Joachim Monkelbaan | Saudi Aramco / King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) (original) (raw)

Papers by Joachim Monkelbaan

Navigating the Trade and Climate Change Nexus, 2024

As global efforts to address environmental challenges intensify, the intersection of trade and cl... more As global efforts to address environmental challenges intensify, the intersection of trade and climate change has become increasingly significant. On the one hand, trade can facilitate access to clean energy technologies, foster the global diffusion of sustainable practices, and make production more material- and energy-efficient. On the other hand, trade brings related risks by encouraging the growth of carbon-intensive industries in countries with less stringent environmental regulations, potentially exacerbating global emissions through increased production and transportation (WTO 2022). Trade is a channel through which competitiveness is established. However, uncoordinated environmental standards, fragmented trade policies, trade barriers, and the race for green subsidies have created a complex landscape that undermines both competitiveness and the potential of trade to support climate goals. Specifically, the trade and policy fragmentation resulting from uncoordinated environmental standards, national carbon markets, and green industrial subsidies may jeopardize the climate benefits derived from trade by reducing efficiency, increasing costs, and reinforcing existing international economic inequities. Thus, the trade system needs a paradigm shift to ensure climate progress and to transform it into a catalyst for sustainable development by promoting low-carbon industries, supporting green innovation, and reducing the environmental impact of global supply chains. The purpose of this Discussion Paper is to highlight how the interaction between climate-related policies and global trade might affect efforts to meet net-zero goals and safeguard competitiveness. This Discussion Paper also explores how trade policies and international trade institutions, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), interact with climate governance frameworks like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). By examining policy developments, case studies, and ongoing international debates, this paper aims to provide insights into how trade can be aligned with climate action to achieve sustainable and equitable outcomes. After providing an overview of both trade and climate change interactions and policies at the trade-climate nexus, this paper presents discussions on trade and climate at the WTO, followed by policy recommendations and implications for Saudi Arabia and future research in the final section.

It is widely recognized that governance is a vital condition for implementing the Sustainable Dev... more It is widely recognized that governance is a vital condition for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Japan and elsewhere. However, we can see that prevailing forms of governance seem unable to address unsustainability effectively. Therefore, the main research question in this report is: What can be some theoretical insights that can provide guidance for governing the implementation of the SDGs? The findings together form the basis for a new approach to sustainability governance: Integrative Sustainability Governance (ISG). The ensuing ISG framework includes indicator frames within the theoretical pillars of power, knowledge and norms. Other main findings are that the transformation of crisis into transitions needs to find a place in risk management; that systems thinking can be helpful for addressing wicked problems; and that insights from behavioural science can play a crucial role in successful transitions. Finally, three case studies on key topics in development research are discussed to illustrate these ideas: one on energy efficiency and the SDGs, one on the water-energyfood nexus, and one on trade and the SDGs. 5. Revision of goals etc.

Governance for the Sustainable Development Goals, 2018

This chapter contains the four specific case studies for this book: (1) The first case study conc... more This chapter contains the four specific case studies for this book: (1) The first case study concerns the decarbonization of the global economy (SDG 13); (2) The second case study is about ways in which energy efficiency can contribute to achieving the SDGs; (3) The third case study is focused on the ‘water–energy–food–climate’ nexus or, in other words, the ways in which the domains of water, energy, food, and climate influence each other and how governance can better address these linkages; (4) The fourth case study is about the rapidly evolving governance of trade in sustainable energy technologies (SETs). The case shows how trade disputes, top-down ambitions and bottom-up initiatives provide the dynamics for a new global agreement that can unlock the forces of globalization in the quest for a low-carbon economy and A detailed investigation of these cases studies is warranted for the following reasons: These combined fields (e.g. trade and sustainable energy) are examples of dynam...

