Alina Stachurska-Swakon | Jagiellonian University (original) (raw)

Papers by Alina Stachurska-Swakon

Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of the activities of Eurasian beaver on local plants and vegetation cover – an overview

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, Aug 31, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Zarys historii badań botanicznych i mykologicznych Babiej Góry

Studia Historiae Scientiarum, Oct 4, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Limited gene flow in adjacent valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between <i>Aconitum</i> (Ranunculaceae) species

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Dec 30, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Mitka, J., Boroń, P., Warzecha, T., Stachurska-Swakoń, A., Sutkowska, A. (2023). Limited gene flow in adjacent valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) species.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 92(1), 1-13nt valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) species. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 92(1), 1-13. , 2023

The number of polyploid plants in angiosperms is estimated at about 30-80%, depending on the stud... more The number of polyploid plants in angiosperms is estimated at about 30-80%, depending on the study, but hybridization between diploids and tetraploids is not a common phenomenon. In this study, our aim was to determine the extent of hybridization and introgression between Aconitum species in a mountainous hybrid zone in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). We hypothesized that topography would affect their populations' genetic structure. For this purpose, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, region trnL (UAG)-ndhF) sequencing were used. The results revealed that diploid and tetraploid Aconitum species had specific cpDNA haplotypes, while the spontaneous hybrid species harbored a cpDNA haplotype typical for tetraploids. Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis showed that introgression occurred between diploid and tetraploid species above the tree line, where a spontaneous hybrid, a putative triploid A. ×berdaui, originated, probably via the triploid bridge mechanism. Molecular analysis of variance, principal coordinate analysis, and neighbor-net clustering revealed different genetic profiles of the diploids between neighboring mountain valleys. Hence, mountain topography, ridges, and valleys can form an effective geographical barrier, preventing gene flow over longer distances. Introgression happens near or above the tree line, where the hybridization zone is formed. In the introgressants, however, no morphological alterations were discernible.

Research paper thumbnail of Zarys historii badań botanicznych i mykologicznych Babiej Góry. An outline of botanical and mycological research on Babia Góra Mt

Studia Historiae Scientiarum 22, 2023

The paper presents the history of botanical research on Babia Góra, one of the most valuable wild... more The paper presents the history of botanical research on Babia Góra, one of the most valuable wilderness areas in Poland. The first published information about the local plants can be found in the writings by Jan Długosz (15 th century), as well as in studies by Marcin from Urzędów (16th century) and Syreniusz (17th century). In the nineteenth century, especially in its second half, studies providing data of scientific value on the local vascular plants, spore plants, and fungi (including lichens) have been published. Among the famous people, exploring the nature of Babia Góra at that time, were Stanisław Staszic, Feliks Berdau, Wilibald Besser, Pál Kitaibel, Eugeniusz Janota, Antoni Rehman, Josef August Schultes, Albrecht von Sydow, and others. However, it is Hugo Zapałowicz, who is considered to be a discoverer of Babia Góra for science. In 1880, he published the first extensive monograph devoted to the vegetation of Babia Góra. With the establishment of a nature reserves there in the 1920s, and the natural park (in the second half of the 20 th century), the research on flora of this mountain massif became extensive and systematic.

Research paper thumbnail of Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region

Science of The Total Environment

Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By e... more Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei&amp;#39;s gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei&amp;#39;s genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter - Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.

Research paper thumbnail of Gatunki chronione, zagrozone i rzadkie we florze zachodniej czesci Pojezierza Inskiego

Research paper thumbnail of Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region

The Science of the Total Environment, 2023

Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By e... more Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei's gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei's genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter - Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.

Research paper thumbnail of Divergent roles of herbivory in eutrophying forests

Research Square (Research Square), Jun 23, 2022

Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant co... more Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophicate forests, threatening many rare, often more nutrient-efficient, plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here, we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites across 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Increases in herbivory were associated with elevated temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended on N levels. Under low levels of N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species while reducing the proportion of non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exacerbating N effects by increasing light levels in the understorey. Eutrophication levels may therefore determine whether herbivory acts as a catalyst for the "N time bomb" or as a conservation tool in temperate forests. Temperate forests represent globally important ecosystems both as habitats supporting a unique set of species and providing essential ecosystem services 1-4. These ecosystems are threatened, however, by unprecedented forest dieback and loss of species diversity 5-7. It is critical, therefore, to understand the processes that are beneficial or detrimental to forest functioning 8. Herbivory by ungulates is an important driver of ecological change in forests and populations are broadly increasing across Europe. Yet their conservation role remains highly contended 9-17. Effects of herbivory are often varied and highly contextdependent 10 , with studies rarely exploring interactions with other global change drivers. Herbivory and eutrophication have been shown to strongly interact and drive vegetation dynamics in grassland and tundra systems by mitigating light limitations and releasing low-stature, often threatened, species from competition 18,19. However, this interaction is poorly understood in forests where nitrogen (N) deposition often continues to exceed critical loads 20-22. Examining how herbivory

