Kate Lambourne | University of Kansas (original) (raw)
Papers by Kate Lambourne
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2006
This study examined the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in younger ... more This study examined the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in younger adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the exercise rates of adults (aged 19-30) and working memory capacity. Participants were 42 male and female college students who were divided into groups based on self-reported physical activity level. The participants in one group (n = 23) met the physical activity requirements specified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and participants in the other group (n = 19) did not, and therefore acted as the control. A reading span task was used to assess the participant's working memory capacity. Analysis of variance results demonstrated that exercise was associated with enhanced memory (F = 9.06, p = 0.005, η = 0.21). Differences in working memory capacity as a function of gender and department were not statistically significant, nor were any interactions between these variables. This finding lend...
Exercise and Cognitive Function, 2009
... Attention from adults and peers in the context of an after-school programme could be an ... c... more ... Attention from adults and peers in the context of an after-school programme could be an ... control condition are needed to isolate the effects of exercise on children's cognition. Social cognitive theory (eg self-efficacy) is an important theory for physical activity (Bandura, 2004; Motl ...
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2013
Fluid milk consumed in conjunction with resistance training (RT) provides additional protein and ... more Fluid milk consumed in conjunction with resistance training (RT) provides additional protein and calcium, which may enhance the effect of RT on body composition. However, the literature on this topic is inconsistent with limited data in adolescents. Therefore, we examined the effects of a supervised RT program (6 mo, 3 d/ wk, 7 exercises, 40-85% 1-repetition maximum) with daily milk supplementation (24 oz/day, one 16-oz dose immediately post-RT) on weight, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (baseline, 3 mo, 6 mo) in a sample of middle-school students who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 supplement groups: milk, isocaloric carbohydrate (100% fruit juice), or water (control). Thirty-nine boys and 69 girls (mean age = 13.6 yr, mean BMI percentile = 85th) completed the study: milk n = 36, juice n = 34, water n = 38. The results showed no significant differences between groups for change in body weight (milk = 3.4 ± 3.7 kg, juice = 4.2 ± ...
Background. There is increasing evidence for the association between physical activity, cardiovas... more Background. There is increasing evidence for the association between physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, fatness, and cognitive function during childhood and adolescence. Evidence also suggests that these variables are linked to academic achievement. Classroom-based physical activity provides a viable approach to improve fitness, body mass index (BMI), cognitive function, and ultimately academic achievement.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2008
Contemporary clinical trials, 2012
State-of-the-art treatment for weight management consists of a behavioral intervention to facilit... more State-of-the-art treatment for weight management consists of a behavioral intervention to facilitate decreased energy intake and increased physical activity. These interventions are typically delivered face-to-face (FTF) by a health educator to a small group of participants. There are numerous barriers to participation in FTF clinics including availability, scheduling, the expense and time required to travel to the clinic site, and possible need for dependent care. Weight management clinics delivered by conference call have the potential to diminish or eliminate these barriers. The conference call approach may also reduce burden on providers, who could conduct clinic groups from almost any location without the expenses associated with maintaining FTF clinic space. A randomized trial will be conducted in 395 overweight/obese adults (BMI 25-39.9 kg/m(2)) to determine if weight loss (6 months) and weight maintenance (12 months) are equivalent between weight management interventions uti...
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012
Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2014
The prevalence of obesity is high resulting from chronic imbalances between energy intake and exp... more The prevalence of obesity is high resulting from chronic imbalances between energy intake and expenditure. On the expenditure side, regular exercise is associated with health benefits, including enhanced brain function. The benefits of exercise are not immediate and require persistence to be realized. Brain regions associated with health-related decisions, such as whether or not to exercise or controlling the impulse to engage in immediately rewarding activities (e.g., sedentary behavior), include reward processing and cognitive control regions. A 9 month aerobic exercise study will be conducted in 180 sedentary adults (n = 90 healthy weight [BMI = 18.5 to 26.0 kg/m 2 ]; n = 90 obese [BMI = 29.0 to 41.0 kg/m 2 ) to examine the brain processes underlying reward processing and impulse control that may affect adherence in a new exercise regimen. The primary aim is to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine reward processing and impulse control among participants that adhere (exercise N80% of sessions) and those that do not adhere to a nine-month exercise intervention with secondary analyses comparing sedentary obese and sedentary healthy weight participants. Our results will provide valuable information characterizing brain activation underlying reward processing and impulse control in sedentary obese and healthy weight individuals. In addition, our results may identify brain activation predictors of adherence and success in the exercise program along with measuring the effects of exercise and improved fitness on brain activation.