Accelerating Decarbonization through Trade in Climate Goods and Services, 2022

Boosting trade in specific climate action-related technologies and services could help encourage ... more Boosting trade in specific climate action-related technologies and services could help encourage emissions reductions in industries and homes worldwide. Trade can support climate action: Trade can help spread climate-friendly technologies around the world. Wind turbines contain around 9,000 components traded in global and regional value chains, electric cars are made from components sourced in many countries, and global heat pump markets are growing. Services trade supports climate technology roll out, like monitoring wind turbine performance to repair faulty parts, or engineering advisory, design, consulting and project management functions that deliver clean energy projects. As well as increasing availability, trade in climate goods and services can reduce costs and increase choice, making industries dependent on emissions savings more competitive. Government collaboration has been mixed, but action is needed now: Governments have long recognized the importance of a broader push for more environmental goods and services trade. Yet efforts to work together to reduce barriers – from tariffs to regulatory complexity or limitations on foreign suppliers – have been mixed. The urgency of climate action means the time is ripe for a renewed, focused collaboration on boosting trade in climate goods and services. Trade in 25 climate goods could help emissions reductions: This report presents a list of 25 key climate technologies that trade policy-makers could prioritize in discussions. These were identified based on three sectors that will play an essential role in reaching net-zero emissions, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including energy supply, transport and buildings. Goods for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and refrigerant management are also included as these are promising for decarbonization too. Technologies proposed include wind and solar power, heat pumps, alternative refrigerants, insulation, efficient motors, LED lighting, smart thermostats, electric cars and biogas stoves. A longer list is also available that indicates inputs to key technologies and relevant tariff codes. That information is specifically designed to help policymakers explore value chains and areas of most interest to their national context. Non-tariff barriers matter more than tariffs: A tariff-cutting deal on climate goods would send an important message. It would demonstrate that participating governments are serious about aligning their commercial and economic policies with climate action. Most research to date also notes the importance of addressing non-tariff barriers (NTBs) – like different testing and certification requirements for safely placing a product on a market. The report lists seven types of NTBs and suggests priorities for further work. Services trade restrictions slow down climate goods distribution: Interviews for this report confirmed that trade barriers to providing climate-related services have resulted in missed business opportunities for the sale of climate goods. The report presents a list of climate services, associated with the five sectors targeted for increased climate goods trade, to encourage trade policy efforts. The list includes “core” environmental services and services that “enable” or are “indispensable” to climate goods trade. Developing countries must be included, and value chain competitiveness can help Globally, 759 million people do not have access to electricity, even though it is vital for development and clean energy solutions. Developing countries equally need to secure clean energy supplies to power companies engaged in global value chains as attention grows around supplier emissions. While south-south trade in clean energy technologies is growing, developed country markets could be opened up through regulatory cooperation in areas such as standards and technical requirements for key products. A climate trade deal can start targeted and grow over time: A trade deal among a broad number of interested countries focused on a tight list of items with significant potential for cutting emissions would be a positive move. The agreement could be broadened in time, especially as policy-makers build up confidence in trade collaboration and undertake effective capacity building. The Climate Trade Zero community stands ready to support these and other efforts aimed at maximizing the positive contribution that trade can make to addressing climate change.

Meléndez-Ortiz. Background research and editorial support have been provided by Sonja Lubecki, So... more Meléndez-Ortiz. Background research and editorial support have been provided by Sonja Lubecki, Sofia Baliño and Giacomo Pascolini. The paper builds mostly on ICTSD work undertaken since 2008, including a model sustainable energy agreement discussed and presented in the contexts of the WTO, the UNFCCC, the Global Green Growth Forum

Global Trade and Customs Journal, 2021

This article attempts to answer the question ‘What could be the role for trade in achieving the g... more This article attempts to answer the question ‘What could be the role for trade in achieving the goals laid down in the Paris Climate Agreement?’ This article explores the interactions between the trade and climate change regimes, their specific interactions, and innovative ways forward in the context of global governance. Sections 1 and 2 of this report first assess the numerous linkages between trade and climate change including at the policy level. Chapter 3 then systematically assesses the main policy options for making trade more supportive of climate action. The report then investigates the rationale, benefits, and challenges for climate clubs in Chapter 4. trade, climate change, response measures, fossil fuel subsidies, environmental goods and services, border carbon adjustments, climate clubs, carbon market clubs, WTO, UNFCCC

Journal of World Trade Studies, Nov 1, 2015

Climate change and trade are two separate realms that inevitably interact with each other. Trade,... more Climate change and trade are two separate realms that inevitably interact with each other. Trade, representing more than half of global GDP by some accounts, may play a pivotal role in efforts to combat climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The WTO Agreements were not specifically composed for climate change purposes. Labelling and international standards may be used as a trade tool whose application may influence consumer preferences and shift markets. In the context of climate change, labelling may effectively inform consumers about international standards and, in particular, the carbon footprint of products. In the context of WTO Agreements, labelling is governed by the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This article investigates the compatibility of the TBT Agreement in governing labelling aimed at mitigating climate change and it elaborates tensions at the nexus between climate change and trade in the context of labelling. This article eventually argues that climate change, labelling, international standards and the TBT Agreement can be in harmony. Further arrangements, which will close more gaps in the relation between the TBT Agreement and measures aimed at combating climate change, are required to alleviate (possible) tensions in practice.

While the WTO Secretariat and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) wo... more While the WTO Secretariat and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) work together to monitor AfT flows, and conduct periodic Global Reviews, projects are funded directly in beneficiary countries by bilateral and multilateral donors. South-South partners are also playing an increasingly important financing role. Within the WTO the topic of AfT falls under the responsibility of WTO Trade and Development Committee.

