Salman Ahmed | University of Karachi (original) (raw)

Papers by Salman Ahmed

Phytonutrients, 2024

Verbesina encelioides, a plant with a rich history in traditional medicine, is commonly known as ... more Verbesina encelioides, a plant with a rich history in traditional medicine, is commonly known as golden crownbeard or cowpen daisy. Despite its widespread use, scientific validation of its therapeutic potential, particularly its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, remains limited. Our study is designed to comprehensively evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of methanol extracts from various parts (leaves, stems, flowers, and roots) of V. encelioides in animal models. Acute toxicity, antinociceptive effects (heat plate and tail flick tests), and anti-inflammatory activity (carrageenan-induced inflammation) were tested in Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats. The acute toxicity assay showed no adverse effects in mice up to 1000 mg/kg, a highly encouraging result. In analgesic studies, V. encelioides extracts showed dose-dependent increases in reaction times similar to aspirin. Different extracts had different effects on paw edema in anti-inflammatory testing; some at first increased inflammation but eventually showed significant decreases, especially at higher dosages. These results offer a positive perspective on V. encelioides' possible medicinal use. These results provide a positive perspective on Verbesina encelioides' possible therapeutic use. The results imply that extracts from the plant, which are abundant in bioactive substances such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids, may have applications in treating pain and inflammation. These results highlight the plant's medicinal potential and suggest that more research and development could help address pain and inflammation naturally.

Phytonutrients, 2024

The exploration encompasses the diverse dimensions of the Verbesina genus, a cluster of flowering... more The exploration encompasses the diverse dimensions of the Verbesina genus, a cluster of flowering plants within the Asteraceae family, comprising 340 species with varied growth patterns and floral attributes. Traditional medicinal practices associated with Verbesina species across different cultures are scrutinized, emphasizing the necessity for scientific validation of these ethnomedicinal traditions. Through chemical and pharmacological profiling, Verbesina plants reveal a plethora of bioactive compounds and therapeutic potentials, propelling opportunities for drug discovery and development. Safety considerations, conservation challenges, and sustainable harvesting practices emerge as pivotal factors in maximizing the benefits of Verbesina species while minimizing environmental impacts. Finally, we underscore the significance of collaborative research efforts, recognizing the invaluable contributions of our professional colleagues and researchers in related fields, in fully harnessing the medicinal, healthcare and conservation potentials of Verbesina plants, promising groundbreaking discoveries and applications with profound implications for human wellbeing.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2024

Potato starch extraction is a critical process with implications across various industries, inclu... more Potato starch extraction is a critical process with implications across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and bioplastics. This review explores current techniques, challenges, and future opportunities in potato starch extraction. Traditional methods such as compression or wet grinding, enzymatic processes, and microwave-assisted extraction are examined for their efficiency, advantages, and limitations. The paper emphasizes the importance of quality control measures to ensure the purity and safety of the extracted starch. Critical quality control aspects include raw material inspection, monitoring during processing, purity and composition analysis, and adherence to national and international standards. Innovations in extraction methods, including enzymatic and green solvent extraction, ultrasonic and microwave-assisted techniques, and advancements in nanotechnology and biotechnological approaches, are highlighted as trends driving the industry towards greater sustainability and efficiency. The clean label movement also reflects a consumer-driven shift towards natural, minimally processed ingredients, influencing industry practices and regulatory compliance. The future of potato starch extraction holds significant promise, with the integration of sustainable practices and technological innovations to meet evolving market demands and regulatory standards, underscoring the need for continuous research and development in the field.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Rice bean (Vigna Umbellata), a traditional crop cultivated across South, Southeast, and East Asia... more Rice bean (Vigna Umbellata), a traditional crop cultivated across South, Southeast, and East Asia, is characterized by its wild variety spanning the tropical monsoon forest climatic zone. Despite its vast nutritional and production potential, falling within the leguminous family Fabaceae, the rice bean represents one of many underutilized crops. Indigenous to South and Southeast Asian regions, particularly hilly areas, rice bean is cultivated alongside crops like maize, forming an integral part of impoverished farming communities' livelihoods. Despite its extensive utilization in traditional practices, its commercial significance remains largely unrecognized. However, recent attention has been significantly drawn to the rice bean's nutritional richness, bioactive compounds, and various medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects. This significant attention underscores its potential for commercialization and contribution to improving the livelihoods of underprivileged populations. Furthermore, its cultivation and processing give rise to diverse products, reflecting its cultural significance and adaptability across different regions.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2024