Research paper thumbnail of Reduced plant fitness by pre-dispersal seed predation in the threatened plant species Cirsium decussatum

Seed Science Research, 2018

Seed predation has been suggested to play a crucial role in plant population dynamics and could a... more Seed predation has been suggested to play a crucial role in plant population dynamics and could act as a strong selective force in the evolution of plant traits such as plant phenology, size and number of flowers. The loss of seeds could be particularly threatening for population maintenance of rare plant species. We investigated the influence of seed predators on plant fitness of the rare monocarpic thistle Cirsium decussatum. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) pre-dispersal seed predators reduce the number of dispersed propagules; (2) seed predators select larger inflorescences as oviposition sites; (3) the size of the capitulum is correlated with seed productivity; and (4) seed predators compete for the oviposition sites. We identified ten insect taxa from different taxonomic groups in the capitula of C. decussatum. Terellia longicauda larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) were the most common. The presence of the flies’ larvae was positively correlated with the predation level in the capitula. Females of T. longicauda selected larger inflorescences for laying eggs that may increase offspring fitness as larger inflorescences promise more food resources. We could not prove the presence of competition between insect species inhabiting the capitula. Our data suggest, however, that T. longicauda, a specialized seminophagous dipteran, is one of the factors that negatively influence the fitness of threatened C. decussatum, lowering significantly the seed pool. Terellia longicauda potentially acts as a strong selective force in the evolution of C. decussatum inflorescence size.

Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of the activities of Eurasian beaver on local plants and vegetation cover – an overview.

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 2023

The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as... more The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as an "ecosystem engineer". Currently, the beaver population in Eurasia is estimated at more than 1.4 million individuals due to successful reintroductions in many countries. The recognition of its impact on ecosystems is increasing every year, therefore this article summarizes the current knowledge of how the Eurasian beaver affects the local flora and vegetation in the area where it settles. Beavers initiate a transformation of their closest surroundings with the dams and ponds they create by forming wetlands, and the newly developed vegetation is richer in plant species than previously. Beaver activities lead to a decrease in local woody plant resources and an increase in the species diversity of herbaceous plants. Beavers also cause damage to agricultural crops when they feed on cultivated plants. Observed changes can vary over time and landscape scales due to local conditions and persistence of beaver occurrence. Understanding how beavers affect plants and vegetation may be helpful not only in the protection of the species itself, but also in better management of the areas where they occur.

Research paper thumbnail of Subalpine woody vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians after release from agropastoral pressure

Scientific Reports, Oct 25, 2022

The subalpine vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians has been under agropastoral influence as a hi... more The subalpine vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians has been under agropastoral influence as a high-mountain open pasture for about five centuries. Today, the subalpine zone released by human intervention is growing as thickets. In this study, we use a numerical model of tree crowns (CHM, Canopy Height Model) based on laser scanning (LiDAR) and a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) to delineate the subalpine thicket distribution. Anselin 'Local Moran's I' statistic was used to find hot and cold spots in vegetation cover. We used a logistic generalized linear model (GLM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to set for the historical, climatic and terrain conditions candidates as the predictors of the present-day distribution of vegetation hot spots. We use variance partitioning to assess the interaction of climate and terrain variables. The resulting model suggests key environmental controls that underlie the vegetation pattern. Namely, snow in terrain depressions protects woody vegetation against abrasion and winter drought and increased insolation reduces the site humidity in the summer on S-E exposure hampering re-vegetation. In addition, the increasing distance from the treeline declines the rate of secondary succession. In all, the spatial model predicts the 35% coverage by thickets as a theoretical maximum of available climatic-terrain niches. The results suggest that the growth of the subalpine thicket, in the face of growing global temperature, may be restricted due to the limited number of niches available.