PLoS ONE, 2014
The magnitude of the negative energy balance induced by exercise may be reduced due to compensato... more The magnitude of the negative energy balance induced by exercise may be reduced due to compensatory increases in energy intake. TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION: Does increased exercise or physical activity alter ad-libitum daily energy intake or macronutrient composition in healthy adults? PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-January 2013) for studies that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise, physical activity or change in response to exercise. Ninety-nine articles (103 studies) were included. Primary source articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Articles that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise or physical activity or changes in energy or macronutrient intake in response to acute exercise or exercise training in healthy (non-athlete) adults (mean age 18-64 years). Articles were grouped by study design: cross-sectional, acute/short term, non-randomized, and randomized trials. Considerable heterogeneity existed within study groups for several important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and presented by study design. No effect of physical activity, exercise or exercise training on energy intake was shown in 59% of cross-sectional studies (n = 17), 69% of acute (n = 40), 50% of short-term (n = 10), 92% of non-randomized (n = 12) and 75% of randomized trials (n = 24). Ninety-four percent of acute, 57% of short-term, 100% of non-randomized and 74% of randomized trials found no effect of exercise on macronutrient intake. Forty-six percent of cross-sectional trials found lower fat intake with increased physical activity. The literature is limited by the lack of adequately powered trials of sufficient duration, which have prescribed and measured exercise energy expenditure, or employed adequate assessment methods for energy and macronutrient intake. We found no consistent evidence that increased physical activity or exercise effects energy or macronutrient intake.
Health Psychology, 2014
To investigate the relationship between cognitive control and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk fact... more To investigate the relationship between cognitive control and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in preadolescent children while controlling for aerobic fitness and weight status. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using aerobic fitness, demographic, and MetS risk-factor variables in a sample of 2nd- and 3rd-grade children (n = 139) who performed a modified version of a flanker task to assess cognitive control. Flanker performance was also compared between children that met no MetS risk-factor criteria (n = 70), and children who met 1 criterion or more (n = 69). Regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic variables and fitness, HDL cholesterol exhibited an independent negative association with flanker reaction time (RT). Group comparisons further revealed that children with no risk factors demonstrated overall shorter RT than the at-risk group. In addition, at-risk children exhibited larger accuracy-interference scores (i.e., poorer performance) for the more difficult conditions of the flanker task that required the up-regulation of cognitive control to meet elevated task demands. These findings are consonant with the previous literature reporting a beneficial influence of aerobic fitness on cognitive control, and reveal new evidence that children without risk factors for MetS exhibit better inhibitory control and increased cognitive flexibility than do at-risk children. In addition to aerobic fitness, these risk factors may serve as important biomarkers for understanding the potential cognitive implications of MetS risk in younger generations.
PLoS ONE, 2014
Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be a... more Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be associated with differences in long-term weight loss/regain. To assess the effect of weight loss method on long-term changes in weight, body composition and chronic disease risk factors. PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-October 2013) for studies with data on the effect of energy restriction, exercise (aerobic and resistance) on long-term weight loss. Twenty articles were included in this review. Primary source, peer reviewed randomized trials published in English with an active weight loss period of >6 months, or active weight loss with a follow-up period of any duration, conducted in overweight or obese adults were included. Considerable heterogeneity across trials existed for important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and grouped by comparisons (e.g. diet vs. aerobic exercise, diet vs. diet + aerobic exercise etc.) and study design (long-term or weight loss/follow-up). Forty percent of trials reported significantly greater long-term weight loss with diet compared with aerobic exercise, while results for differences in weight regain were inconclusive. Diet+aerobic exercise resulted in significantly greater weight loss than diet alone in 50% of trials. However, weight regain (∼ 55% of loss) was similar in diet and diet+aerobic exercise groups. Fat-free mass tended to be preserved when interventions included exercise.
