Jussi Kukkonen | University of Jyväskylä (original) (raw)

Papers by Jussi Kukkonen

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three Eu... more The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three European river basins were investigated using a battery of six sediment contact tests representing three different trophic levels. The tests included were chronic tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a sub-chronic test with the midge Chironomus riparius, an early life stage test with the zebra fish Danio rerio, and an acute test with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The endpoints, namely survival, growth, reproduction, embryo development and light inhibition, differed between tests. The measured effects were compared to sediment contamination translated into toxic units (TU) on the basis of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) as an estimate for expected community effects. The test battery could clearly detect toxicity of the polluted sediments with test-specific responses to the different sediments. The msPAF and TU-based toxicity estimations confirmed the results of the biotests by predicting a higher toxic risk for the polluted sediments compared to the corresponding reference sediments, but partly having a different emphasis from the biotests. The results demonstrate differences in the sensitivities of species and emphasize the need for data on multiple species, when estimating the effects of sediment pollution on the benthic community.

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2001

Toxicity of contaminated sediments collected from an old sawmill area and the downstream river-la... more Toxicity of contaminated sediments collected from an old sawmill area and the downstream river-lake system was assessed with three different bioassays. Survival and growth were used as endpoints in subchronic (10-day) test with Chironomus riparius and growth and reproduction in long-term (28-day) test with Lumbriculus variegatus. A microbial bioluminescent direct contact assay, the Flash test, was also included in the test set to measure acute toxicity. In every bioassay, sediment from a pool of the sawmill was found to be toxic, and some adverse effects were found in other sediments as well. The bioassays were then compared to chemical analysis results, which showed the presence of several toxicants. These results could not, however, be directly connected to any individual toxicant, nor did they show any obvious trend downstream from the mill.

The Science of the total environment, 2016

There were two main objectives in this study. The first was to compare the accuracy of different ... more There were two main objectives in this study. The first was to compare the accuracy of different prediction methods for the chemical concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the organism, based on the measured chemical concentrations existing in sediment dry matter or pore water. The predicted tissue concentrations were compared to the measured ones after 28-day laboratory test using oligochaeta worms (Lumbriculus variegatus). The second objective was to compare the bioaccumulation of PAHs and PCBs in the laboratory test with the in situ bioaccumulation of these compounds. Using the traditional organic carbon-water partitioning model, tissue concentrations were greatly overestimated, based on the concentrations in the sediment dry matter. Use of an additional correction factor for black carbon with a two-carbon model, significantly improved the bioaccumulation predictions, thus confirming that black carbon was important in binding th...

Chemosphere, 2001

CITATIONS 27 READS 35 4 authors, including:

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three Eu... more The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three European river basins were investigated using a battery of six sediment contact tests representing three different trophic levels. The tests included were chronic tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a sub-chronic test with the midge Chironomus riparius, an early life stage test with the zebra fish Danio rerio, and an acute test with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The endpoints, namely survival, growth, reproduction, embryo development and light inhibition, differed between tests. The measured effects were compared to sediment contamination translated into toxic units (TU) on the basis of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) as an estimate for expected community effects. The test battery could clearly detect toxicity of the polluted sediments with test-specific responses to the different sediments. The msPAF and TU-based toxicity estimations confirmed the results of the biotests by predicting a higher toxic risk for the polluted sediments compared to the corresponding reference sediments, but partly having a different emphasis from the biotests. The results demonstrate differences in the sensitivities of species and emphasize the need for data on multiple species, when estimating the effects of sediment pollution on the benthic community.

Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 2004

The objective of this study was to extract and evaluate key catchment characteristics explaining ... more The objective of this study was to extract and evaluate key catchment characteristics explaining the main variation in properties of dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) in surface waters draining each catchment. A number of classical and sophisticated DNOM characterisation methodologies were used for this purpose. The explanatory capability of site characteristics on the variation in descriptors of DNOM, including elemental analysis (EA), DOC fractionation, SEC, CZE, CGE, UV/Vis-and FTIR spectra, FES, TLS, ESR, ESI/MS, 13 C-CPMAS-NMR, potentiometric pH titration as well as functional characteristics such as biodegradability, and the response of macrophyte and PAH partitioning coefficients were evaluated. The sampling sites were all natural, coniferous, heathery-forested catchments with bogs, forming a climatic, anthropogenic deposition and proportional biotope cover gradient.

Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 2004

Association of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene, 3,3¢,4,4¢-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 2,2¢,4,4¢-te... more Association of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene, 3,3¢,4,4¢-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 2,2¢,4,4¢-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (TBDE) with natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied. The DOM samples were previously collected from natural waters at five Nordic sites during fall 1999 and spring 2000, isolated by the reverse osmosis method, and thoroughly characterized. The purpose was to determine the essential characteristics that predict the sorption capacity of DOM for hydrophobic contaminants. DOM isolates were dissolved in artificial freshwater to give a dissolved organic carbon concentration of 15 mg L -1 . Partition coefficients (K DOC ) of the model compounds between water and DOM were measured by the equilibrium dialysis method. Further, the bioavailability of BaP and pyrene to Daphnia magna Aquatic Sciences was tested in the presence of DOM with various qualities. A strong negative correlation was found for the K DOC values of BaP (R = -0.922) and pyrene (R = -0.929) with spectral absorbency ratio (A 254 /A 400 ), while the correlation (R = -0.760) was weaker for the K DOC values of TCB. The K DOC values for TCB correlated (R = 0.849) strongly with specific visible absorbency (A 600 /TOC), while the K DOC values for TBDE correlated (R = -0.739) with relative fluorescence emission. Generally, bioavailability of BaP and pyrene to D. magna reflected the measured association of the compounds with DOM. The data emphasize the importance of aromaticity of DOM, estimated by simple spectroscopic methods, in predicting sorption capacity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The situation with halogenated compounds still remains unclear.

Chemosphere, Apr 30, 2004

Accumulation and toxicity of waterborne bisphenol A were studied in landlocked salmon (Salmo sala... more Accumulation and toxicity of waterborne bisphenol A were studied in landlocked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) yolk-sac fry. In a short-term (96 h) exposure to five bisphenol A concentrations yolk-sac fry had higher accumulation rates and bioconcentration factors (BCF96) than earlier studies have shown for salmon eggs. Furthermore, the conditional uptake rate constant tended to decrease as exposure concentration increased. Fry were also exposed to bisphenol A for 42 days at three concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 microg/l), and changes in behaviour, morphology and histological structure were observed. After 6 days of exposure, the highest concentration (1000 microg/l) of bisphenol A caused fluid accumulation (oedema) in the yolk sac and haemorrhages in the front part of the yolk sac and in the head around the gill arches. Later on, the fry at 1000 microg/l showed phlegmatic behaviour and had darker skin coloration than the fry in the other treatments. At the two highest concentrations (100 and 1000 microg/l) histological changes were seen in liver cell nuclei, where strongly stained fragments were observed. In the control fry and the fry exposed to 10 microg/l the nucleolus was clearly visible and spherical in shape and no strongly stained fragments were present. This study shows that high concentrations of bisphenol A may have both morphological and histological effects on salmon yolk-sac fry.

Environ Toxicol Chem, 2007

The desorption and bioavailability of 3,3Ј,4,4Ј-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) were studied in spik... more The desorption and bioavailability of 3,3Ј,4,4Ј-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) were studied in spiked natural sediments at six concentrations. The desorption kinetics were measured in a sediment-water suspension using Tenax resin extraction, and the bioavailability was measured by exposing Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) to PCB 77-spiked sediment in a 14-d kinetic study. In addition, freely dissolved pore-water concentrations were measured using the polyoxymethylene solid-phase extraction method. The present study examined whether bioavailability can be defined more accurately by measuring the size of desorbing fractions and the pore-water concentrations than by using the standard equilibrium partitioning approach. The importance of ingested sediment in bioaccumulation also was investigated. Our data showed a clear, decreasing trend in the rapid-desorbing fractions and in the standard biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) with increasing concentration in sediment. Desorbing fractions-refined BSAFs were more uniform across the concentration treatments, and the pore-water PCB 77 concentration predicted tissue concentrations close to observed values. In the risk assessment process, pore-water concentration or desorbing fractions would lead to more precise bioavailability estimates compared with those from the traditional equilibrium partitioning approach. The result also showed, however, that sediment-ingesting worms had access to an additional bioavailable chemical fraction that was especially evident when PCB 77 pore-water concentrations most likely approached the solubility limit. Thus, feeding may modify the bioavailable fraction that cannot be explained by simple equilibrium partitioning models.

Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 1988

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Jun 1, 1992

Boreal Environment Research, Jan 17, 2013

Chemosphere, Jul 31, 2007

The bioaccumulation potential and environmental fate of polychlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (H... more The bioaccumulation potential and environmental fate of polychlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (HO-PCDEs; polychlorinated phenoxyphenols, PCPP), the major impurities of chlorophenol formulations and their methoxy analogues (MeO-PCDEs; polychlorinated methoxyanisoles, PCPAs) were investigated. Oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) exposed to sediment spiked with a model substance of one HO-hexaCDE (4'-HO-PCDE 161) or its methoxy analogue (4'-MeO-PCDE 161) clearly accumulated the test compounds revealing the potential for environmental risk of HO-PCDEs and MeO-PCDEs. The HO-PCDE tested has earlier been reported as an abundant component in a Finnish chlorophenol formulation (Ky-5) and its methoxy analogue is recognized as an abundant MeO-PCDE in sawmill soil contaminated by the formulation. The occurrence of 4'-HO-PCDE 161 and its methoxy analogue among other HO-PCDEs and MeO-PCDEs in lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) incubated in a river contaminated via the manufacture of Ky-5 showed that these compounds are bioavailable and transported in the aquatic environment. Mussel comparison with sediment data pointed to a higher accumulation potential for MeO-PCDEs than for HO-PCDEs. The finding of HO-PCDEs in groundwater samples collected from a groundwater reservoir, which had been contaminated by chlorophenols, points to potential of HO-PCDEs for transport with water in soil.

Aquatic Toxicology, Jul 1, 2000

Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of radiolabelled pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were... more Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of radiolabelled pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were studied in the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus in spiked Lake Mekrijärvi (Eastern Finland) sediment in two sets of experiments (I and II). In experiment I bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of PAHs were studied. In experiment II biotransformation was investigated further using three different solvent extractions and the ability of L. variegatus to biotransform was based on the change of proportion of the parent PAH in tissue. Bioaccumulation of both chemicals was fast and an apparent steady level was reached within a week. Biotransformation results obtained by solvent extractions were in agreement with each other, although hexane appeared to be less efficient solvent for B[a]P than chloroform:methanol or ethyl acetate:acetone/cyclohexane. The relative proportion of parent PAHs in tissues decreased continously during the 504 and the 336 h exposures in experiments I and II, respectively. After 336 h exposure in experiment II, approximately 60% of pyrene and 90% of B[a]P associated radioactivity was still in the parent compound. Depuration of the parent compounds in clean sediment was fast. Most of the parent chemicals were depurated within 72 h but the possible biotransformation products remained mainly in tissues. Feeding behavior of the animals (sediment ingesting vs. noningesting) did not affect pyrene biotransformation but the proportion of parent B[a]P in tissues was larger in feeding animals. This was probably due to faster uptake rate of B[a]P to feeders than nonfeeders and slow biotransformation rate of the chemical. Our results suggest that biotransformation of pyrene and B[a]P in L. variegatus is likely and it should be taken into account when studying bioaccumulation of PAHs in assessing hazard of sediment contamination.

