Adolf Hitler (original) (raw)

Hitler’s Early Years
World War I
Hitler Was No Superman
Hitler Starts to Lead
Rise of the Nazi Party
Hitler As German Fuhrer
World War II
Allied Victory
Hitler’s Death

Early Years

Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, the son of a fifty-two-year-old Austrian customs official, Alois Schickelgruber Hitler, and his third wife, a young peasant girl, Klara Poelzl, both from the backwoods of lower Austria. The young Hitler was a resentful, discontented child. Moody, lazy, of unstable temperament, he was deeply hostile towards his strict, authoritarian father and strongly attached to his indulgent, hard-working mother, whose death from cancer in December 1908 was a shattering blow to the adolescent Hitler.

Hitler as a baby

After spending four years in the Realschule in Linz, he left school at the age of sixteen with dreams of becoming a painter. In October 1907, the provincial, middle-class boy left home for Vienna, where he was to remain until 1913, leading a bohemian, vagabond existence. Embittered at his rejection by the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, he was to spend “five years of misery and woe” in Vienna, as he later recalled, adopting a view of life that changed very little in the ensuing years, shaped as it was by a pathological hatred of Jews and Marxists, liberalism and the cosmopolitan Habsburg monarchy.

Existing from hand to mouth on occasional odd jobs and the hawking of sketches in low taverns, the young Hitler compensated for the frustrations of a lonely bachelor’s life in miserable male hostels by political harangues in cheap cafes to anyone who would listen and indulging in grandiose dreams of a Greater Germany.

In Vienna, he acquired his first education in politics by studying the demagogic techniques of the popular Christian-social Mayor, Karl Lueger, and picked up the stereotyped, obsessive anti-Semitism with its brutal, violent sexual connotations and concern with the “purity of blood” that remained with him to the end of his career.

From crackpot racial theorists like the defrocked monk, Lanz von Liebenfels, and the Austrian Pan-German leader, Georg von Schoenerer, the young Hitler learned to discern in the “Eternal Jew” the symbol and cause of all chaos, corruption, and destruction in culture, politics and the economy. The press, prostitution, syphilis, capitalism, Marxism, democracy, and pacifism – all were so many means that “the Jew” exploited in his conspiracy to undermine the German nation and the purity of the creative Aryan race.

World War I

Hitler during World War 1 (c.1915)

In May 1913, Hitler left Vienna for Munich, and, when war broke out in August 1914, he joined the Sixteenth Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving as a dispatch runner. Hitler proved an able, courageous soldier, receiving the Iron Cross (First Class) for bravery, but did not rise above the rank of Lance Corporal. Twice wounded, he was badly gassed four weeks before the end of the war and spent three months recuperating in a hospital in Pomerania. Temporarily blinded and driven to impotent rage by the abortive November 1918 revolution in Germany as well as the military defeat, Hitler, once restored, was convinced that fate had chosen him to rescue a humiliated nation from the shackles of the Versailles Treaty, from Bolsheviks and Jews.

Assigned by the Reichswehr in the summer of 1919 to “educational” duties, which consisted largely of spying on political parties in the overheated atmosphere of post-revolutionary Munich, Hitler was sent to investigate a small nationalistic group of idealists, the German Workers’ Party. On September 16. 1919, he entered the Party (which had approximately forty members), soon changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), and imposed himself as its Chairman by July 1921.

Hitler Was No Superman

Hitler promoted the idea of the Übermensch, a biologically superior Aryan or Germanic master race of strong, tall, blond-haired, blue-eyed Aryan supermen. The Nazis sought to breed such men through the “Lebensborn” program. Ironically, the only “super” characteristic he shared was blue eyes. Hitler was a 5’ 9", skinny, 155-pound (no one knows because he refused to undress for medical examinations), brown-haired Austrian.

Hitler was a vegetarian who did not smoke or drink. Dr. Ernst Gunther Schenck, who studied Hitler’s medical record, said, “’Hitler`s initial complaints were the colitis that had bothered him for years, a mild kidney condition and a problem with a leg injury suffered during World War I. Morell helped him with all three problems. From the date they met in 1937 until April 1945, Hitler had absolute confidence in Morell.”

