Masjid Al-Aqsa and Sahra Al-Mukaddasa (the Holy Desert). In the northwest was the Christian Quarter, where were found the Cathedral called Kamama wherein it was believed by the Christians the sepulchre of Jesus Christ was found, as well as a great number of churches and monasteries. On the other hand, outside of the city wall were erected those private buildings and offices that belonged to the Russians and the other communities, which thus formed another quarter. Yet, in the southwest of Al-Qudus was the Armenian Quarter and in the southeast the Jewish Quarter. During the period of Ottoman State, the holy places pertaining to Christians, Muslims and Jews have been explained and described according Ottoman Archives. If lesson is derived from history, there certainly exist ways out of the crisis of Jerusalem. Our proposal is to return those days of peace and tranquillity by setting forth, with some additions, from the Ottoman Model that had been successfully practiced for 450 years [1] Rector of the Rotterdam Islamic University, the Netherlands, and Chairman of the Ottoman Research Foundation.

Research paper thumbnail of The ottoman waqf administration in the 19th and early-20th centuries: Continuities and discontinuities

Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print), Mar 1, 2011

The subject matter of this paper is the organisation, classification and inspection of religious ... more The subject matter of this paper is the organisation, classification and inspection of religious foundations in the Ottoman State. First, an overview is given of some of the evkaf organisations in general, then the organisation of evkaf in the Ottoman State will be scrutinised in detail before and after the establishment of the Ministry of Foundations (a private ministry for evkaf administration) in 1242/1826. Finally, detailed information will be given about the types of foundations in the 19th century with a cursory glance at the republican period of Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Üç Devirde Bir Mabed Ayasofya

Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Kiliseden Müzeye Ayasofya Camii

Research paper thumbnail of fntellectual Discourse Volume 20 Number Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Intellectual Discourse Volume 18 Number I 2010 I ntelle ctu al D is c o ur s e Editor: Noraini M. Noor Editorial Advisory Board

Research paper thumbnail of lntellectual Discourse Volume 21 Number I 2013 Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Editor-in-Chief Editor Editorial Board Intellectual Discourse

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Intellectual Discourse Vrlume 2O Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Editor-in-Chief Editor Editorial Board Special Issue Islamic Banking and Finance

Research paper thumbnail of Osmanli Kanunnameleri Ve Hukuki Tahlilleri

İstanbul, Turkey : FEY Vakfı, 1990-1996., 1990

Research paper thumbnail of The Reasons of Rise and Decline of Ottoman State

Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077), 2010

Those people who formed the Ottoman State were not innocent and impeccable. As there were among t... more Those people who formed the Ottoman State were not innocent and impeccable. As there were among them such persons as Murad I, Murad II, Muhammad the Conqueror, Selim the Excellent, Abdulhamid II, who merit the rank of 'veliyyullah' (those who are close to Allah), there might be others who committed such sins as taking alcoholic drinks and the like. It is a fact that throughout the Ottoman history all the principles of Islam were theoretically accepted and applied. However, it is also a fact that there were some others who took a stand against such principles in practice. It is impossible to deny both. As in everything the Ottoman State had both pious deeds as well as errors. Nevertheless, it is because their good acts outnumbered their impious deeds for 600 years that the Divine Destiny granted them the favor of being the standard-bearer of Islam during such a long period of time. And when their evil deeds outweighed their good deeds, that honorable title was taken from thei...

Research paper thumbnail of Sa‘Êd Nūrsī’s Approach to the Principles of Reasoning Vis-à-vis Analogical Inductive Reasoningp; Pendirian Pemikiran Said Nūrsī berhubung Pemikran Analogis Induktif

Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077), 2011

Analogical inductive reasoning (al-qiyās al-tamthīlī) is to some scholars a controversial issue r... more Analogical inductive reasoning (al-qiyās al-tamthīlī) is to some scholars a controversial issue related to Islamic law and logic. It is argued that this kind of qiyās can only afford non-certain knowledge in Islamic law. Bedi‘uzamān Said Nūrsī (1876-1960) however, evaluated this kind of qiyās and argued that there also exists al-qiyās al-tamthīlī which affords certain knowledge. This problem may not be appreciated unless information regarding the proofs (al-’adillah wa al-Íujaj) and the ways of inference (isÏinbāt) and argumentation (istidlāl) in logic and Islamic law is discussed. For that matter stand of great scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728) and Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 751) have been shared in. They have actually gone the same way with different nuances.