A literature review of environmental properties of surfactants is given. The fate of surfactants ... more A literature review of environmental properties of surfactants is given. The fate of surfactants in sewage systems was investigated, i.e. the anaerobe biodegradability, bioaccumulation and toxicity towards aquatic and sediment-living organisms. An essential output of the project was that for the surfactants investigated the effect concentrations from long-term and short-term toxicity studies were comparable. This indicates that, for easily metabolized surfactants, a potential for bioaccumulation (high log K ow ) does not necessarily lead to a higher long-term toxicity as it is usually expected. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that discharge of the detergents LAS and NP from Norwegian WWTPs with only chemical treatment may lead to risk quotients above 1 both in water phase and in the sediments. For WWTPs with biological treatment, the risk quotients for NP were still above 1 whereas the risk quotients for LAS were well below 1. Based on the performed investigation, it seems that, as a minimum, biological treatment is needed for removal of detergents as LAS and NP.

Water Research, 2015

The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63e200 mm) was... more The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63e200 mm) was studied with Lumbriculus variegatus in three PCB contaminated sediments applying long AC-sediment contact time (3 years). AC amendment efficiently reduced PCB bioavailability as determined with both, L. variegatus bioaccumulation test and passive samplers. However, dose related secondary effects of AC on egestion rate and biomass were observed (applied doses 0.25% and 2.5% sediment dry weight). The sorption capacity and secondary effects remained similar when the experiments were repeated after three years of AC-sediment contact time. Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples revealed morphological changes in the L. variegatus gut wall microvilli layer. Sediment properties affected both sorption efficiency and secondary effects, but 2.5% AC addition had significant effects regardless of the sediment. In, conclusion, AC is an efficient and stable sorbent to decrease the bioavailability of PCBs. However, sediment dwelling organisms, such as Oligochaete worms in this study, may be sensitive to the carbon amendments. The secondary effects and possible morphological changes in benthic organisms should not be overlooked as in many cases they form the basis of the aquatic food webs.

Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 1991

The present study focused on the accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), hexachlo-rocyclohexane (li... more The present study focused on the accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), hexachlo-rocyclohexane (lindane), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA), from a natural humic water (DOC 18 mg/1) and a humus-free reference water, in Daphnia magna (Cladocera) and ...

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three Eu... more The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three European river basins were investigated using a battery of six sediment contact tests representing three different trophic levels. The tests included were chronic tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a sub-chronic test with the midge Chironomus riparius, an early life stage test with the zebra fish Danio rerio, and an acute test with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The endpoints, namely survival, growth, reproduction, embryo development and light inhibition, differed between tests. The measured effects were compared to sediment contamination translated into toxic units (TU) on the basis of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) as an estimate for expected community effects. The test battery could clearly detect toxicity of the polluted sediments with test-specific responses to the different sediments. The msPAF and TU-based toxicity estimations confirmed the results of the biotests by predicting a higher toxic risk for the polluted sediments compared to the corresponding reference sediments, but partly having a different emphasis from the biotests. The results demonstrate differences in the sensitivities of species and emphasize the need for data on multiple species, when estimating the effects of sediment pollution on the benthic community.

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2001

Toxicity of contaminated sediments collected from an old sawmill area and the downstream river-la... more Toxicity of contaminated sediments collected from an old sawmill area and the downstream river-lake system was assessed with three different bioassays. Survival and growth were used as endpoints in subchronic (10-day) test with Chironomus riparius and growth and reproduction in long-term (28-day) test with Lumbriculus variegatus. A microbial bioluminescent direct contact assay, the Flash test, was also included in the test set to measure acute toxicity. In every bioassay, sediment from a pool of the sawmill was found to be toxic, and some adverse effects were found in other sediments as well. The bioassays were then compared to chemical analysis results, which showed the presence of several toxicants. These results could not, however, be directly connected to any individual toxicant, nor did they show any obvious trend downstream from the mill.