Besides resisting a complete physical, Hitler refused to be X-rayed. “Many of his symptoms were psychosomatic,” Schenck added. “Almost daily, he complained to Morell about numerous pains. He demanded injections of invigorating and tranquilizing drugs, complained of headaches, stomach aches, constipation and diarrhea, constant colds, insomnia and many other discomforts. He described every pain very carefully and he complained bitterly.”

He was given hundreds of injections he believed would restore his energy and believed he would feel better if he could execute the generals that betrayed him, “But in truth, he probably had an irritable bowel syndrome, and the stress aggravated it beyond his endurance.”

Schenck said Hitler was prescribed 92 different medications, some of which had not been scientifically tested. Morell owned companies that manufactured 20 of the drugs. “Hitler used many drugs, but he never became addicted to any one, including morphine, which was administered to him 25 times during 1943-44, for his stomach cramps. But he was psychologically dependent upon the idea of drugs as magic.”

Before he died, Hitler was seen shaking, which may have been a result of Parkinson’s disease or withdrawal from drugs.

In addition, according to historians Jonathan Mayo and Emma Craigie, “Hitler himself is believed to have had two forms of genital abnormality: an undescended testicle and a rare condition called penile hypospadias in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis.”

Another historian, Ian Kershaw, said Hitler avoided sexual activity because he feared catching an infection. Others, however, have said he had a healthy sex life and was involved with several women, most notably his mistress Eva Braun and contrary to some reports, he never contracted syphilis.

Schenck also had an answer to the question of whether Hitler was insane. He compared him to other mass murderers in history – Stalin, Franco, Mussolini, Idi Amin, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, and Napoleon – whose behavior he said “cannot be explained medically or psychologically.” He concluded, “’Hitler was not insane. He had a political obsession that led him to attempt insane things. The German people followed him because, like Hitler, they believed that they were surrounded by dangerous enemies.”

Hitler Becomes a Leader

Hitler discovered a powerful talent for oratory as well as giving the new Party its symbol — the swastika — and its greeting, “Heil!.” His hoarse, grating voice, for all the bombastic, humorless, histrionic content of his speeches, dominated audiences by dint of his tone of impassioned conviction and gift for self-dramatization. By November 1921, Hitler was recognized as the Fuhrer of a movement that had 3,000 members and boosted his personal power by organizing strong-arm squads to keep order at his meetings and break up those of his opponents. Out of these squads grew the stormtroopers (SA), organized by Captain Ernst Röhm and Hitler’s black-shirted personal bodyguard, the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Hitler focused his propaganda against the Versailles Treaty, the “November criminals,” the Marxists, and the visible, internal enemy No. 1, the “Jew,” who was responsible for all Germany’s domestic problems. In the twenty-five-point program of the NSDAP announced on February 24, 1920, the exclusion of the Jews from the Volk community, the myth of Aryan race supremacy and extreme nationalism were combined with “socialistic” ideas of profit-sharing and nationalization inspired by ideologues like Gottfried Feder.

Hitler’s first written utterance on political questions dating from this period emphasized that what he called “the anti-Semitism of reason” must lead “to the systematic combating and elimination of Jewish privileges. Its ultimate goal must implacably be the total removal of the Jews.”

Cover of Hitler’s treatise - Mein Kampf

By November 1923, Hitler was convinced that the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse and, together with General Ludendorff and local nationalist groups, sought to overthrow the Bavarian government in Munich. Bursting into a beer hall in Munich and firing his pistol into the ceiling, he shouted out that he was heading a new provisional government that would carry through a revolution against “Red Berlin.” Hitler and Ludendorff then marched through Munich at the head of 3,000 men, only to be met by police fire which left sixteen dead and brought the attempted putsch to an ignominious end.

Hitler was arrested and tried on February 26, 1924, succeeding in turning the tables on his accusers with a confident, propagandist speech that ended with the prophecy: “Pronounce us guilty a thousand times over: the goddess of the eternal court of history will smile and tear to pieces the State Prosecutor’s submission and the court’s verdict for she acquits us.”