"Chemical Pharmacognosy" explores natural drug discovery, traversing from traditional remedies to... more "Chemical Pharmacognosy" explores natural drug discovery, traversing from traditional remedies to modern therapeutics. This interdisciplinary approach aids biodiversity exploration, supports conservation, and validates Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The significance extends to drug formulation, quality control, and combating drug resistance. Symbolizing a holistic journey, it bridges traditional wisdom with scientific innovation, playing a pivotal role in harnessing nature's chemical diversity for human health and guiding drug development

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2024

Plant secondary metabolites refer to various chemical compounds that plants produce. Still, they ... more Plant secondary metabolites refer to various chemical compounds that plants produce. Still, they are not directly involved in essential growth processes like primary metabolites (such as sugars, amino acids, and lipids). The term "secondary metabolite" has generated controversy, as it implies these compounds are of minor importance to plants. "Special metabolites" may be a more suitable term. The plants are protected from both abiotic and biotic stress by these metabolites. The vast diversity of plant secondary metabolites showcases plants' incredible adaptability and versatility, providing an arsenal of chemical tools to defend against herbivores, protect from pathogens, attract pollinators and seed dispersers, adaptability and thrive and environmental interactions. Plants can therefore survive under less-than-ideal conditions. The profound impact of plant secondary metabolites highlights the intricate relationship between plants and humanity, opening doors to innovative applications with far-reaching implications.

Biosight, 2023

Introduction: Study was taken with an objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus... more Introduction: Study was taken with an objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract on three enzymes (α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase) which are involved in diabetes. The disadvantages related with the use of synthetic drugs make it necessary to search for alternative drugs from medicinal plants. One therapeutic approach for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycaemia is to decrease the plasma glucose level which can be attained by lowering the starch hydrolysis by digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase. The use of synthetic antidiabetic agents caused gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: Hence, the research was aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract to inhibit α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by this plant with less side effects. Phaseolus lunatus, also known as Lima bean, is native to Tropical America and are grown throughout the world. Lima bean has been prescribed traditionally to treat different diseases including diabetes. Result: The results of the present study showed that Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract have exerted both time and concentration dependent significant inhibitory effect on these digestive enzymes which might be due to cumulative effect of phytoconstituents present in the plant extract. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the part of mechanisms by which Phaseolus lunatus exhibited its antidiabetic activity might be through the inhibition of these digestive enzyme.

Cancers, 2023

Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients, originating f... more Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients, originating from sympathetic nervous system cells. Metastasis can be observed in approximately 70% of individuals after diagnosis, and the prognosis is poor. The current care methods used, which include surgical removal as well as radio and chemotherapy, are largely unsuccessful, with high mortality and relapse rates. Therefore, attempts have been made to incorporate natural compounds as new alternative treatments. Marine cyanobacteria are a key source of physiologically active metabolites, which have recently received attention owing to their anticancer potential. This review addresses cyanobacterial peptides’ anticancer efficacy against neuroblastoma. Numerous prospective studies have been carried out with marine peptides for pharmaceutical development including in research for anticancer potential. Marine peptides possess several advantages over proteins or antibodies, including small size, simple manufacturing, cell membrane crossing capabilities, minimal drug–drug interactions, minimal changes in blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, selective targeting, chemical and biological diversities, and effects on liver and kidney functions. We discussed the significance of cyanobacterial peptides in generating cytotoxic effects and their potential to prevent cancer cell proliferation via apoptosis, the activation of caspases, cell cycle arrest, sodium channel blocking, autophagy, and anti-metastasis behavior.

Environmental Research, 2023

Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is becoming more common globally... more Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is becoming more common globally and is increasingly resistant to treatment options. Despite extensive research into its pathophysiology, there are still no proven cures for metastatic melanoma. Unfortunately, current treatments are frequently ineffective and costly, and have several adverse effects. Natural substances have been extensively researched for their anti-MM capabilities. Chemoprevention and adjuvant therapy with natural products is an emerging strategy to prevent, cure or treat melanoma. Numerous prospective drugs are found in aquatic species, providing a plentiful supply of lead cytotoxic chemicals for cancer treatment. Anticancer peptides are less harmful to healthy cells and cure cancer through several different methods, such as altered cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis/metastasis suppression, microtubule balance disturbances and targeting lipid composition of the cancer cell membrane. This review addresses marine peptides as effective and safe treatments for MM and details their molecular mechanisms of action.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2022

Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each... more Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo-or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