The Science of the total environment, 2016

There were two main objectives in this study. The first was to compare the accuracy of different ... more There were two main objectives in this study. The first was to compare the accuracy of different prediction methods for the chemical concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the organism, based on the measured chemical concentrations existing in sediment dry matter or pore water. The predicted tissue concentrations were compared to the measured ones after 28-day laboratory test using oligochaeta worms (Lumbriculus variegatus). The second objective was to compare the bioaccumulation of PAHs and PCBs in the laboratory test with the in situ bioaccumulation of these compounds. Using the traditional organic carbon-water partitioning model, tissue concentrations were greatly overestimated, based on the concentrations in the sediment dry matter. Use of an additional correction factor for black carbon with a two-carbon model, significantly improved the bioaccumulation predictions, thus confirming that black carbon was important in binding th...

Chemosphere, 2001

CITATIONS 27 READS 35 4 authors, including:

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three Eu... more The toxicity of four polluted sediments and their corresponding reference sediments from three European river basins were investigated using a battery of six sediment contact tests representing three different trophic levels. The tests included were chronic tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a sub-chronic test with the midge Chironomus riparius, an early life stage test with the zebra fish Danio rerio, and an acute test with the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The endpoints, namely survival, growth, reproduction, embryo development and light inhibition, differed between tests. The measured effects were compared to sediment contamination translated into toxic units (TU) on the basis of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) as an estimate for expected community effects. The test battery could clearly detect toxicity of the polluted sediments with test-specific responses to the different sediments. The msPAF and TU-based toxicity estimations confirmed the results of the biotests by predicting a higher toxic risk for the polluted sediments compared to the corresponding reference sediments, but partly having a different emphasis from the biotests. The results demonstrate differences in the sensitivities of species and emphasize the need for data on multiple species, when estimating the effects of sediment pollution on the benthic community.

Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 2004

The objective of this study was to extract and evaluate key catchment characteristics explaining ... more The objective of this study was to extract and evaluate key catchment characteristics explaining the main variation in properties of dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) in surface waters draining each catchment. A number of classical and sophisticated DNOM characterisation methodologies were used for this purpose. The explanatory capability of site characteristics on the variation in descriptors of DNOM, including elemental analysis (EA), DOC fractionation, SEC, CZE, CGE, UV/Vis-and FTIR spectra, FES, TLS, ESR, ESI/MS, 13 C-CPMAS-NMR, potentiometric pH titration as well as functional characteristics such as biodegradability, and the response of macrophyte and PAH partitioning coefficients were evaluated. The sampling sites were all natural, coniferous, heathery-forested catchments with bogs, forming a climatic, anthropogenic deposition and proportional biotope cover gradient.

Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 2004

Association of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene, 3,3¢,4,4¢-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 2,2¢,4,4¢-te... more Association of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene, 3,3¢,4,4¢-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 2,2¢,4,4¢-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (TBDE) with natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied. The DOM samples were previously collected from natural waters at five Nordic sites during fall 1999 and spring 2000, isolated by the reverse osmosis method, and thoroughly characterized. The purpose was to determine the essential characteristics that predict the sorption capacity of DOM for hydrophobic contaminants. DOM isolates were dissolved in artificial freshwater to give a dissolved organic carbon concentration of 15 mg L -1 . Partition coefficients (K DOC ) of the model compounds between water and DOM were measured by the equilibrium dialysis method. Further, the bioavailability of BaP and pyrene to Daphnia magna Aquatic Sciences was tested in the presence of DOM with various qualities. A strong negative correlation was found for the K DOC values of BaP (R = -0.922) and pyrene (R = -0.929) with spectral absorbency ratio (A 254 /A 400 ), while the correlation (R = -0.760) was weaker for the K DOC values of TCB. The K DOC values for TCB correlated (R = 0.849) strongly with specific visible absorbency (A 600 /TOC), while the K DOC values for TBDE correlated (R = -0.739) with relative fluorescence emission. Generally, bioavailability of BaP and pyrene to D. magna reflected the measured association of the compounds with DOM. The data emphasize the importance of aromaticity of DOM, estimated by simple spectroscopic methods, in predicting sorption capacity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The situation with halogenated compounds still remains unclear.