Sentenced to five years imprisonment in Landsberg fortress, Hitler was released after only nine months, during which he dictated Mein Kampf (My Struggle) to his loyal follower, Rudolf Hess. Subsequently, the “bible” of the Nazi Party, this crude, half-baked hodgepodge of primitive Social Darwinism, racial myth, anti-Semitism, and lebensraum fantasy had sold over five million copies by 1939 and been translated into eleven languages.

The failure of the Beer-Hall putsch and his period of imprisonment transformed Hitler from an incompetent adventurer into a shrewd political tactician, who henceforth decided that he would never again confront the gun barrels of the army and police until they were under his command. He concluded that the road to power lay not through force alone but through legal subversion of the Weimar Constitution, the building of a mass movement, and the combination of parliamentary strength with extra-parliamentary street terror and intimidation. Helped by Goering and Goebbels he began to reassemble his followers and rebuild the movement which had disintegrated in his absence.

Rise of the Nazi Party

In January 1925, the ban on the Nazi Party was removed and Hitler regained permission to speak in public. Outmaneuvering the “socialist” North German wing of the Party under Gregor Strasser, Hitler re-established himself in 1926 as the ultimate arbiter to whom all factions appealed in an ideologically and socially heterogeneous movement. Avoiding rigid, programmatic definitions of National Socialism which would have undermined the charismatic nature of his legitimacy and his claim to absolute leadership, Hitler succeeded in extending his appeal beyond Bavaria and attracting both Right and Left to his movement.

Though the Nazi Party won only twelve seats in the 1928 elections, the onset of the Great Depression, with its devastating effects on the middle classes, helped Hitler to win over all those strata in German society who felt their economic existence was threatened. In addition to peasants, artisans, craftsmen, traders, small businessmen, ex-officers, students, and déclassé intellectuals, the Nazis in 1929 began to win over the big industrialists, nationalist conservatives, and army circles.

With the backing of the press tycoon, Alfred Hugenberg, Hitler received tremendous nationwide exposure just as the effects of the world economic crisis hit Germany, producing mass unemployment, social dissolution, fear, and indignation. With demagogic virtuosity, Hitler played on national resentments, feelings of revolt, and the desire for strong leadership, using all the most modern techniques of mass persuasion to present himself as Germany’s redeemer and messianic savior.

Hitler and President von Hindenburg (1933)

In the 1930 elections, the Nazi vote jumped dramatically from 810,000 to 6,409,000 (18.3 percent of the total vote) and they received 107 seats in the Reichstag. Prompted by Hjalmar Schacht and Fritz Thyssen, the great industrial magnates began to contribute liberally to the coffers of the NSDAP, reassured by Hitler’s performance before the Industrial Club in Dusseldorf on January 27, 1932, that they had nothing to fear from the radicals in the Party.

The following month Hitler officially acquired German citizenship and decided to run for the Presidency, receiving 13,418,011 votes in the run-off elections of April 10, 1931, as against 19,359,650 votes for the victorious von Hindenburg, but four times the vote for the communist candidate, Ernst Thaelmann.

In the Reichstag elections of July 1932, the Nazis emerged as the largest political party in Germany, obtaining nearly fourteen million votes (37.3%) and 230 seats. Although the NSDAP fell back in November 1932 to eleven million votes (196 seats), Hitler was helped to power by a camarilla of conservative politicians led by Franz von Papen, who persuaded the reluctant von Hindenburg to nominate “the Bohemian corporal” as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933.

Once in the saddle, Hitler moved with great speed to outmaneuver his rivals, virtually ousting the conservatives from any real participation in government by July 1933, abolishing the free trade unions, eliminating the communists, Social Democrats, and Jews from any role in political life and sweeping opponents into concentration camps. The Reichstag fire of February 27, 1933, had provided him with the perfect pretext to begin consolidating the foundations of a totalitarian one-party State, and special “enabling laws” were ramrodded through the Reichstag to legalize the regime’s intimidatory tactics.