Research paper thumbnail of Zmiany we florze upraw zbożowych w latach 1950–2010 badania na terenie i w otulinie Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego

Prądnik. Prace Muz. Szafera, 2010

In the Ojców National Park and its surroundings, the investigations of segetal weed dynamics have... more In the Ojców National Park and its surroundings, the investigations of segetal weed dynamics have been conducted since the 1940s up to the present time. The article discusses the dynamics of the growing in cereal crops Vicietum tetraspermae vetch association, and makes an attempt to determine the reasons for changes occurring in this association of segetal weeds. The changes concern impoverishment of flora and homogenization of species composition in patches of communities. Among mainly disappearing species are those typical of communities as well as some biotopic groups of species. Few grass species are spreading. The occurrence of observed phenomena can be attributed to technological progress and social-economical transformations.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) on the Germination and the Growth of Selected Vegetable and Cereal Seeds

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2019

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is grown in the gardens for its attractive look and multilatera... more Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is grown in the gardens for its attractive look and multilateral use in the kitchen and medicine. The grown plant spreads very easily producing stolons and could effectively compete with other plant species. For the purpose of this study, the effect of aqueous extracts from dry peppermint leaves was examined on the germination, growth, fresh and dry weight, and electrolytes leakage of 10 species commonly grown in different regions of the world: Beta vulgaris L.,

Research paper thumbnail of The Influence of Aqueous Extracts from Stellaria media L. on the Growth of Zea mays L. Cultivars

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2019

Plants introduce chemicals into the environment that can be toxic, both for themselves and for ot... more Plants introduce chemicals into the environment that can be toxic, both for themselves and for other species. Weed infestation of crops is a competition for environmental resources, but at the same time is a source of chemical substances released into the soil, often reducing yield potential. The paper attempts to investigate the allelopathic interaction of aquatic extracts from dry shoots of chickweed Stellaria media L. on germination and development of maize Zea mays L. seedlings of 'San', 'Kidemos' and 'DKC 3441' cultivars. Along with the increase in the concentration of allelopathic substances, a decrease in the germination activity of all tested maize cultivars was observed. Germination percentage as like percentage of control was the highest for seeds germinating on substrates with 1% chickweed extracts and the lowest for seeds watered with 5% extracts. Biometric measurements of seedlings showed that the most sensitive cultivar of maize was 'DKC 3441', and the resistant cultivar 'San'. The relative water content was the highest for seedlings grown on the 5% extracts. Significant differences in the amount of fresh and dry masses of maize seedlings were demonstrated at the highest concentrations of extracts compared to the control. A significant increase in electrolyte leakage compared to the control sample was found in the 'Kidemos' cultivar. The lowest differences in the destabilization of the ionic transport through cell membranes for the 'DKC 3441' cultivar were demonstrated.

Research paper thumbnail of Allelopathic influence of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench on germination process.

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2020

The allelopathic potential of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench, originated from two na... more The allelopathic potential of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench, originated from two natural habitats: calcareous grasslands and humid meadows, was investigated using radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers.) as a model plant. Suppression influence of aqueous extracts at concentrations: 1%, 5%, 10%, obtained separately from under and aboveground parts of the species, was studied testing germination capacity, biomass and biometry of seedling, and electrolyte leakage. Additionally, two cultivars of the radish were used to test the sensitivity of frequently used plant in the laboratory tests. This study revealed the inhibiting effect of high concentration aqueous extracts from F. vulgaris organs on the germination of radish. It was significant for seed vigour index, speed emergence, germination stress tolerance index, and mean germination time. However, the stimulating effect of 1% of aqueous extracts from dropwort roots and shoots on the germination indexes was documented. Similarly, low concentration extracts had a positive effect on seedling elongation which was visible in biometric analyses and inhibition percentage index but it was not so obvious in the biomass analyses. In general, the aboveground extracts from dropwort grown on calcareous grassland demonstrated higher allelopathic potential than extracts from underground parts and meadow habitat.

Research paper thumbnail of Historia bobra europejskiego w Polsce i obecny stan populacji

Wszechświat, 2021

The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the few large mammals occurring in Po... more The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the few large mammals occurring in Poland. Over the centuries number of beavers have dropped as a result of hunting, availability of habitats and changes in the protection status. The decision to reintroduce the species in 1974 was crucial for restoration of the threatened Polish population. Currently, beaver is a commonly distributed species in the area of Poland. What is more, species population is estimated at around 127,000 individuals. This article summarizes the information on the history of species protection and fluctuations in its numbers.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence of Potamogeton berchtoldii in the Bieszczady Mts., Eastern Carpathians.

Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, 2021

Potamogeton berchtoldii is one of the Potamogeton species with a poorly understood distribution i... more Potamogeton berchtoldii is one of the Potamogeton species with a poorly understood distribution in Poland. e new locality of the species was found in the Bieszczady National Park (BdPN). e species was present in the habitat created by the Eurasian beaver on the Syhłowaciec stream (ATPOL square GG7010, 49˚03'45,24" N, 22˚41'40,467" E). e disappearance of the beaver pond is a potential threat for this locality.

Research paper thumbnail of Supplement to the vascular flora of the Cieżkowice Foothills (Western Carpathians)

Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica, 2015

The paper contains a list of the 189 vascular plants species of the Ciężkowice Foothills (Western... more The paper contains a list of the 189 vascular plants species of the Ciężkowice Foothills (Western Carpathians). 8 species are new for the region and 181 has new localities. The list brought new information according to rare species for that part of the Carpathians Foothills.

Research paper thumbnail of Weed communities of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) cultivation

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis, May 18, 2022

Jerusalem artichoke could be used as a source of renewable energy in the meaning of biomass combu... more Jerusalem artichoke could be used as a source of renewable energy in the meaning of biomass combustion or liquid fuels production. The presented study concerned on the impact of JA plantation for biomass combustion on plant diversity. The spontaneous vegetation of JA crops studied on the basis of phytosociological methods consisted of varied groups of species that contain weeds (32%), meadow (29%), and ruderal (13%) species. Most of the species occurred sporadically (55%) with low frequency. Most of the plants accompanying JA cultivation were perennial, mainly hemicryptophytes (51%) with a smaller number of geophytes (17%). Therophytes constituted 25% of spontaneous flora of JA crops. It can be proposed the group of generalist energy crop weeds with Convolvulus arvensis, Elymus repens, Equisetum arvense, Ranunculus repens, and Rumex obtusifolius.

Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of the activities of Eurasian beaver on local plants and vegetation cover – an overview

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, Aug 31, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Zarys historii badań botanicznych i mykologicznych Babiej Góry

Studia Historiae Scientiarum, Oct 4, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Limited gene flow in adjacent valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between <i>Aconitum</i> (Ranunculaceae) species

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Dec 30, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Mitka, J., Boroń, P., Warzecha, T., Stachurska-Swakoń, A., Sutkowska, A. (2023). Limited gene flow in adjacent valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) species.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 92(1), 1-13nt valleys and genetic introgression in a mountain hybrid zone between Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) species. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 92(1), 1-13. , 2023

The number of polyploid plants in angiosperms is estimated at about 30-80%, depending on the stud... more The number of polyploid plants in angiosperms is estimated at about 30-80%, depending on the study, but hybridization between diploids and tetraploids is not a common phenomenon. In this study, our aim was to determine the extent of hybridization and introgression between Aconitum species in a mountainous hybrid zone in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). We hypothesized that topography would affect their populations' genetic structure. For this purpose, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, region trnL (UAG)-ndhF) sequencing were used. The results revealed that diploid and tetraploid Aconitum species had specific cpDNA haplotypes, while the spontaneous hybrid species harbored a cpDNA haplotype typical for tetraploids. Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis showed that introgression occurred between diploid and tetraploid species above the tree line, where a spontaneous hybrid, a putative triploid A. ×berdaui, originated, probably via the triploid bridge mechanism. Molecular analysis of variance, principal coordinate analysis, and neighbor-net clustering revealed different genetic profiles of the diploids between neighboring mountain valleys. Hence, mountain topography, ridges, and valleys can form an effective geographical barrier, preventing gene flow over longer distances. Introgression happens near or above the tree line, where the hybridization zone is formed. In the introgressants, however, no morphological alterations were discernible.