Research paper thumbnail of Nakid Para Vakfı İle İlgili Çivi-zâde’nin Ebussu‘ûd’a Yazdığı Reddiye Risâlesi

Vakıflar Dergisi, 2019

Bu makale, Ebussuʻûd Efendi ve Çivi-zâde arasındaki para vakıfları hakkındaki tartışmaları incele... more Bu makale, Ebussuʻûd Efendi ve Çivi-zâde arasındaki para vakıfları hakkındaki tartışmaları incelemekle ilgilidir. Para vakıflarının arşiv kaynakları oldukça zengindir; ancak, bu konu henüz yeterince araştırılmamış olduğundan, tarihte ortaya çıkışı ve gelişmesi hakkındaki akademik yayınlar henüz tatmin edici bir şekilde sunulmamıştır. Para vakıfları Osmanlı toplumuna sui-generis idi. İslâm hukuku açısından bakıldığında, vakıf, "bir malı habs ve menfaatini tahsis" olarak tanımlanabilir; çünkü bu haktan faydalanıcılığı ve hayırseverliği temsil eden bir hedefin yararına kesintisiz olarak sunulmalı ve tüketilmemelidir. Bu tanıma göre, varlıkların faydası kesilmeden devam ederse tam vakıf olur. Menkûl malların ve hele de hemen tüketilebilen nakit paranın vakıf yapılması bu sebeple tartışmalıdır. Bundan dolayı, Ebussuʻûd Efendi, İmam Muhammed'in görüşüne göre menkûlün vakf edilmesini yorumlayarak, nakid para vakfının câiz olduğunu savunmuştur. Fakat Çivi-zâde'ye göre, vakfın konusunun para olması halinde tüketilmesi söz konusu olduğundan vakıf olması da mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple, İslâm hukukunda buna izin verilmez. Çivi-zâde, Ebussuʻûd'un görüşlerini müstakil bir Risâle'de ele almış ve Ebussuʻûd'un yorumlarını reddetmiştir. İşte makalemizin konusu bu Risâle olacaktır.

Research paper thumbnail of The Ottoman Sociopolitical Impact on the West during the European Reformation

The Muslim World, 2017

T his article will examine several historical events that contradict negative prevalent impressio... more T his article will examine several historical events that contradict negative prevalent impressions on the nature of the sociopolitical impact the Ottomans had on the European Reformation. We will explore these issues predominantly by way of archival documents that will aid us in elucidating the reasons behind the Ottoman presence in Eastern Europe and its direct impact on the continuation of the Reformation as a sociopolitical movement. This impact is divided into roughly two periods with respect to the relationships between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. The first period ranges from the capture of Istanbul (1453) until the time of Sul : tan Selim III (r. 1789-1807). This is a significant period of a direct and indirect impact in a religious and political sense in which the direction of influence was mainly from the Ottoman side toward Europe. This period is our main focus with respect to the archival documents we will present. For this reason, our discourse will elaborate on several specific historical, social, and political interpretations of this unique relationship. The second period commences with Sultan Selim III and continues until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. It is at this time that there was a change in the direction of influence, where the cultural and political impact shifts and flows from Europe to the Ottoman Empire. This article, however, will focus on the themes developed in the first part of this unique social, political, and theological interaction. The studies by Dr. H. _ Inalcik, together with other contemporary Turkish and non-Turkish historians such as Nicolae Iorga, 1 clearly present different interpretations and

Research paper thumbnail of Kur'an-İlim Münasebeti ve Doğru İlmin Hedefleri

International Bediüzzaman Symposium Papers (Türkçe …, 2010

... Gerçi kendi mihverinde intizamlı bir şekilde duruyor ama sanki sema denizinde akıp giden bir ... more ... Gerçi kendi mihverinde intizamlı bir şekilde duruyor ama sanki sema denizinde akıp giden bir altın gibi cereyan ediyor. ... şunların isimlerini bana bildirin, dedi”20 ayetiyle, “Hazret-i Âdem Aleyhisselâm'ın hilafet-i kübra davasında en büyük mucizesi, talim-i esma” olduğunu beyan ...