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2011
This article provides an overview of the benefits of physical activity in children, including the... more This article provides an overview of the benefits of physical activity in children, including the effects on obesity, cognitive development, academic achievement and cognition, and health. The recommendations of health organizations are also outlined, and practical recommendations are provided for parents and educators.
Preventive Medicine, 2011
BackgroundThis review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed ... more BackgroundThis review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed by American educators and an evaluation of research that has assessed the effects of exercise on children's mental function.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2012
Sixteen healthy college students performed a multiple-trial referenced temporal generalization ta... more Sixteen healthy college students performed a multiple-trial referenced temporal generalization task and an episodic temporal generalization task before and during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The same tasks were performed in a resting control condition. Working memory tasks were also administered before, during, and after exercise to determine whether exercise affected working memory processes. Temporal generalization gradients demonstrated leftward shifts during exercise when compared to rest, indicating that the subject perceived intervals to elapse more slowly. This finding is consistent with an increased pacemaker speed. Subjective lengthening of stimuli as the task progressed did not occur during exercise or rest. No significant differences were observed on the episodic timing task, nor were any differences found on the working memory tasks. These findings provide support for the notion that exercise influences the internal clock in a manner similar to other arousal-inducing manipulations.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2009
LAMBOURNE, K., M. AUDIFFREN, and P. D. TOMPOROWSKI. Effects of Acute Exercise on Sensory and Exec... more LAMBOURNE, K., M. AUDIFFREN, and P. D. TOMPOROWSKI. Effects of Acute Exercise on Sensory and Executive Processing Tasks. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 00-00, 2010. Purpose: The immediate and delayed effects of a single bout of steady-state aerobic exercise on 19 young adults' (mean = 21.1 yr) sensory sensitivity (critical flicker fusion, CFF) and executive function (modified Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, PASAT) were assessed. Methods: Tests were performed before exercise, five times during 40 min of ergometer cycling at 90% ventilatory threshold, and three times during a 30-min postexercise period. In a separate control session, each participant performed the same sequence of tests while seated on the ergometer without pedaling. Results: ANOVA were performed separately on CFF and PASAT scores, which compared performance during exercise and nonexercise conditions at nine time points. Planned ANOVA of CFF scores revealed that the participants' sensory discrimination increased during exercise and then quickly returned to baseline levels immediately after exercise. PASAT scores did not change during or after exercise. Conclusions: Exercise-induced arousal facilitates sensory processes involved in stimulus detection but does not influence the updating component of executive processing.
Brain Research, 2010
The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance were examined using meta-analytic techniqu... more The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance were examined using meta-analytic techniques. The overall mean effect size was dependent on the timing of cognitive assessment. During exercise, cognitive task performance was impaired by a mean effect of -0.14. However, impairments were only observed during the first 20 min of exercise. Otherwise, exercise-induced arousal enhanced performance on tasks that involved rapid decisions and automatized behaviors. Following exercise, cognitive task performance improved by a mean effect of 0.20. Arousal continued to facilitate speeded mental processes and also enhanced memory storage and retrieval. Positive effects were observed following exercise regardless of whether the study protocol was designed to measure the effects of steady-state exercise, fatiguing exercise, or the inverted-U hypothesis. Finally, cognitive performance was affected differentially by exercise mode. Cycling was associated with enhanced performance during and after exercise, whereas treadmill running led to impaired performance during exercise and a small improvement in performance following exercise. These results are indicative of the complex relation between exercise and cognition. Cognitive performance may be enhanced or impaired depending on when it is measured, the type of cognitive task selected, and the type of exercise performed.