Research paper thumbnail of Zarys historii badań botanicznych i mykologicznych Babiej Góry. An outline of botanical and mycological research on Babia Góra Mt

Studia Historiae Scientiarum 22, 2023

The paper presents the history of botanical research on Babia Góra, one of the most valuable wild... more The paper presents the history of botanical research on Babia Góra, one of the most valuable wilderness areas in Poland. The first published information about the local plants can be found in the writings by Jan Długosz (15 th century), as well as in studies by Marcin from Urzędów (16th century) and Syreniusz (17th century). In the nineteenth century, especially in its second half, studies providing data of scientific value on the local vascular plants, spore plants, and fungi (including lichens) have been published. Among the famous people, exploring the nature of Babia Góra at that time, were Stanisław Staszic, Feliks Berdau, Wilibald Besser, Pál Kitaibel, Eugeniusz Janota, Antoni Rehman, Josef August Schultes, Albrecht von Sydow, and others. However, it is Hugo Zapałowicz, who is considered to be a discoverer of Babia Góra for science. In 1880, he published the first extensive monograph devoted to the vegetation of Babia Góra. With the establishment of a nature reserves there in the 1920s, and the natural park (in the second half of the 20 th century), the research on flora of this mountain massif became extensive and systematic.

Research paper thumbnail of Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region

Science of The Total Environment

Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By e... more Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei&amp;#39;s gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei&amp;#39;s genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter - Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.

Research paper thumbnail of Gatunki chronione, zagrozone i rzadkie we florze zachodniej czesci Pojezierza Inskiego

Research paper thumbnail of Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region

The Science of the Total Environment, 2023

Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By e... more Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei's gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei's genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter - Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.

Research paper thumbnail of Divergent roles of herbivory in eutrophying forests

Research Square (Research Square), Jun 23, 2022

Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant co... more Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophicate forests, threatening many rare, often more nutrient-efficient, plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here, we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites across 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Increases in herbivory were associated with elevated temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended on N levels. Under low levels of N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species while reducing the proportion of non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exacerbating N effects by increasing light levels in the understorey. Eutrophication levels may therefore determine whether herbivory acts as a catalyst for the "N time bomb" or as a conservation tool in temperate forests. Temperate forests represent globally important ecosystems both as habitats supporting a unique set of species and providing essential ecosystem services 1-4. These ecosystems are threatened, however, by unprecedented forest dieback and loss of species diversity 5-7. It is critical, therefore, to understand the processes that are beneficial or detrimental to forest functioning 8. Herbivory by ungulates is an important driver of ecological change in forests and populations are broadly increasing across Europe. Yet their conservation role remains highly contended 9-17. Effects of herbivory are often varied and highly contextdependent 10 , with studies rarely exploring interactions with other global change drivers. Herbivory and eutrophication have been shown to strongly interact and drive vegetation dynamics in grassland and tundra systems by mitigating light limitations and releasing low-stature, often threatened, species from competition 18,19. However, this interaction is poorly understood in forests where nitrogen (N) deposition often continues to exceed critical loads 20-22. Examining how herbivory

Research paper thumbnail of Reduced plant fitness by pre-dispersal seed predation in the threatened plant species Cirsium decussatum

Seed Science Research, 2018

Seed predation has been suggested to play a crucial role in plant population dynamics and could a... more Seed predation has been suggested to play a crucial role in plant population dynamics and could act as a strong selective force in the evolution of plant traits such as plant phenology, size and number of flowers. The loss of seeds could be particularly threatening for population maintenance of rare plant species. We investigated the influence of seed predators on plant fitness of the rare monocarpic thistle Cirsium decussatum. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) pre-dispersal seed predators reduce the number of dispersed propagules; (2) seed predators select larger inflorescences as oviposition sites; (3) the size of the capitulum is correlated with seed productivity; and (4) seed predators compete for the oviposition sites. We identified ten insect taxa from different taxonomic groups in the capitula of C. decussatum. Terellia longicauda larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) were the most common. The presence of the flies’ larvae was positively correlated with the predation level in the capitula. Females of T. longicauda selected larger inflorescences for laying eggs that may increase offspring fitness as larger inflorescences promise more food resources. We could not prove the presence of competition between insect species inhabiting the capitula. Our data suggest, however, that T. longicauda, a specialized seminophagous dipteran, is one of the factors that negatively influence the fitness of threatened C. decussatum, lowering significantly the seed pool. Terellia longicauda potentially acts as a strong selective force in the evolution of C. decussatum inflorescence size.

Research paper thumbnail of Consequences of the activities of Eurasian beaver on local plants and vegetation cover – an overview.