Research paper thumbnail of Shari'ah Courts and Shari'ah Records: The Application of Islamic Law in the Ottoman State

Islamic Law and Society, 2009

This essay addresses the Shari'ah courts and Shari'ah records within the broader framewor... more This essay addresses the Shari'ah courts and Shari'ah records within the broader framework of the application of Islamic law in the Ottoman state. We first explore historical developments before and after Tanzimat as well as a number of developments in the legal guidelines for the preservation of the Shari'ah records. A concise summary is given of the Shari'ah courts, qadis, and the judiciary, including the shaikhu islam and qadaskar. Section two reviews the Shari'ah records, with special attention to the sijil, mahdar, sakk, and hujjah deeds. This section also examines judicial decrees, including their definition, arrangement, qualities, types and models. Linked to this is a discussion of a number of interesting documents in the Shari'ah courts and the…

Research paper thumbnail of The Values and Norms of Islam

The Journal of Rotterdam Islamic and Social Sciences, 2010

Islamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It... more Islamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It was applied, through various schools of thought, from one end of the Muslim world to the other. It also had a great impact on other nations and cultures. We will focus in this article on values and norms in Islamic law. The value system of Islam is immutable and does not tolerate change over time for the simple fact that human nature does not change. The basic values and needs (which can be called maṣlaḥa) are classified hierarchically into three levels: (1) necessities (Ḍarūriyyāt), (2) convenience (Ḥājiyyāt), and (3) refinements (Kamāliyyāt=Taḥsīniyyāt). In Islamic legal theory (Uṣūl al‐fiqh) the general aim of legislation is to realize values through protecting and guaranteeing their necessities (al-Ḍarūriyyāt) as well as stressing their importance (al‐ Ḥājiyyāt) and their refinements (taḥsīniyyāt).In the second part of this article we will draw attention to Islamic norms. Islam has ...

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Islamic Law

The world today has become one large village. Muslims and non‐Muslims live side by side and have ... more The world today has become one large village. Muslims and non‐Muslims live side by side and have to learn about one another, share commonalities and respect differences. At this time more than one and a half billion Muslims live in this village. Some of them are pious ...

Research paper thumbnail of Osmanl–KanunnÆmeleri ve Hukuk—Tahlilleri. ëstanbul

Research paper thumbnail of The Ottoman Model in Jerusalem, the Common Capital of All Religions

The journal of Rotterdam Islamic and social studies, 2012

Ahmed Akgunduz[1] “As Jerusalem was a sacred town for not only the Muslims but also the Christian... more Ahmed Akgunduz[1] “As Jerusalem was a sacred town for not only the Muslims but also the Christians and the Jews, it was visited by a colossal number of visitors from all over the world during the sovereignty of the Ottomans as has the case ever been. We will explore this fact with many firmans by Ottoman Sultans. During the reigning era of the Ottomans there used to be four large quarters in Jerusalem. In the northeast thereof was located the Muslim Quarter, where were found the Town Hall, Masjid Al-Aqsa and Sahra Al-Mukaddasa (the Holy Desert). In the northwest was the Christian Quarter, where were found the Cathedral called Kamama wherein it was believed by the Christians the sepulchre of Jesus Christ was found, as well as a great number of churches and monasteries. On the other hand, outside of the city wall were erected those private buildings and offices that belonged to the Russians and the other communities, which thus formed another quarter. Yet, in the southwest of Al-Qudus was the Armenian Quarter and in the southeast the Jewish Quarter. During the period of Ottoman State, the holy places pertaining to Christians, Muslims and Jews have been explained and described according Ottoman Archives. If lesson is derived from history, there certainly exist ways out of the crisis of Jerusalem. Our proposal is to return those days of peace and tranquillity by setting forth, with some additions, from the Ottoman Model that had been successfully practiced for 450 years [1] Rector of the Rotterdam Islamic University, the Netherlands, and Chairman of the Ottoman Research Foundation.

Research paper thumbnail of The ottoman waqf administration in the 19th and early-20th centuries: Continuities and discontinuities

Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print), Mar 1, 2011

The subject matter of this paper is the organisation, classification and inspection of religious ... more The subject matter of this paper is the organisation, classification and inspection of religious foundations in the Ottoman State. First, an overview is given of some of the evkaf organisations in general, then the organisation of evkaf in the Ottoman State will be scrutinised in detail before and after the establishment of the Ministry of Foundations (a private ministry for evkaf administration) in 1242/1826. Finally, detailed information will be given about the types of foundations in the 19th century with a cursory glance at the republican period of Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Üç Devirde Bir Mabed Ayasofya

Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Kiliseden Müzeye Ayasofya Camii

Research paper thumbnail of fntellectual Discourse Volume 20 Number Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Intellectual Discourse Volume 18 Number I 2010 I ntelle ctu al D is c o ur s e Editor: Noraini M. Noor Editorial Advisory Board

Research paper thumbnail of lntellectual Discourse Volume 21 Number I 2013 Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Editor-in-Chief Editor Editorial Board Intellectual Discourse

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Intellectual Discourse Vrlume 2O Editorial Board

Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, ... more Malaysia (IIUM). It is published twice a year by the IIUM Press, IIUM, and contains reflections, articles, research notes and review articles representing the disciplines, methods and viewpoints of the Muslim world.