With support from the nationalists, Hitler gained a majority at the last “democratic” elections held in Germany on March 5, 1933, and, with cynical skill, he used the whole gamut of persuasion, propaganda, terror, and intimidation to secure his hold on power. The seductive notions of a “National Awakening” and a “Legal Revolution” helped paralyze potential opposition and disguise the reality of autocratic power behind a facade of traditional institutions.

Hitler As Fuhrer

Hitler after an SS rally in Berlin

The destruction of the radical SA leadership under Ernst Rohm in the Blood Purge of June 1934 confirmed Hitler as the undisputed dictator of the Third Reich and by the beginning of August, when he united the positions of Fuhrer and Chancellor on the death of von Hindenburg, he had all the powers of State in his hands. Avoiding any institutionalization of authority and status which could challenge his own undisputed position as the supreme arbiter, Hitler allowed subordinates like Himmler, Goering, and Goebbels to mark out their own domains of arbitrary power while multiplying and duplicating offices to a bewildering degree.

During the next four years, Hitler enjoyed a dazzling string of domestic and international successes, outwitting rival political leaders abroad just as he had defeated his opposition at home. In 1935, he abandoned the Versailles Treaty and began to build up the army by conscripting five times its permitted number. He persuaded Great Britain to allow an increase in the naval building program, and in March 1936, he occupied the demilitarized Rhineland without meeting opposition. He began building up the Luftwaffe and supplied military aid to Francoist forces in Spain, which brought about the Spanish fascist victory in 1939.

The German rearmament program led to full employment and an unrestrained expansion of production, which was reinforced by his foreign policy successes – the Rome-Berlin pact of 1936, the Anschluss with Austria, and the “liberation” of the Sudeten Germans in 1938 – brought Hitler to the zenith of his popularity. In February 1938, he dismissed sixteen senior generals and took personal command of the armed forces, thus ensuring that he would be able to implement his aggressive designs.

Hitler’s saber-rattling tactics bludgeoned the British and French into the humiliating Munich agreement of 1938 and the eventual dismantlement of the Czechoslovakian State in March 1939. The concentration camps, the Nuremberg racial laws against the Jews, the persecution of the churches and political dissidents were forgotten by many Germans in the euphoria of Hitler’s territorial expansion and bloodless victories. The next designated target for Hitler’s ambitions was Poland (her independence guaranteed by Britain and France), and, to avoid a two-front war, the Nazi dictator signed a pact of friendship and non-aggression with Soviet Russia.

World War II

On September 1, 1939, German armed forces invaded Poland and henceforth, Hitler’s main energies were devoted to the conduct of a war he had unleashed to dominate Europe and secure Germany’s “living space.”

The first phase of World War II was dominated by German Blitzkrieg tactics: sudden shock attacks against airfields, communications, and military installations, using fast mobile armor and infantry to follow up on the first wave of bomber and fighter aircraft. Poland was overrun in less than one month, Denmark and Norway in two months, and Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, and France in six weeks. After the fall of France in June 1940, only Great Britain stood firm.

Hitler showing the Nazi salute

The Battle of Britain, in which the Royal Air Force prevented the Luftwaffe from securing aerial control over the English Channel, was Hitler’s first setback, causing the planned invasion of the British Isles to be postponed. Hitler turned to the Balkans and North Africa, where his Italian allies had suffered defeats, his armies rapidly overrunning Greece, Yugoslavia, the island of Crete, and driving the British from Cyrenaica.

The crucial decision of his career, the invasion of Soviet Russia on June 22, 1941, was rationalized by the idea that its destruction would prevent Great Britain from continuing the war with any prospect of success. He was convinced that once he kicked the door in, as he told Alfred Jodl (q.v.), “the whole rotten edifice [of communist rule] will come tumbling down,” and the campaign would be over in six weeks. The war against Russia was to be an anti-Bolshevik crusade, a war of annihilation in which the fate of European Jewry would finally be sealed. At the end of January 1939, Hitler had prophesied that “if the international financial Jewry within and outside Europe should succeed once more in dragging the nations into a war, the result will be, not the Bolshevization of the world and thereby the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe.”