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 2023

The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as... more The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as an "ecosystem engineer". Currently, the beaver population in Eurasia is estimated at more than 1.4 million individuals due to successful reintroductions in many countries. The recognition of its impact on ecosystems is increasing every year, therefore this article summarizes the current knowledge of how the Eurasian beaver affects the local flora and vegetation in the area where it settles. Beavers initiate a transformation of their closest surroundings with the dams and ponds they create by forming wetlands, and the newly developed vegetation is richer in plant species than previously. Beaver activities lead to a decrease in local woody plant resources and an increase in the species diversity of herbaceous plants. Beavers also cause damage to agricultural crops when they feed on cultivated plants. Observed changes can vary over time and landscape scales due to local conditions and persistence of beaver occurrence. Understanding how beavers affect plants and vegetation may be helpful not only in the protection of the species itself, but also in better management of the areas where they occur.

Research paper thumbnail of Subalpine woody vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians after release from agropastoral pressure

Scientific Reports, Oct 25, 2022

The subalpine vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians has been under agropastoral influence as a hi... more The subalpine vegetation in the Eastern Carpathians has been under agropastoral influence as a high-mountain open pasture for about five centuries. Today, the subalpine zone released by human intervention is growing as thickets. In this study, we use a numerical model of tree crowns (CHM, Canopy Height Model) based on laser scanning (LiDAR) and a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) to delineate the subalpine thicket distribution. Anselin 'Local Moran's I' statistic was used to find hot and cold spots in vegetation cover. We used a logistic generalized linear model (GLM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to set for the historical, climatic and terrain conditions candidates as the predictors of the present-day distribution of vegetation hot spots. We use variance partitioning to assess the interaction of climate and terrain variables. The resulting model suggests key environmental controls that underlie the vegetation pattern. Namely, snow in terrain depressions protects woody vegetation against abrasion and winter drought and increased insolation reduces the site humidity in the summer on S-E exposure hampering re-vegetation. In addition, the increasing distance from the treeline declines the rate of secondary succession. In all, the spatial model predicts the 35% coverage by thickets as a theoretical maximum of available climatic-terrain niches. The results suggest that the growth of the subalpine thicket, in the face of growing global temperature, may be restricted due to the limited number of niches available.

Research paper thumbnail of Zmiany we florze upraw zbożowych w latach 1950–2010 badania na terenie i w otulinie Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego

Prądnik. Prace Muz. Szafera, 2010

In the Ojców National Park and its surroundings, the investigations of segetal weed dynamics have... more In the Ojców National Park and its surroundings, the investigations of segetal weed dynamics have been conducted since the 1940s up to the present time. The article discusses the dynamics of the growing in cereal crops Vicietum tetraspermae vetch association, and makes an attempt to determine the reasons for changes occurring in this association of segetal weeds. The changes concern impoverishment of flora and homogenization of species composition in patches of communities. Among mainly disappearing species are those typical of communities as well as some biotopic groups of species. Few grass species are spreading. The occurrence of observed phenomena can be attributed to technological progress and social-economical transformations.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) on the Germination and the Growth of Selected Vegetable and Cereal Seeds

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2019

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is grown in the gardens for its attractive look and multilatera... more Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is grown in the gardens for its attractive look and multilateral use in the kitchen and medicine. The grown plant spreads very easily producing stolons and could effectively compete with other plant species. For the purpose of this study, the effect of aqueous extracts from dry peppermint leaves was examined on the germination, growth, fresh and dry weight, and electrolytes leakage of 10 species commonly grown in different regions of the world: Beta vulgaris L.,

Research paper thumbnail of The Influence of Aqueous Extracts from Stellaria media L. on the Growth of Zea mays L. Cultivars

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2019

Plants introduce chemicals into the environment that can be toxic, both for themselves and for ot... more Plants introduce chemicals into the environment that can be toxic, both for themselves and for other species. Weed infestation of crops is a competition for environmental resources, but at the same time is a source of chemical substances released into the soil, often reducing yield potential. The paper attempts to investigate the allelopathic interaction of aquatic extracts from dry shoots of chickweed Stellaria media L. on germination and development of maize Zea mays L. seedlings of 'San', 'Kidemos' and 'DKC 3441' cultivars. Along with the increase in the concentration of allelopathic substances, a decrease in the germination activity of all tested maize cultivars was observed. Germination percentage as like percentage of control was the highest for seeds germinating on substrates with 1% chickweed extracts and the lowest for seeds watered with 5% extracts. Biometric measurements of seedlings showed that the most sensitive cultivar of maize was 'DKC 3441', and the resistant cultivar 'San'. The relative water content was the highest for seedlings grown on the 5% extracts. Significant differences in the amount of fresh and dry masses of maize seedlings were demonstrated at the highest concentrations of extracts compared to the control. A significant increase in electrolyte leakage compared to the control sample was found in the 'Kidemos' cultivar. The lowest differences in the destabilization of the ionic transport through cell membranes for the 'DKC 3441' cultivar were demonstrated.