Research paper thumbnail of Editor-in-Chief Editor Editorial Board Special Issue Islamic Banking and Finance

Research paper thumbnail of Osmanli Kanunnameleri Ve Hukuki Tahlilleri

İstanbul, Turkey : FEY Vakfı, 1990-1996., 1990

Research paper thumbnail of The Reasons of Rise and Decline of Ottoman State

Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077), 2010

Those people who formed the Ottoman State were not innocent and impeccable. As there were among t... more Those people who formed the Ottoman State were not innocent and impeccable. As there were among them such persons as Murad I, Murad II, Muhammad the Conqueror, Selim the Excellent, Abdulhamid II, who merit the rank of 'veliyyullah' (those who are close to Allah), there might be others who committed such sins as taking alcoholic drinks and the like. It is a fact that throughout the Ottoman history all the principles of Islam were theoretically accepted and applied. However, it is also a fact that there were some others who took a stand against such principles in practice. It is impossible to deny both. As in everything the Ottoman State had both pious deeds as well as errors. Nevertheless, it is because their good acts outnumbered their impious deeds for 600 years that the Divine Destiny granted them the favor of being the standard-bearer of Islam during such a long period of time. And when their evil deeds outweighed their good deeds, that honorable title was taken from thei...

Research paper thumbnail of Sa‘Êd Nūrsī’s Approach to the Principles of Reasoning Vis-à-vis Analogical Inductive Reasoningp; Pendirian Pemikiran Said Nūrsī berhubung Pemikran Analogis Induktif

Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077), 2011

Analogical inductive reasoning (al-qiyās al-tamthīlī) is to some scholars a controversial issue r... more Analogical inductive reasoning (al-qiyās al-tamthīlī) is to some scholars a controversial issue related to Islamic law and logic. It is argued that this kind of qiyās can only afford non-certain knowledge in Islamic law. Bedi‘uzamān Said Nūrsī (1876-1960) however, evaluated this kind of qiyās and argued that there also exists al-qiyās al-tamthīlī which affords certain knowledge. This problem may not be appreciated unless information regarding the proofs (al-’adillah wa al-Íujaj) and the ways of inference (isÏinbāt) and argumentation (istidlāl) in logic and Islamic law is discussed. For that matter stand of great scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728) and Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 751) have been shared in. They have actually gone the same way with different nuances.

Research paper thumbnail of Nakid Para Vakfı İle İlgili Çivi-zâde’nin Ebussu‘ûd’a Yazdığı Reddiye Risâlesi

Vakıflar Dergisi, 2019

Bu makale, Ebussuʻûd Efendi ve Çivi-zâde arasındaki para vakıfları hakkındaki tartışmaları incele... more Bu makale, Ebussuʻûd Efendi ve Çivi-zâde arasındaki para vakıfları hakkındaki tartışmaları incelemekle ilgilidir. Para vakıflarının arşiv kaynakları oldukça zengindir; ancak, bu konu henüz yeterince araştırılmamış olduğundan, tarihte ortaya çıkışı ve gelişmesi hakkındaki akademik yayınlar henüz tatmin edici bir şekilde sunulmamıştır. Para vakıfları Osmanlı toplumuna sui-generis idi. İslâm hukuku açısından bakıldığında, vakıf, "bir malı habs ve menfaatini tahsis" olarak tanımlanabilir; çünkü bu haktan faydalanıcılığı ve hayırseverliği temsil eden bir hedefin yararına kesintisiz olarak sunulmalı ve tüketilmemelidir. Bu tanıma göre, varlıkların faydası kesilmeden devam ederse tam vakıf olur. Menkûl malların ve hele de hemen tüketilebilen nakit paranın vakıf yapılması bu sebeple tartışmalıdır. Bundan dolayı, Ebussuʻûd Efendi, İmam Muhammed'in görüşüne göre menkûlün vakf edilmesini yorumlayarak, nakid para vakfının câiz olduğunu savunmuştur. Fakat Çivi-zâde'ye göre, vakfın konusunun para olması halinde tüketilmesi söz konusu olduğundan vakıf olması da mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple, İslâm hukukunda buna izin verilmez. Çivi-zâde, Ebussuʻûd'un görüşlerini müstakil bir Risâle'de ele almış ve Ebussuʻûd'un yorumlarını reddetmiştir. İşte makalemizin konusu bu Risâle olacaktır.