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2006
This study examined the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in younger ... more This study examined the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in younger adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the exercise rates of adults (aged 19-30) and working memory capacity. Participants were 42 male and female college students who were divided into groups based on self-reported physical activity level. The participants in one group (n = 23) met the physical activity requirements specified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and participants in the other group (n = 19) did not, and therefore acted as the control. A reading span task was used to assess the participant's working memory capacity. Analysis of variance results demonstrated that exercise was associated with enhanced memory (F = 9.06, p = 0.005, η = 0.21). Differences in working memory capacity as a function of gender and department were not statistically significant, nor were any interactions between these variables. This finding lend...
Exercise and Cognitive Function, 2009
... Attention from adults and peers in the context of an after-school programme could be an ... c... more ... Attention from adults and peers in the context of an after-school programme could be an ... control condition are needed to isolate the effects of exercise on children's cognition. Social cognitive theory (eg self-efficacy) is an important theory for physical activity (Bandura, 2004; Motl ...
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2013
Fluid milk consumed in conjunction with resistance training (RT) provides additional protein and ... more Fluid milk consumed in conjunction with resistance training (RT) provides additional protein and calcium, which may enhance the effect of RT on body composition. However, the literature on this topic is inconsistent with limited data in adolescents. Therefore, we examined the effects of a supervised RT program (6 mo, 3 d/ wk, 7 exercises, 40-85% 1-repetition maximum) with daily milk supplementation (24 oz/day, one 16-oz dose immediately post-RT) on weight, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (baseline, 3 mo, 6 mo) in a sample of middle-school students who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 supplement groups: milk, isocaloric carbohydrate (100% fruit juice), or water (control). Thirty-nine boys and 69 girls (mean age = 13.6 yr, mean BMI percentile = 85th) completed the study: milk n = 36, juice n = 34, water n = 38. The results showed no significant differences between groups for change in body weight (milk = 3.4 ± 3.7 kg, juice = 4.2 ± ...
Background. There is increasing evidence for the association between physical activity, cardiovas... more Background. There is increasing evidence for the association between physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, fatness, and cognitive function during childhood and adolescence. Evidence also suggests that these variables are linked to academic achievement. Classroom-based physical activity provides a viable approach to improve fitness, body mass index (BMI), cognitive function, and ultimately academic achievement.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2008
Contemporary clinical trials, 2012
State-of-the-art treatment for weight management consists of a behavioral intervention to facilit... more State-of-the-art treatment for weight management consists of a behavioral intervention to facilitate decreased energy intake and increased physical activity. These interventions are typically delivered face-to-face (FTF) by a health educator to a small group of participants. There are numerous barriers to participation in FTF clinics including availability, scheduling, the expense and time required to travel to the clinic site, and possible need for dependent care. Weight management clinics delivered by conference call have the potential to diminish or eliminate these barriers. The conference call approach may also reduce burden on providers, who could conduct clinic groups from almost any location without the expenses associated with maintaining FTF clinic space. A randomized trial will be conducted in 395 overweight/obese adults (BMI 25-39.9 kg/m(2)) to determine if weight loss (6 months) and weight maintenance (12 months) are equivalent between weight management interventions uti...
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012
Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2014
The prevalence of obesity is high resulting from chronic imbalances between energy intake and exp... more The prevalence of obesity is high resulting from chronic imbalances between energy intake and expenditure. On the expenditure side, regular exercise is associated with health benefits, including enhanced brain function. The benefits of exercise are not immediate and require persistence to be realized. Brain regions associated with health-related decisions, such as whether or not to exercise or controlling the impulse to engage in immediately rewarding activities (e.g., sedentary behavior), include reward processing and cognitive control regions. A 9 month aerobic exercise study will be conducted in 180 sedentary adults (n = 90 healthy weight [BMI = 18.5 to 26.0 kg/m 2 ]; n = 90 obese [BMI = 29.0 to 41.0 kg/m 2 ) to examine the brain processes underlying reward processing and impulse control that may affect adherence in a new exercise regimen. The primary aim is to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine reward processing and impulse control among participants that adhere (exercise N80% of sessions) and those that do not adhere to a nine-month exercise intervention with secondary analyses comparing sedentary obese and sedentary healthy weight participants. Our results will provide valuable information characterizing brain activation underlying reward processing and impulse control in sedentary obese and healthy weight individuals. In addition, our results may identify brain activation predictors of adherence and success in the exercise program along with measuring the effects of exercise and improved fitness on brain activation.