Research paper thumbnail of Allelopathic influence of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench on germination process.

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2020

The allelopathic potential of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench, originated from two na... more The allelopathic potential of medicinal plant Filipendula vulgaris Moench, originated from two natural habitats: calcareous grasslands and humid meadows, was investigated using radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers.) as a model plant. Suppression influence of aqueous extracts at concentrations: 1%, 5%, 10%, obtained separately from under and aboveground parts of the species, was studied testing germination capacity, biomass and biometry of seedling, and electrolyte leakage. Additionally, two cultivars of the radish were used to test the sensitivity of frequently used plant in the laboratory tests. This study revealed the inhibiting effect of high concentration aqueous extracts from F. vulgaris organs on the germination of radish. It was significant for seed vigour index, speed emergence, germination stress tolerance index, and mean germination time. However, the stimulating effect of 1% of aqueous extracts from dropwort roots and shoots on the germination indexes was documented. Similarly, low concentration extracts had a positive effect on seedling elongation which was visible in biometric analyses and inhibition percentage index but it was not so obvious in the biomass analyses. In general, the aboveground extracts from dropwort grown on calcareous grassland demonstrated higher allelopathic potential than extracts from underground parts and meadow habitat.

Research paper thumbnail of Historia bobra europejskiego w Polsce i obecny stan populacji

Wszechświat, 2021

The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the few large mammals occurring in Po... more The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the few large mammals occurring in Poland. Over the centuries number of beavers have dropped as a result of hunting, availability of habitats and changes in the protection status. The decision to reintroduce the species in 1974 was crucial for restoration of the threatened Polish population. Currently, beaver is a commonly distributed species in the area of Poland. What is more, species population is estimated at around 127,000 individuals. This article summarizes the information on the history of species protection and fluctuations in its numbers.

Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence of Potamogeton berchtoldii in the Bieszczady Mts., Eastern Carpathians.

Roczniki Bieszczadzkie, 2021

Potamogeton berchtoldii is one of the Potamogeton species with a poorly understood distribution i... more Potamogeton berchtoldii is one of the Potamogeton species with a poorly understood distribution in Poland. e new locality of the species was found in the Bieszczady National Park (BdPN). e species was present in the habitat created by the Eurasian beaver on the Syhłowaciec stream (ATPOL square GG7010, 49˚03'45,24" N, 22˚41'40,467" E). e disappearance of the beaver pond is a potential threat for this locality.

Research paper thumbnail of Supplement to the vascular flora of the Cieżkowice Foothills (Western Carpathians)

Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica, 2015

The paper contains a list of the 189 vascular plants species of the Ciężkowice Foothills (Western... more The paper contains a list of the 189 vascular plants species of the Ciężkowice Foothills (Western Carpathians). 8 species are new for the region and 181 has new localities. The list brought new information according to rare species for that part of the Carpathians Foothills.

Research paper thumbnail of Weed communities of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) cultivation

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis, May 18, 2022

Jerusalem artichoke could be used as a source of renewable energy in the meaning of biomass combu... more Jerusalem artichoke could be used as a source of renewable energy in the meaning of biomass combustion or liquid fuels production. The presented study concerned on the impact of JA plantation for biomass combustion on plant diversity. The spontaneous vegetation of JA crops studied on the basis of phytosociological methods consisted of varied groups of species that contain weeds (32%), meadow (29%), and ruderal (13%) species. Most of the species occurred sporadically (55%) with low frequency. Most of the plants accompanying JA cultivation were perennial, mainly hemicryptophytes (51%) with a smaller number of geophytes (17%). Therophytes constituted 25% of spontaneous flora of JA crops. It can be proposed the group of generalist energy crop weeds with Convolvulus arvensis, Elymus repens, Equisetum arvense, Ranunculus repens, and Rumex obtusifolius.