Chemosphere, Apr 30, 2004

Accumulation and toxicity of waterborne bisphenol A were studied in landlocked salmon (Salmo sala... more Accumulation and toxicity of waterborne bisphenol A were studied in landlocked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) yolk-sac fry. In a short-term (96 h) exposure to five bisphenol A concentrations yolk-sac fry had higher accumulation rates and bioconcentration factors (BCF96) than earlier studies have shown for salmon eggs. Furthermore, the conditional uptake rate constant tended to decrease as exposure concentration increased. Fry were also exposed to bisphenol A for 42 days at three concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 microg/l), and changes in behaviour, morphology and histological structure were observed. After 6 days of exposure, the highest concentration (1000 microg/l) of bisphenol A caused fluid accumulation (oedema) in the yolk sac and haemorrhages in the front part of the yolk sac and in the head around the gill arches. Later on, the fry at 1000 microg/l showed phlegmatic behaviour and had darker skin coloration than the fry in the other treatments. At the two highest concentrations (100 and 1000 microg/l) histological changes were seen in liver cell nuclei, where strongly stained fragments were observed. In the control fry and the fry exposed to 10 microg/l the nucleolus was clearly visible and spherical in shape and no strongly stained fragments were present. This study shows that high concentrations of bisphenol A may have both morphological and histological effects on salmon yolk-sac fry.

Environ Toxicol Chem, 2007

The desorption and bioavailability of 3,3Ј,4,4Ј-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) were studied in spik... more The desorption and bioavailability of 3,3Ј,4,4Ј-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) were studied in spiked natural sediments at six concentrations. The desorption kinetics were measured in a sediment-water suspension using Tenax resin extraction, and the bioavailability was measured by exposing Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) to PCB 77-spiked sediment in a 14-d kinetic study. In addition, freely dissolved pore-water concentrations were measured using the polyoxymethylene solid-phase extraction method. The present study examined whether bioavailability can be defined more accurately by measuring the size of desorbing fractions and the pore-water concentrations than by using the standard equilibrium partitioning approach. The importance of ingested sediment in bioaccumulation also was investigated. Our data showed a clear, decreasing trend in the rapid-desorbing fractions and in the standard biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) with increasing concentration in sediment. Desorbing fractions-refined BSAFs were more uniform across the concentration treatments, and the pore-water PCB 77 concentration predicted tissue concentrations close to observed values. In the risk assessment process, pore-water concentration or desorbing fractions would lead to more precise bioavailability estimates compared with those from the traditional equilibrium partitioning approach. The result also showed, however, that sediment-ingesting worms had access to an additional bioavailable chemical fraction that was especially evident when PCB 77 pore-water concentrations most likely approached the solubility limit. Thus, feeding may modify the bioavailable fraction that cannot be explained by simple equilibrium partitioning models.

Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 1988

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Jun 1, 1992

Boreal Environment Research, Jan 17, 2013

Chemosphere, Jul 31, 2007

The bioaccumulation potential and environmental fate of polychlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (H... more The bioaccumulation potential and environmental fate of polychlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers (HO-PCDEs; polychlorinated phenoxyphenols, PCPP), the major impurities of chlorophenol formulations and their methoxy analogues (MeO-PCDEs; polychlorinated methoxyanisoles, PCPAs) were investigated. Oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) exposed to sediment spiked with a model substance of one HO-hexaCDE (4'-HO-PCDE 161) or its methoxy analogue (4'-MeO-PCDE 161) clearly accumulated the test compounds revealing the potential for environmental risk of HO-PCDEs and MeO-PCDEs. The HO-PCDE tested has earlier been reported as an abundant component in a Finnish chlorophenol formulation (Ky-5) and its methoxy analogue is recognized as an abundant MeO-PCDE in sawmill soil contaminated by the formulation. The occurrence of 4'-HO-PCDE 161 and its methoxy analogue among other HO-PCDEs and MeO-PCDEs in lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) incubated in a river contaminated via the manufacture of Ky-5 showed that these compounds are bioavailable and transported in the aquatic environment. Mussel comparison with sediment data pointed to a higher accumulation potential for MeO-PCDEs than for HO-PCDEs. The finding of HO-PCDEs in groundwater samples collected from a groundwater reservoir, which had been contaminated by chlorophenols, points to potential of HO-PCDEs for transport with water in soil.

