Alice Boccia Paterakis | Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology (original) (raw)

Papers by Alice Boccia Paterakis

MRS Proceedings, 1992

ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently i... more ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently impregnated with a solution of Na2SO4. These test samples were then impregnated with one of three consolidants: Acryloid B72, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Methyl Triethoxysilane (MTS). Desalination tests using the static immersion and stirred solution methods were made to determine the effect of consolidation on the rate and extent of salt extraction. Desalination was monitored by Ionic Conductivity, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography analysis of the extraction solutions.

Science and technology of archaeological research, Dec 21, 2015

Abstract Presents the examination and XRF analysis of a gold cloisonné object dating from ca. 180... more Abstract Presents the examination and XRF analysis of a gold cloisonné object dating from ca. 1800 BCE, discovered by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology (JIAA) in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavation of 2010 in Turkey, representing the Assyrian Colony Period in Central Anatolia. Kaman-Kalehöyük is a rural settlement along the ancient Silk Road trade route dating from the Bronze Age (2300 BCE) through the Ottoman Empire. The object is constructed from hammered sheet gold and gold rings that may have portrayed a rearing lion. The composition was found to range from 87.3% to 96.1% gold, 1.8% to 10.5% silver, and 1.3% to 3.1% copper. The evidence for joining techniques is discussed based on elevated silver content in some areas indicating a gold-silver solder and overheating of the gold in places possibly resulting from any number of fusing methods. Areas of partially melted gold, the absence of inlays, and little evidence of use wear suggest that this object may have been damaged during manufacture, unfinished, or destined for reuse.

Studies in Conservation, 1997

The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, Dec 5, 2018

Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, Feb 19, 2023

Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Jun 1, 2016

A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade C... more A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies in Central Anatolia, was discovered in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavations in 2010 by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. XRF analysis was carried out to study the composition and techniques of manufacture.

Studies in Conservation, Jun 1, 2016

This paper looks at the implications of the loss of site illustrated by three diverse, site-speci... more This paper looks at the implications of the loss of site illustrated by three diverse, site-specific new media art case studies: Taking Pictures by Janet Cardiff, Rio Videowall by Dara Birnbaum, and net.flag by Mark Napier. Focus will be placed on the challenges to permanence of new media art by exploring the impact of the expansion of the Saint Louis Art Museum and changes to geography of the surrounding park on Taking Pictures. The preservation of Taking Pictures is considered in the context of the other two case studies in terms of physical site-specificity vs. mediated site-specificity. The impact of new media technology, artist intent, and participant's interactions are considered in terms of the functionality, viability, and preservation of site-specific new media art.

Studies in Conservation, 2001

... Author: St Clair, William Title Article/Chapter: "The Elgin marbles: questions o... more ... Author: St Clair, William Title Article/Chapter: "The Elgin marbles: questions of stewardship and accountability" Title of Source: International journal of cultural property Volume Number: 8 Issue Number: 2 Date of Publication: 1999 Page Numbers: 391-521 ISSN: 0940-7391 ...

Studies in Conservation, 1996

AbstractPast and present conservation treatments for archaeological ceramic and metal artifacts c... more AbstractPast and present conservation treatments for archaeological ceramic and metal artifacts can be detrimental to their preservation. Storage materials and conditions may contribute to this deterioration, independently and in combination with treatment materials. The effects of all these factors on the subsequent analysis of ceramics and metals are considered. Several examples from the collection of the Agora Excavations in Athens are offered.

Studies in Conservation, Jan 25, 2014

Salt contamination in the ceramic collection of the Athenian Agora, American School of Classical ... more Salt contamination in the ceramic collection of the Athenian Agora, American School of Classical Studies, Greece, was confronted for the first time by the fulltime conservation staff that was appointed in 1979. A review is presented of the examination and analysis of the salt contaminants for their identification and of simulation tests to determine their source(s) and mode of formation since 1990. In the analytical campaigns of 1992 and 1994, calclacite (Ca(CH 3 COO)Cl•5H 2 O) (ICCD 12-0869) and calcium acetate hemihydrate (Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 •0.5H 2 O) (ICCD 19-0199) were identified with X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy and examined with the environmental scanning electron microscope. The various means with which to mitigate the contamination and the crystallization-deliquescence cycles, e.g. consolidation, desalination, and climate control, were also studied. The article focuses on the processes involved in the formation of acetate salt compounds with the publication of the first solubility and deliquescence diagrams of the Ca(CH 3 COO) 2-CaCl 2-H 2 O system at 25°C. Comparisons are drawn with recent work carried out on thecotrichite (Ca 3 (CH 3 COO) 3 Cl(NO 3) 2 •7H 2 O). The course of action adopted by the conservation staff of the Athenian Agora to combat efflorescence has been termination of cleaning with hydrochloric acid and desalination as a remedial measure in lieu of the costly replacement of wooden cabinets with enameled steel storage cases for the extensive ceramic collection (52,000 catalogued ceramics). Volatile acetic acid concentrations in wooden storage cases in the collection have been found to range from 1039 ± 20 to 1267 ± 20 μg/m 3 (400 to 500 ppb) at 25°C. Since 1979, all newly excavated ceramics and all ceramics exhibiting efflorescence in the collection have been routinely desalinated. No efflorescence has formed on the desalinated objects. Various methods of mitigation such as controlling the RH are also discussed.

Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London)., Jun 28, 2011

This project reveals the proliferation in the awareness of acetate and other carbonyl corrosion o... more This project reveals the proliferation in the awareness of acetate and other carbonyl corrosion on bronze artifacts in archaeological collections. Blue and blue-green carbonyl corrosion of bronze is a recent discovery in part due to its mistaken attribution over the years to bronze disease, chalconatronite, and azurite. This project examines sources of acetic acid, and evaluates the environmental conditions in which acetate corrosion develops and the influence of alloyed lead and sodium contaminants in this process. Case studies identifying corrosion by XRD on predominantly Egyptian archaeological bronzes, with a focus on Saqqara, revealed a preponderance of a sodium copper carbonate acetate and copper sodium formate acetate. These were identified on the majority of Saqqara bronzes sampled in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Ashmolean Museum, Liverpool Museum, Petrie Museum and British Museum. Unknown compounds not included in the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) catalogue were also discovered. Due to the novelty of this discovery, the conservation of bronze with carbonyl corrosion is as yet an unexplored area. This project examines passive and active means of conservation. Solubility and cleaning tests were carried out on the Saqqara bronzes. Solubility of carbonyl corrosion is discussed in terms of removability, influence on cleaning methods, and stabilization of corrosion by means of environmental control. Two coatings, the acrylate Incralac®, and the polyethylene wax emulsion Poligen® ES 91009, underwent corrosion testing on leaded and unleaded bronze with promising results as protective coatings against attack by volatile acetic acid.

MRS Proceedings, 2002

ABSTRACTGlass undergoes various corrosion mechanisms during burial. The state of deterioration an... more ABSTRACTGlass undergoes various corrosion mechanisms during burial. The state of deterioration and corrosion phenomena are deciding factors in the choice of conservation materials and techniques. Among the conservation treatments reviewed for ancient, archaeological glass are pre-treatment storage, cleaning, consolidation of weakened and de-vitrified glass, adhesives for reconstruction, and fill materials for restoration. The most recent materials and techniques used by conservators are presented. The concepts of permanence and reversibility with regard to conservation methods and materials are examined.

Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, 2003

Abstract The Agora collection of copper alloys consists of mirrors, pins and needles, lamps, vase... more Abstract The Agora collection of copper alloys consists of mirrors, pins and needles, lamps, vases, tools, nails and other hardware, official weights, voting ballots, sculpture, jewelry, medical instruments, weapons, and coins excavated on the North Slope of the Acropolis and in the Ancient Agora of Athens, and is housed in the Stoa of Attalos on-site. Blue, turquoise blue, dark brown, and white corrosion products on these copper alloys have been identified as a sodium copper carbonate actetate, copper (II) hydroxide, copper and tin oxide, and sodium acetate trihydrate, respectively. The analysis of the corrosion was carried out by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, and ion chromatography analysis. Conservation materials, as well as storage and environmental conditions, were found to play a role in the development of these corrosion products. Most of the objects have been chemically cleaned to various degrees. The role of cleaning and stabilizing agents containing sodium in creating the corrosion is considered. The contributing roles of acetic acid emissions from wooden storage materials and relative humidity are examined. Preliminary analysis of conservation coatings by FTIR was carried out to determine the effects of such coatings on the condition of the copper alloy collection. Solubilities of coatings used as lacquers and consolidants on the artifacts are reported. The coatings identified by FTIR were hydrocarbon waxes and cellulose nitrate. Observations regarding the conditions necessary for the development of corrosion are made. Recommendations for conservation and storage to prevent new corrosion or to alleviate further corrosion are given.

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 2016

A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade C... more A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies in Central Anatolia, was discovered in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavations in 2010 by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. XRF analysis was carried out to study the composition and techniques of manufacture.

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2017

Studies in Conservation, 2016

MRS Proceedings, 1992

ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently i... more ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently impregnated with a solution of Na2SO4. These test samples were then impregnated with one of three consolidants: Acryloid B72, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Methyl Triethoxysilane (MTS). Desalination tests using the static immersion and stirred solution methods were made to determine the effect of consolidation on the rate and extent of salt extraction. Desalination was monitored by Ionic Conductivity, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography analysis of the extraction solutions.