This SIA seeks to analyse the extent to which the EU-Myanmar IPA may affect the economy and susta... more This SIA seeks to analyse the extent to which the EU-Myanmar IPA may affect the economy and sustainability issues, including social and labour standards, environment, and human rights, in Myanmar. The SIA finds that the IPA may largely have positive economic impacts, however social and environmental impacts are more difficult to predict, as they will be dependent on how increased EU investment is directed, and the practices of related EU firms. The project team have proposed policy recommendations to increase potential positive impacts of the agreement and address negative externalities that could arise from increased investment by European investors as a result of the IPA

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 2016

from ICTSD for their comments as well as various experts for their valuable inputs notably Andre ... more from ICTSD for their comments as well as various experts for their valuable inputs notably Andre Stochniol from IMERS, Jasper Faber from CE Delft, Haifeng Wang from the International Council on Clean Transportation , and Bill Hemmings from Transport & Environment.

Advances in Climate Change Research, 2014

We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which ... more We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which trade interacts with climate change and energy (trade-climate-energy nexus). Trade remains crucial for the sustainable development of the world's greatest trading nation: China. After clarifying the linkages within the trade, climate change and energy nexus, this article delves into China's specific needs and interests related to trade, climate change and energy. Then it explores the ways in which trade can contribute to China's needs, to sustainable energy development and to the goals of the global climate agreement that is under negotiation. One main findings are China is a key participant in negotiations on trade liberalization of environmental technologies and services. These negotiations are in China's interests in terms of innovative industries, technological upgrading, employment and public health. China could stand up for the interests of other emerging and developing countries and serve as an example in terms of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Beyond trade barriers issues of domestic (energy) regulation such as fossil-fuel subsidies as well as investment, competition-policy, tradefacilitation and transit issues related to clean energy need to be addressed. Building trust between relevant actors across sectors and national borders will be of the essence in order to foster long-term cooperation on technological innovation. As a way forward, different approaches towards the governance of trade and climate change will be highlighted. Besides discussing the specific aspects of Chinese participation in global trade and climate change governance, this paper aims at offering broader insights into the nexus between trade, energy and climate governance in China.

This paper discusses a novel approach that may satisfy various needs in participatory climate cha... more This paper discusses a novel approach that may satisfy various needs in participatory climate change governance: experimentalist governance. The reason for focusing on governance in the first place is that, while many movements in support of sustainability are encouraging, what is often lacking is a sense of effective 1 and coherent governance for sustainable development. Governance is crucial for addressing climate change and sustainability. 2 The development and implementation of long‐term low‐ carbon development require challenging existing routines, ways of thinking, and physical and mental barriers in existing institutions 3 and policies. Sustainability governance involves the deliberate adjustment of governance practices and societal institutions in order to maximize the opportunities for continued human progress along a sustainable trajectory. The proposed definition of sustainability governance in this paper is: “a reflexive, contextual and social human activity in instituti...

Climate change is an unprecedented challenge facing humanity today. Given that fossil fuel-based ... more Climate change is an unprecedented challenge facing humanity today. Given that fossil fuel-based energy use is the biggest contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a rapid scale up and deployment of renewable or sustainable energy sources could significantly reduce the emissions responsible for global warming. A switch to cleaner and low-carbon transport fuels and technologies could also make a positive contribution toward achieving this goal. Energy efficiency measures represent a 'low hanging fruit' , as far as climate mitigation potential is concerned, and will entail the rapid deployment and use of energy efficient equipment and energy management practises. These measures will also contribute to energy security for countries that rely on fossil fuel imports, the supply of which may diminish or become unreliable in the future. Efforts to scale up sustainable energy require power producers to keep sustainable energy generation costs as low as possible. While incentives such as feed-in tariffs and tax breaks help, lowering the costs of equipment and services used to produce sustainable power could also play a critical role in facilitating the scale up process. Trade policy can contribute in this regard by lowering barriers to market access for sustainable energy goods and services. Often, however, trade and domestic sustainable energy policies could also be designed to restrict access to competitively priced goods and services for sustainable energy producers. This is because policymakers, while striving to lower the costs of sustainable energy production, also often seek to promote the domestic manufacturing of renewable energy equipment and the provision of services. In addition, the sustainable energy sector is also seen by many policymakers as a potential engine for job creation. Balancing these objectives may be difficult, however, especially when policymakers still need to win local support for sustainable energy policies from their constituents. Local manufacturing and employment-driven motivations may also trigger protectionist policies for goods and services connected to energy efficiency or sustainable transport. Trade and diffusion of energy efficient products and technologies may be hampered by diverse or conflicting technical standards and lack of harmonisation or mutual recognition efforts. Trade in cleaner transport fuels and technologies could be affected by a range of domestic policy measures, such as subsidies and product standards. While addressing trade barriers and ensuring a more open and fair trade regime for sustainable energy, policymakers will also need to be mindful of developing country concerns with regard to development priorities and access to technologies. This paper addresses some of the most critical and challenging issues in the trade and sustainable energy interface. It highlights the diversity of trade-related barriers in sustainable energy goods and services that arise as a consequence of both trade as well as domestic sustainable energy policies. Effectively addressing these market barriers will require a holistic and integrated approach that may not be feasible within the present framework of trade, energy, and climate-related regulatory barriers and institutions. This is because of various institutional and context-specific reasons, such as the fragmented and ambiguous nature of many existing World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements and rules, lack of effective and operational provisions both within and outside the WTO in several cases, and even the non-inclusion of key countries that matter within existing regulatory frameworks on trade as well as energy.