As the war widened – the United States by the end of 1941 had entered the struggle against the Axis powers – Hitler identified the totality of Germany’s enemies with “international Jewry,” who supposedly stood behind the British-American-Soviet alliance. The policy of forced emigration had manifestly failed to remove the Jews from Germany’s expanded lebensraum, increasing their numbers under German rule as the Wehrmacht moved East.

The widening of the conflict into a world war by the end of 1941, the refusal of the British to accept Germany’s right to continental European hegemony (which Hitler attributed to “Jewish” influence) and to agree to his “peace” terms, the racial-ideological nature of the assault on Soviet Russia, finally drove Hitler to implement the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” which had been under consideration since 1939. The measures already taken in those regions of Poland annexed to the Reich against Jews (and Poles) indicated the genocidal implications of Nazi-style “Germanization” policies. The invasion of Soviet Russia was to set the seal on Hitler’s notion of territorial conquest in the East, which was inextricably linked with annihilating the ‘biological roots of Bolshevism’ and hence with the liquidation of all Jews under German rule.

At first, the German armies carried all before them, overrunning vast territories, overwhelming the Red Army, encircling Leningrad, and reaching within striking distance of Moscow. Within a few months of the invasion, Hitler’s armies had extended the Third Reich from the Atlantic to the Caucasus, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. But the Soviet Union did not collapse as expected, and Hitler, instead of concentrating his attack on Moscow, ordered a pincer movement around Kiev to seize Ukraine, increasingly procrastinating and changing his mind about objectives. Underestimating the depth of military reserves on which the Russians could call, the caliber of their generals, and the resilient, fighting spirit of the Russian people (whom he dismissed as inferior peasants), Hitler prematurely proclaimed in October 1941 that the Soviet Union had been “struck down and would never rise again.” He had overlooked the pitiless Russian winter to which his own troops were now condemned, and which forced the Wehrmacht to abandon the highly mobile warfare which had previously brought such spectacular successes.

The disaster before Moscow in December 1941 led him to dismiss his Commander-in-Chief von Brauchitsch, and many other key commanders who sought permission for tactical withdrawals, including Guderian, Bock, Hoepner, von Rundstedt, and Leeb, found themselves cashiered. Hitler now assumed personal control of all military operations, refusing to listen to advice, disregarding unpalatable facts, and rejecting everything that did not fit into his preconceived picture of reality. His neglect of the Mediterranean theatre and the Middle East, the failure of the Italians, the entry of the United States into the war, and above all, the stubborn determination of the Russians, pushed Hitler onto the defensive. From the winter of 1941, the writing was on the wall, but Hitler refused to countenance military defeat, believing that implacable will and the rigid refusal to abandon positions could make up for inferior resources and the lack of a sound overall strategy.

Convinced that his own General Staff was weak and indecisive, if not openly treacherous, Hitler became more prone to outbursts of blind, hysterical fury towards his generals, when he did not retreat into bouts of misanthropic brooding. His health, too, deteriorated under the impact of the drugs prescribed by his quack physician, Dr. Theodor Morell. Hitler’s personal decline, symbolized by his increasingly rare public appearances and his self-enforced isolation in the “Wolf’s Lair,” his headquarters buried deep in the East Prussian forests, coincided with the visible signs of the coming German defeat, which became apparent in mid-1942.

Allied Victory

Rommel’s defeat at El Alamein and the subsequent loss of North Africa to the Anglo-American forces were overshadowed by the disaster at Stalingrad, where General von Paulus’s Sixth Army was cut off and surrendered to the Russians in January 1943. In July 1943, the Allies captured Sicily, and Mussolini’s regime collapsed in Italy.

US Army newspaper announcing Hitler’s death (1945)

In September, the Italians signed an armistice and the Allies landed at Salerno, reaching Naples on October 1, and taking Rome on June 4, 1944. The Allied invasion of Normandy followed on June 6, 1944, and soon a million Allied troops were driving the German armies eastwards, while Soviet forces advanced relentlessly on the Reich from the opposite direction. The total mobilization of the German war economy under Albert Speer and the energetic propaganda efforts of Joseph Goebbels to rouse the fighting spirit of the German people were impotent to change the fact that the Third Reich lacked the resources equal to a struggle against the world alliance which Hitler himself had provoked.