PLoS ONE, 2014
The magnitude of the negative energy balance induced by exercise may be reduced due to compensato... more The magnitude of the negative energy balance induced by exercise may be reduced due to compensatory increases in energy intake. TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION: Does increased exercise or physical activity alter ad-libitum daily energy intake or macronutrient composition in healthy adults? PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-January 2013) for studies that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise, physical activity or change in response to exercise. Ninety-nine articles (103 studies) were included. Primary source articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Articles that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise or physical activity or changes in energy or macronutrient intake in response to acute exercise or exercise training in healthy (non-athlete) adults (mean age 18-64 years). Articles were grouped by study design: cross-sectional, acute/short term, non-randomized, and randomized trials. Considerable heterogeneity existed within study groups for several important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and presented by study design. No effect of physical activity, exercise or exercise training on energy intake was shown in 59% of cross-sectional studies (n = 17), 69% of acute (n = 40), 50% of short-term (n = 10), 92% of non-randomized (n = 12) and 75% of randomized trials (n = 24). Ninety-four percent of acute, 57% of short-term, 100% of non-randomized and 74% of randomized trials found no effect of exercise on macronutrient intake. Forty-six percent of cross-sectional trials found lower fat intake with increased physical activity. The literature is limited by the lack of adequately powered trials of sufficient duration, which have prescribed and measured exercise energy expenditure, or employed adequate assessment methods for energy and macronutrient intake. We found no consistent evidence that increased physical activity or exercise effects energy or macronutrient intake.
Health Psychology, 2014
To investigate the relationship between cognitive control and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk fact... more To investigate the relationship between cognitive control and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in preadolescent children while controlling for aerobic fitness and weight status. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using aerobic fitness, demographic, and MetS risk-factor variables in a sample of 2nd- and 3rd-grade children (n = 139) who performed a modified version of a flanker task to assess cognitive control. Flanker performance was also compared between children that met no MetS risk-factor criteria (n = 70), and children who met 1 criterion or more (n = 69). Regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic variables and fitness, HDL cholesterol exhibited an independent negative association with flanker reaction time (RT). Group comparisons further revealed that children with no risk factors demonstrated overall shorter RT than the at-risk group. In addition, at-risk children exhibited larger accuracy-interference scores (i.e., poorer performance) for the more difficult conditions of the flanker task that required the up-regulation of cognitive control to meet elevated task demands. These findings are consonant with the previous literature reporting a beneficial influence of aerobic fitness on cognitive control, and reveal new evidence that children without risk factors for MetS exhibit better inhibitory control and increased cognitive flexibility than do at-risk children. In addition to aerobic fitness, these risk factors may serve as important biomarkers for understanding the potential cognitive implications of MetS risk in younger generations.
PLoS ONE, 2014
Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be a... more Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be associated with differences in long-term weight loss/regain. To assess the effect of weight loss method on long-term changes in weight, body composition and chronic disease risk factors. PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-October 2013) for studies with data on the effect of energy restriction, exercise (aerobic and resistance) on long-term weight loss. Twenty articles were included in this review. Primary source, peer reviewed randomized trials published in English with an active weight loss period of >6 months, or active weight loss with a follow-up period of any duration, conducted in overweight or obese adults were included. Considerable heterogeneity across trials existed for important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and grouped by comparisons (e.g. diet vs. aerobic exercise, diet vs. diet + aerobic exercise etc.) and study design (long-term or weight loss/follow-up). Forty percent of trials reported significantly greater long-term weight loss with diet compared with aerobic exercise, while results for differences in weight regain were inconclusive. Diet+aerobic exercise resulted in significantly greater weight loss than diet alone in 50% of trials. However, weight regain (∼ 55% of loss) was similar in diet and diet+aerobic exercise groups. Fat-free mass tended to be preserved when interventions included exercise.