Aquatic Toxicology, Jul 1, 2000

Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of radiolabelled pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were... more Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of radiolabelled pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were studied in the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus in spiked Lake Mekrijärvi (Eastern Finland) sediment in two sets of experiments (I and II). In experiment I bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of PAHs were studied. In experiment II biotransformation was investigated further using three different solvent extractions and the ability of L. variegatus to biotransform was based on the change of proportion of the parent PAH in tissue. Bioaccumulation of both chemicals was fast and an apparent steady level was reached within a week. Biotransformation results obtained by solvent extractions were in agreement with each other, although hexane appeared to be less efficient solvent for B[a]P than chloroform:methanol or ethyl acetate:acetone/cyclohexane. The relative proportion of parent PAHs in tissues decreased continously during the 504 and the 336 h exposures in experiments I and II, respectively. After 336 h exposure in experiment II, approximately 60% of pyrene and 90% of B[a]P associated radioactivity was still in the parent compound. Depuration of the parent compounds in clean sediment was fast. Most of the parent chemicals were depurated within 72 h but the possible biotransformation products remained mainly in tissues. Feeding behavior of the animals (sediment ingesting vs. noningesting) did not affect pyrene biotransformation but the proportion of parent B[a]P in tissues was larger in feeding animals. This was probably due to faster uptake rate of B[a]P to feeders than nonfeeders and slow biotransformation rate of the chemical. Our results suggest that biotransformation of pyrene and B[a]P in L. variegatus is likely and it should be taken into account when studying bioaccumulation of PAHs in assessing hazard of sediment contamination.

A literature review of environmental properties of surfactants is given. The fate of surfactants ... more A literature review of environmental properties of surfactants is given. The fate of surfactants in sewage systems was investigated, i.e. the anaerobe biodegradability, bioaccumulation and toxicity towards aquatic and sediment-living organisms. An essential output of the project was that for the surfactants investigated the effect concentrations from long-term and short-term toxicity studies were comparable. This indicates that, for easily metabolized surfactants, a potential for bioaccumulation (high log K ow ) does not necessarily lead to a higher long-term toxicity as it is usually expected. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that discharge of the detergents LAS and NP from Norwegian WWTPs with only chemical treatment may lead to risk quotients above 1 both in water phase and in the sediments. For WWTPs with biological treatment, the risk quotients for NP were still above 1 whereas the risk quotients for LAS were well below 1. Based on the performed investigation, it seems that, as a minimum, biological treatment is needed for removal of detergents as LAS and NP.

Water Research, 2015

The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63e200 mm) was... more The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63e200 mm) was studied with Lumbriculus variegatus in three PCB contaminated sediments applying long AC-sediment contact time (3 years). AC amendment efficiently reduced PCB bioavailability as determined with both, L. variegatus bioaccumulation test and passive samplers. However, dose related secondary effects of AC on egestion rate and biomass were observed (applied doses 0.25% and 2.5% sediment dry weight). The sorption capacity and secondary effects remained similar when the experiments were repeated after three years of AC-sediment contact time. Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples revealed morphological changes in the L. variegatus gut wall microvilli layer. Sediment properties affected both sorption efficiency and secondary effects, but 2.5% AC addition had significant effects regardless of the sediment. In, conclusion, AC is an efficient and stable sorbent to decrease the bioavailability of PCBs. However, sediment dwelling organisms, such as Oligochaete worms in this study, may be sensitive to the carbon amendments. The secondary effects and possible morphological changes in benthic organisms should not be overlooked as in many cases they form the basis of the aquatic food webs.

Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 1991

The present study focused on the accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), hexachlo-rocyclohexane (li... more The present study focused on the accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), hexachlo-rocyclohexane (lindane), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA), from a natural humic water (DOC 18 mg/1) and a humus-free reference water, in Daphnia magna (Cladocera) and ...