Allied bombing began to have a telling effect on German industrial production and undermined the morale of the population. The generals, frustrated by Hitler’s total refusal to trust them in the field and recognizing the inevitability of defeat, planned, together with the small anti-Nazi resistance inside the Reich, to assassinate the Fuhrer on July 20, 1944, hoping to pave the way for a negotiated peace with the Allies that would save Germany from destruction. The plot failed and Hitler took implacable vengeance on the conspirators, watching with satisfaction a film of the grisly executions carried out on his orders.

To ensure loyalty from that point on, Hitler instituted a new policy called Sippenhaft in which family members could be held responsible, and subject to arrest and execution, for the actions of soldiers.

As the Allies moved inland from Normandy, Hitler ordered the military commander of the Paris region, Dietrich von Choltitz, to all but destroy the city – raze the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame, and the city’s museums and blow up all the bridges – before the Allies reached the city. Von Choltitz was considered one of Hitler’s most loyal generals, one of the few who was not implicated in the assassination plot but had met with Hitler before taking the position in Paris and came away from the meeting convinced the Führer was deranged and the war was over.

Summoned to the Wolf’s Lair, on August 6, 1944, Choltitz found “an old, bent-over, flabby man with thinning grey hair – a trembling, physically demolished human being.” Von Choltitz recalled listening to Hitler rant about the plotters: “I witnessed the terrible eruption of a hateful mind…. He spoke in bloodthirsty language with froth literally coming out of his mouth…. Sweat was running down his face while he spoke excitedly about the hanging of the generals. I saw in front of me someone who had lost his mind…. The fact that the life of our nation was in the hands of an insane being who could no longer judge the situation or was unwilling to see it realistically depressed me immensely.” He subsequently ignored Hitler’s orders to devastate Paris, allowing the city to survive the war largely intact.

As disaster came closer, Hitler buried himself in the unreal world of the Fuhrerbunker in Berlin, clutching at fantastic hopes that his “secret weapons,” the V-1 and V-2 rockets, would yet turn the tide of war. He gestured wildly over maps, planned and directed attacks with non-existent armies, and indulged in endless, night-long monologues which reflected his growing senility, misanthropy, and contempt for the “cowardly failure” of the German people.

As the Red Army approached Berlin and the Anglo-Americans reached the Elbe, on March 19, 1945, Hitler ordered the destruction of what remained of German industry, communications, and transport systems. He was resolved that, if he did not survive, Germany, too, should be destroyed. The same ruthless nihilism and passion for destruction which had led to the extermination of six million Jews in death camps, to the biological “cleansing” of the sub-human Slavs and other subject peoples in the New Order, was finally turned on his own people.

Hitler’s Death

As Soviet forces approached Berlin in late April 1945, Hitler began to contemplate suicide. On April 28, Mussolini had been shot by a firing squad and then hung by his feet in a public square in Milan, Italy. Fearing the same fate, Hitler tested cyanide pills he received from the SS on his Alsatian dog Blondi.

On April 29, 1945, he married his mistress Eva Braun and dictated his final political testament, concluding with the same monotonous, obsessive fixation that had guided his career from the beginning: “Above all I charge the leaders of the nation and those under them to scrupulous observance of the laws of race and to merciless opposition to the universal poisoner of all peoples, international Jewry.”

The following day Hitler committed suicide. His body was carried into the garden of the Reich Chancellery by aides, covered with petrol, and burned along with that of Eva Braun. This final, macabre act of self-destruction appropriately symbolized the career of a political leader whose main legacy to Europe was the ruin of its civilization and the senseless sacrifice of human life for the sake of power and his own commitment to the bestial nonsense of National Socialist race mythology. With his death, nothing was left of the “Greater Germanic Reich,” of the tyrannical power structure and ideological system which had devastated Europe during the twelve years of his totalitarian rule.

Exterior of the Führerbunker shortly before its destruction. Hitler and Eva Braun’s remains were burnt in a shell crater outside the emergency exit at the left.	The destroyed Führerbunker (1947)

Few Nazis witnessed the removal of the bodies and their cremation. Two of the men who were there, Joseph Goebbels and Martin Bormann, later killed themselves. The absence of witnesses prompted the emergence of a variety of conspiracy theories over the years regarding Hitler’s fate, including the idea that he was still alive after the war.