Research paper thumbnail of The Ottoman Sociopolitical Impact on the West during the European Reformation

The Muslim World, 2017

T his article will examine several historical events that contradict negative prevalent impressio... more T his article will examine several historical events that contradict negative prevalent impressions on the nature of the sociopolitical impact the Ottomans had on the European Reformation. We will explore these issues predominantly by way of archival documents that will aid us in elucidating the reasons behind the Ottoman presence in Eastern Europe and its direct impact on the continuation of the Reformation as a sociopolitical movement. This impact is divided into roughly two periods with respect to the relationships between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. The first period ranges from the capture of Istanbul (1453) until the time of Sul : tan Selim III (r. 1789-1807). This is a significant period of a direct and indirect impact in a religious and political sense in which the direction of influence was mainly from the Ottoman side toward Europe. This period is our main focus with respect to the archival documents we will present. For this reason, our discourse will elaborate on several specific historical, social, and political interpretations of this unique relationship. The second period commences with Sultan Selim III and continues until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. It is at this time that there was a change in the direction of influence, where the cultural and political impact shifts and flows from Europe to the Ottoman Empire. This article, however, will focus on the themes developed in the first part of this unique social, political, and theological interaction. The studies by Dr. H. _ Inalcik, together with other contemporary Turkish and non-Turkish historians such as Nicolae Iorga, 1 clearly present different interpretations and

Research paper thumbnail of Kur'an-İlim Münasebeti ve Doğru İlmin Hedefleri

International Bediüzzaman Symposium Papers (Türkçe …, 2010

... Gerçi kendi mihverinde intizamlı bir şekilde duruyor ama sanki sema denizinde akıp giden bir ... more ... Gerçi kendi mihverinde intizamlı bir şekilde duruyor ama sanki sema denizinde akıp giden bir altın gibi cereyan ediyor. ... şunların isimlerini bana bildirin, dedi”20 ayetiyle, “Hazret-i Âdem Aleyhisselâm'ın hilafet-i kübra davasında en büyük mucizesi, talim-i esma” olduğunu beyan ...

Research paper thumbnail of Shari'ah Courts and Shari'ah Records: The Application of Islamic Law in the Ottoman State

Islamic Law and Society, 2009

This essay addresses the Shari'ah courts and Shari'ah records within the broader framewor... more This essay addresses the Shari'ah courts and Shari'ah records within the broader framework of the application of Islamic law in the Ottoman state. We first explore historical developments before and after Tanzimat as well as a number of developments in the legal guidelines for the preservation of the Shari'ah records. A concise summary is given of the Shari'ah courts, qadis, and the judiciary, including the shaikhu islam and qadaskar. Section two reviews the Shari'ah records, with special attention to the sijil, mahdar, sakk, and hujjah deeds. This section also examines judicial decrees, including their definition, arrangement, qualities, types and models. Linked to this is a discussion of a number of interesting documents in the Shari'ah courts and the…

Research paper thumbnail of The Values and Norms of Islam

The Journal of Rotterdam Islamic and Social Sciences, 2010

Islamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It... more Islamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It was applied, through various schools of thought, from one end of the Muslim world to the other. It also had a great impact on other nations and cultures. We will focus in this article on values and norms in Islamic law. The value system of Islam is immutable and does not tolerate change over time for the simple fact that human nature does not change. The basic values and needs (which can be called maṣlaḥa) are classified hierarchically into three levels: (1) necessities (Ḍarūriyyāt), (2) convenience (Ḥājiyyāt), and (3) refinements (Kamāliyyāt=Taḥsīniyyāt). In Islamic legal theory (Uṣūl al‐fiqh) the general aim of legislation is to realize values through protecting and guaranteeing their necessities (al-Ḍarūriyyāt) as well as stressing their importance (al‐ Ḥājiyyāt) and their refinements (taḥsīniyyāt).In the second part of this article we will draw attention to Islamic norms. Islam has ...

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Islamic Law

The world today has become one large village. Muslims and non‐Muslims live side by side and have ... more The world today has become one large village. Muslims and non‐Muslims live side by side and have to learn about one another, share commonalities and respect differences. At this time more than one and a half billion Muslims live in this village. Some of them are pious ...

Research paper thumbnail of Osmanl–KanunnÆmeleri ve Hukuk—Tahlilleri. ëstanbul