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2011
This article provides an overview of the benefits of physical activity in children, including the... more This article provides an overview of the benefits of physical activity in children, including the effects on obesity, cognitive development, academic achievement and cognition, and health. The recommendations of health organizations are also outlined, and practical recommendations are provided for parents and educators.
Preventive Medicine, 2011
BackgroundThis review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed ... more BackgroundThis review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed by American educators and an evaluation of research that has assessed the effects of exercise on children's mental function.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2012
Sixteen healthy college students performed a multiple-trial referenced temporal generalization ta... more Sixteen healthy college students performed a multiple-trial referenced temporal generalization task and an episodic temporal generalization task before and during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The same tasks were performed in a resting control condition. Working memory tasks were also administered before, during, and after exercise to determine whether exercise affected working memory processes. Temporal generalization gradients demonstrated leftward shifts during exercise when compared to rest, indicating that the subject perceived intervals to elapse more slowly. This finding is consistent with an increased pacemaker speed. Subjective lengthening of stimuli as the task progressed did not occur during exercise or rest. No significant differences were observed on the episodic timing task, nor were any differences found on the working memory tasks. These findings provide support for the notion that exercise influences the internal clock in a manner similar to other arousal-inducing manipulations.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2009
LAMBOURNE, K., M. AUDIFFREN, and P. D. TOMPOROWSKI. Effects of Acute Exercise on Sensory and Exec... more LAMBOURNE, K., M. AUDIFFREN, and P. D. TOMPOROWSKI. Effects of Acute Exercise on Sensory and Executive Processing Tasks. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 00-00, 2010. Purpose: The immediate and delayed effects of a single bout of steady-state aerobic exercise on 19 young adults' (mean = 21.1 yr) sensory sensitivity (critical flicker fusion, CFF) and executive function (modified Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, PASAT) were assessed. Methods: Tests were performed before exercise, five times during 40 min of ergometer cycling at 90% ventilatory threshold, and three times during a 30-min postexercise period. In a separate control session, each participant performed the same sequence of tests while seated on the ergometer without pedaling. Results: ANOVA were performed separately on CFF and PASAT scores, which compared performance during exercise and nonexercise conditions at nine time points. Planned ANOVA of CFF scores revealed that the participants' sensory discrimination increased during exercise and then quickly returned to baseline levels immediately after exercise. PASAT scores did not change during or after exercise. Conclusions: Exercise-induced arousal facilitates sensory processes involved in stimulus detection but does not influence the updating component of executive processing.
Brain Research, 2010
The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance were examined using meta-analytic techniqu... more The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance were examined using meta-analytic techniques. The overall mean effect size was dependent on the timing of cognitive assessment. During exercise, cognitive task performance was impaired by a mean effect of -0.14. However, impairments were only observed during the first 20 min of exercise. Otherwise, exercise-induced arousal enhanced performance on tasks that involved rapid decisions and automatized behaviors. Following exercise, cognitive task performance improved by a mean effect of 0.20. Arousal continued to facilitate speeded mental processes and also enhanced memory storage and retrieval. Positive effects were observed following exercise regardless of whether the study protocol was designed to measure the effects of steady-state exercise, fatiguing exercise, or the inverted-U hypothesis. Finally, cognitive performance was affected differentially by exercise mode. Cycling was associated with enhanced performance during and after exercise, whereas treadmill running led to impaired performance during exercise and a small improvement in performance following exercise. These results are indicative of the complex relation between exercise and cognition. Cognitive performance may be enhanced or impaired depending on when it is measured, the type of cognitive task selected, and the type of exercise performed.