General Hans Krebs (who later also committed suicide inside the Führerbunker) met Soviet General Vasily Chuikov on May 1 to inform him of Hitler’s death. Stalin wanted proof and ordered Smersh, the counterintelligence organization of the Red Army, to dig up the cremated remains on May 5, 1945. They found a jawbone that was later identified as Hitler’s by Käthe Heusermann, the assistant of the dictator’s dentist.

The Soviets did not tell the other Allies Hitler was dead, preferring to promote the idea that Hitler survived. On May 2, 1945, for example, the state news agency Tass said that the announcement on German radio of the reports of Hitler’s death was a “fascist trick to cover [his] disappearance from the scene.” Stalin later told U.S. Ambassador W. Averell Harriman and President Harry Truman’s envoy, Harry Hopkins, that Hitler had escaped with Bormann, Goebbels, and Krebs. According to Jean-Marie Pottier, Stalin’s reason for suggesting Hitler might have fled to the Western Hemisphere was to trick the Allies into pursuing the false lead.

Hitler’s jawbone was taken to Moscow and the rest of the remains were reburied in June 1945 in a location outside Berlin. Smersh exhumed the corpses of Hitler, Braun, Goebbels, his wife, their six children, and Krebs, and buried them in the Soviet occupation zone in Magdeburg, East Germany. When the Magdeburg base was returned to East German control in 1970, KGB director Yuri Andropov ordered the remains to be destroyed.

The Soviets initially believed Hitler had killed himself with cyanide. Otto Günsche, Hitler’s bodyguard, was captured by the NKVD (the Soviet law enforcement agency) and told them Hitler had shot himself in the head. This was confirmed during interrogations of Heinz Linge, Hitler’s valet, and his personal pilot Haus Baur. The Soviets did further excavations near the Führerbunker in May 1946 and discovered a skull fragment with a bullet hole.

The witnesses were secretly held by the Soviets for the next ten years while they continued to perpetuate the lie that Hitler was alive. The Allies had already confirmed his death, however, and did not accept the Soviets’ subsequent claim that Hitler died by cyanide poisoning.

Meanwhile, the skull fragment and jawbone were kept in the Soviet state and FSB archives. In 2018, after months of negotiations, Russia’s FSB secret service and the Russian state archives gave French scientists permission to examine a skull fragment with a hole on the left side and bits of teeth from the jawbone. They ultimately concluded that they could not prove the skull belonged to Hitler but confirmed he had died in 1945.

Based on their examination of the teeth, they were convinced Hitler had not shot himself in the mouth as some accounts had previously speculated. They also found evidence on the teeth of a “chemical reaction between the cyanide and the metal of the dentures.” One of the investigators, Professor Philippe Charlier, said, “We didn’t know if he had used an ampule of cyanide to kill himself or whether it was a bullet in the head. It’s in all probability both.”

Sources: Wistrich, Robert S. Who’s Who in Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1997;
Dennis L. Breo, “Hitler’s Medical File,” Chicago Tribune, (October 14, 1985).
Hitler, Adolf Medical Assessment, CIA, (November 29, 1945);
James Rothwell, “Hitler ‘had tiny deformed penis’ as well as just one testicle, historians claim,” Telegraph, (February 22, 2016).
Jean-Marie Pottier, “They Saved Hitler’s Skull. Or Did They?” Slate, (April 30, 2018);
Natasha Frost, “Hitler’s Teeth Reveal Nazi Dictator’s Cause Of Death,” History, (May 19, 2018);
“9 Things You Might Not Know About Adolf Hitler,” Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Charles Trueheart, “The Allies who liberated Paris, and the Nazi who saved it,” Washington Post, (August 22, 2019).

Photos courtesy of the USHMM and German Bundesarchiv;
Portrait of Hitler from Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S62600 / CC-BY-SA 3.0;
Bunker photos from Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-V04744 / CC-BY-SA 3.0.