Organization Studies, 2012

Recent literature on institutional entrepreneurship has examined the enabling conditions under wh... more Recent literature on institutional entrepreneurship has examined the enabling conditions under which actors may influence institutional arrangements. Whereas conditions at field level and among actors have been highlighted, scholars have paid little attention to how and why the field is amenable to change at certain times and how actors act upon these conditions in a timely fashion. This paper examines the temporal conditions for institutional entrepreneurship. I propose that a collective of time-aware institutional entrepreneurs opens a window of opportunity for policy breakthrough by relating its activities to temporally favorable conditions of the multidimensional institutional process. These theoretical propositions are illustrated through an empirical case study of how aviation was targeted for its climate change impact by inclusion in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.

This working paper stems from and has been informed by extensive multistakeholder Dialogues, netw... more This working paper stems from and has been informed by extensive multistakeholder Dialogues, networking and research undertaken under the Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy of ICTSD. In this regard, the most relevant recent events are ICTSD's trade and climate change symposium in

Chapter 1 started off by explaining that Integrative Sustainability Governance is a specific form... more Chapter 1 started off by explaining that Integrative Sustainability Governance is a specific form of sustainability governance and defines it as ‘a collective enterprise which aims to address sustainability problems adequately through fostering fundamental change’. This final chapter aims to draw together the Integrative Sustainability Governance framework in an effort to answer the main question that this book addresses (‘What are the essential elements and the organizing logic of an integrative framework that is suitable for analysing governance for the SDGs from a global perspective and for implementing the related transitions?’). As such, this chapter summarizes the main findings of this book. In addition, this chapter suggests promising avenues for future practice and research on the SDGs.

This book demonstrates the role of governance at different levels in implementing the SDGs, and w... more This book demonstrates the role of governance at different levels in implementing the SDGs, and within that context in previous chapters the main discourses are analysed and key competences for effective and coherent transition governance are identified. This chapter takes these findings one step further by suggesting three actions that can be taken to increase the effectiveness and coherence of governance for the SDGs at both the individual and the collective (community, organization, institution, societal, etc.) levels. These inferenced actions are:

Navigating the Trade and Climate Change Nexus, 2024

Governance for the Sustainable Development Goals, 2018

Accelerating Decarbonization through Trade in Climate Goods and Services, 2022

Global Trade and Customs Journal, 2021

Journal of World Trade Studies, Nov 1, 2015

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 2016

Advances in Climate Change Research, 2014

Organization Studies, 2012

Offers a comprehensive overview of sustainability governance, covering the recent insights into s... more Offers a comprehensive overview of sustainability governance, covering the recent insights into sustainability governance This book provides a detailed overview of governance for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopting a unique integrative approach, it examines the fragmentation of governance that is a critical barrier to achieving the SDGs. The main question addressed is: What are the crucial elements and the organizing logic of an integrative framework that is suitable for analysing governance for the SDGs and for implementing the transitions that we need towards a more sustainable world? This transdisciplinary book first proposes a combination of innovative governance theories that can improve the analysis and practice of sustainability governance. Secondly, it explores the interests of core actors in a number of case examples. And thirdly, it offers recommendations for improving the study and practice of sustainability governance. The findings presented form the basis for a new approach to governance towards objectives such as the SDGs: Integrative Sustainability Governance (ISG). The ensuing ISG framework includes indicator frames within the pillars of power, knowledge and norms. The book concludes that the transformation of crisis into sustainability transitions requires a deeper consideration of risk management that strengthens resilience; systems deliberation that complements democracy; and behavioral insights that elevate human awareness and collaboration. This handbook is a comprehensive and valuable companion for students, experts and practitioners with an interest in the SDGs. Lifelong 40% discount for authors The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with [1] include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with [2] include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. [3] No discount for MyCopy.