MRS Proceedings, 1992

ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently i... more ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently impregnated with a solution of Na2SO4. These test samples were then impregnated with one of three consolidants: Acryloid B72, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Methyl Triethoxysilane (MTS). Desalination tests using the static immersion and stirred solution methods were made to determine the effect of consolidation on the rate and extent of salt extraction. Desalination was monitored by Ionic Conductivity, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography analysis of the extraction solutions.

Science and technology of archaeological research, Dec 21, 2015

Abstract Presents the examination and XRF analysis of a gold cloisonné object dating from ca. 180... more Abstract Presents the examination and XRF analysis of a gold cloisonné object dating from ca. 1800 BCE, discovered by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology (JIAA) in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavation of 2010 in Turkey, representing the Assyrian Colony Period in Central Anatolia. Kaman-Kalehöyük is a rural settlement along the ancient Silk Road trade route dating from the Bronze Age (2300 BCE) through the Ottoman Empire. The object is constructed from hammered sheet gold and gold rings that may have portrayed a rearing lion. The composition was found to range from 87.3% to 96.1% gold, 1.8% to 10.5% silver, and 1.3% to 3.1% copper. The evidence for joining techniques is discussed based on elevated silver content in some areas indicating a gold-silver solder and overheating of the gold in places possibly resulting from any number of fusing methods. Areas of partially melted gold, the absence of inlays, and little evidence of use wear suggest that this object may have been damaged during manufacture, unfinished, or destined for reuse.

Studies in Conservation, 1997

The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, Dec 5, 2018

Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, Feb 19, 2023

Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Jun 1, 2016

A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade C... more A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies in Central Anatolia, was discovered in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavations in 2010 by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. XRF analysis was carried out to study the composition and techniques of manufacture.

Studies in Conservation, Jun 1, 2016

This paper looks at the implications of the loss of site illustrated by three diverse, site-speci... more This paper looks at the implications of the loss of site illustrated by three diverse, site-specific new media art case studies: Taking Pictures by Janet Cardiff, Rio Videowall by Dara Birnbaum, and net.flag by Mark Napier. Focus will be placed on the challenges to permanence of new media art by exploring the impact of the expansion of the Saint Louis Art Museum and changes to geography of the surrounding park on Taking Pictures. The preservation of Taking Pictures is considered in the context of the other two case studies in terms of physical site-specificity vs. mediated site-specificity. The impact of new media technology, artist intent, and participant's interactions are considered in terms of the functionality, viability, and preservation of site-specific new media art.

Studies in Conservation, 2001

... Author: St Clair, William Title Article/Chapter: "The Elgin marbles: questions o... more ... Author: St Clair, William Title Article/Chapter: "The Elgin marbles: questions of stewardship and accountability" Title of Source: International journal of cultural property Volume Number: 8 Issue Number: 2 Date of Publication: 1999 Page Numbers: 391-521 ISSN: 0940-7391 ...

Studies in Conservation, 1996

AbstractPast and present conservation treatments for archaeological ceramic and metal artifacts c... more AbstractPast and present conservation treatments for archaeological ceramic and metal artifacts can be detrimental to their preservation. Storage materials and conditions may contribute to this deterioration, independently and in combination with treatment materials. The effects of all these factors on the subsequent analysis of ceramics and metals are considered. Several examples from the collection of the Agora Excavations in Athens are offered.

Studies in Conservation, Jan 25, 2014

Salt contamination in the ceramic collection of the Athenian Agora, American School of Classical ... more Salt contamination in the ceramic collection of the Athenian Agora, American School of Classical Studies, Greece, was confronted for the first time by the fulltime conservation staff that was appointed in 1979. A review is presented of the examination and analysis of the salt contaminants for their identification and of simulation tests to determine their source(s) and mode of formation since 1990. In the analytical campaigns of 1992 and 1994, calclacite (Ca(CH 3 COO)Cl•5H 2 O) (ICCD 12-0869) and calcium acetate hemihydrate (Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 •0.5H 2 O) (ICCD 19-0199) were identified with X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy and examined with the environmental scanning electron microscope. The various means with which to mitigate the contamination and the crystallization-deliquescence cycles, e.g. consolidation, desalination, and climate control, were also studied. The article focuses on the processes involved in the formation of acetate salt compounds with the publication of the first solubility and deliquescence diagrams of the Ca(CH 3 COO) 2-CaCl 2-H 2 O system at 25°C. Comparisons are drawn with recent work carried out on thecotrichite (Ca 3 (CH 3 COO) 3 Cl(NO 3) 2 •7H 2 O). The course of action adopted by the conservation staff of the Athenian Agora to combat efflorescence has been termination of cleaning with hydrochloric acid and desalination as a remedial measure in lieu of the costly replacement of wooden cabinets with enameled steel storage cases for the extensive ceramic collection (52,000 catalogued ceramics). Volatile acetic acid concentrations in wooden storage cases in the collection have been found to range from 1039 ± 20 to 1267 ± 20 μg/m 3 (400 to 500 ppb) at 25°C. Since 1979, all newly excavated ceramics and all ceramics exhibiting efflorescence in the collection have been routinely desalinated. No efflorescence has formed on the desalinated objects. Various methods of mitigation such as controlling the RH are also discussed.

Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London)., Jun 28, 2011

This project reveals the proliferation in the awareness of acetate and other carbonyl corrosion o... more This project reveals the proliferation in the awareness of acetate and other carbonyl corrosion on bronze artifacts in archaeological collections. Blue and blue-green carbonyl corrosion of bronze is a recent discovery in part due to its mistaken attribution over the years to bronze disease, chalconatronite, and azurite. This project examines sources of acetic acid, and evaluates the environmental conditions in which acetate corrosion develops and the influence of alloyed lead and sodium contaminants in this process. Case studies identifying corrosion by XRD on predominantly Egyptian archaeological bronzes, with a focus on Saqqara, revealed a preponderance of a sodium copper carbonate acetate and copper sodium formate acetate. These were identified on the majority of Saqqara bronzes sampled in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Ashmolean Museum, Liverpool Museum, Petrie Museum and British Museum. Unknown compounds not included in the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) catalogue were also discovered. Due to the novelty of this discovery, the conservation of bronze with carbonyl corrosion is as yet an unexplored area. This project examines passive and active means of conservation. Solubility and cleaning tests were carried out on the Saqqara bronzes. Solubility of carbonyl corrosion is discussed in terms of removability, influence on cleaning methods, and stabilization of corrosion by means of environmental control. Two coatings, the acrylate Incralac®, and the polyethylene wax emulsion Poligen® ES 91009, underwent corrosion testing on leaded and unleaded bronze with promising results as protective coatings against attack by volatile acetic acid.

MRS Proceedings, 2002

ABSTRACTGlass undergoes various corrosion mechanisms during burial. The state of deterioration an... more ABSTRACTGlass undergoes various corrosion mechanisms during burial. The state of deterioration and corrosion phenomena are deciding factors in the choice of conservation materials and techniques. Among the conservation treatments reviewed for ancient, archaeological glass are pre-treatment storage, cleaning, consolidation of weakened and de-vitrified glass, adhesives for reconstruction, and fill materials for restoration. The most recent materials and techniques used by conservators are presented. The concepts of permanence and reversibility with regard to conservation methods and materials are examined.

Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, 2003

Abstract The Agora collection of copper alloys consists of mirrors, pins and needles, lamps, vase... more Abstract The Agora collection of copper alloys consists of mirrors, pins and needles, lamps, vases, tools, nails and other hardware, official weights, voting ballots, sculpture, jewelry, medical instruments, weapons, and coins excavated on the North Slope of the Acropolis and in the Ancient Agora of Athens, and is housed in the Stoa of Attalos on-site. Blue, turquoise blue, dark brown, and white corrosion products on these copper alloys have been identified as a sodium copper carbonate actetate, copper (II) hydroxide, copper and tin oxide, and sodium acetate trihydrate, respectively. The analysis of the corrosion was carried out by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, and ion chromatography analysis. Conservation materials, as well as storage and environmental conditions, were found to play a role in the development of these corrosion products. Most of the objects have been chemically cleaned to various degrees. The role of cleaning and stabilizing agents containing sodium in creating the corrosion is considered. The contributing roles of acetic acid emissions from wooden storage materials and relative humidity are examined. Preliminary analysis of conservation coatings by FTIR was carried out to determine the effects of such coatings on the condition of the copper alloy collection. Solubilities of coatings used as lacquers and consolidants on the artifacts are reported. The coatings identified by FTIR were hydrocarbon waxes and cellulose nitrate. Observations regarding the conditions necessary for the development of corrosion are made. Recommendations for conservation and storage to prevent new corrosion or to alleviate further corrosion are given.

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 2016

A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade C... more A unique example of gold cloisonné dating to the 19 th c. BCE, the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies in Central Anatolia, was discovered in the Kaman-Kalehöyük excavations in 2010 by the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. XRF analysis was carried out to study the composition and techniques of manufacture.

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2017

Studies in Conservation, 2016

MRS Proceedings, 1992

ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently i... more ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently impregnated with a solution of Na2SO4. These test samples were then impregnated with one of three consolidants: Acryloid B72, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Methyl Triethoxysilane (MTS). Desalination tests using the static immersion and stirred solution methods were made to determine the effect of consolidation on the rate and extent of salt extraction. Desalination was monitored by Ionic Conductivity, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography analysis of the extraction solutions.

MAC Thesis, Queen's University, Dept. of Art Conservation, 1990