Capsicum has been an important part of diet since centuries and has been widely used traditionall... more Capsicum has been an important part of diet since centuries and has been widely used traditionally for ailments. The objective of the present analysis was to determine the diuretic and antidiarrheal potentials of four variations of Capsicum annum L. fruits available in local market of Karachi, Pakistan. It belongs to family Solanaceae and extracts were prepared in 95% ethanol and was given in doses of 200 and 400mg/kg and the activity was correlated with commonly used diuretics and anti-diarrheal further reinforcing its conventional use. Fruits extracts were evaluated for anti-diarrheal properties in castor-oil induced diarrhea to confirm its activity. The diuretic activity of the 95% ethanolic extracts of Capsicum annum L. was assessed based on diuresis of 24 hr. collected through metabolic cage. Urinary excretion of water and electrolytes (Na+ and K+) is significantly increased by the standard diuretic drug furosemide, which is comparable with the extract. The anti-diarrheal effects of 95% ethanolic extracts of Capsicum annum L. were examined by castor oil induced diarrhea and all varieties of Capsicum annum L. significantly inhibited the number of defecations.

Marine Drugs, 2022

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and its treatment is commonly ... more Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and its treatment is commonly associated with severe adverse effects. Thus, new treatment modalities are required. In this context, natural compounds have been widely explored for their anti-PCa properties. Aquatic organisms contain numerous potential medications. Anticancer peptides are less toxic to normal cells and provide an efficacious treatment approach via multiple mechanisms, including altered cell viability, apoptosis, cell migration/invasion, suppression of angiogenesis and microtubule balance disturbances. This review sheds light on marine peptides as efficacious and safe therapeutic agents for PCa.

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

The present study shows the pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on the flowers of Cordia se... more The present study shows the pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on the flowers of Cordia sebestena L. belong to the family Boraginaceae. C. sebestena L. is found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of the American, Asian and African continents. Though it is an important plant, until date no pharmacognostic work is found on its parts such as flowers. Various organoleptic characters were recorded by macroscopic study. A microscopic study of the flowers was also conducted which shows the presence of fibres, calcium oxalate crystals and multiple types of trichomes, along with fluorescence analysis. The present study also deals with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of C. sebestena L. FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of C-H, C=C, C-N, CO and aromatic groups. The chemical composition of the hexane extract of the flowers of C. sebestena L. was detected through GC-MS and the spectrum achieved through GC-MS were correlated with the database of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which comprise beyond 62000 outlines of the mass spectrum. GC-MS analysis of n-hexane extract showed the existence of Retinoic acid, lupeol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hexadecanoic acid along with fatty acids, esters, alkaloids and alcohols. These pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies can be valuable towards giving reliable proof of the quality of the plant which can benefit health professionals and herbal medicine manufacturers.

Oxalate is widely distributed in plant foods as potassium, sodium and ammonium oxalates (watersol... more Oxalate is widely distributed in plant foods as potassium, sodium and ammonium oxalates (watersoluble form) and as insoluble calcium oxalates. Oxalate forms strong chelates with dietary calcium, thus rendering the complex unavailable for absorption and assimilation. It precipitates as insoluble salts accumulating in the renal glomeruli and contributes to the development of renal disorders. The seed flours of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., Phaseolus lunatus Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., were investigated for their total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents by HPLC. The total oxalate content of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus and P. vulgaris were found to be 1.24, 1.77 and 1.71 mg/ g respectively. The %age of soluble oxalate were M. uniflorum (19.50), P. lunatus (15.08) and P. vulgaris (15.88). Only soluble oxalate is responsible for oxalate absorption (bioavailability) and its excretion. Overall total oxalate contents are high in legume flour of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus and P. vulgaris but soluble oxalates are very low. Therefore, all these three legumes don't have adverse effect of oxalate on minerals bioavailability and risk of urolithiasis.

The aim of the study was to evaluate antitussive effect of aerial parts of ethanolic extract of C... more The aim of the study was to evaluate antitussive effect of aerial parts of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae). Methods: In this study cough was induced by the sulfur dioxide induction method. Four groups of animals were made with six animals in each group Acknowledgement Article info.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2021

Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive form of cancer in females and posing a great challen... more Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive form of cancer in females and posing a great challenge for overcoming disease burden. The growth in global cancer deaths mandates the discovery of new efficacious natural anti-tumor treatments. In this regard, aquatic species offer a rich supply of possible drugs. Studies have shown that several marine peptides damage cancer cells by a broad range of pathways, including apoptosis, microtubule balance disturbances, and suppression of angiogenesis. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are characterized by a plethora of side effects, including immune response suppression. The discovery of novel putative anti-cancer peptides with lesser toxicity is therefore necessary and timely, especially those able to thwart multi drug resistance (MDR). This review addresses marine anti-cancer peptides for the treatment of breast cancer.

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021

The aim of study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of four different c... more The aim of study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of four different colored (green, yellow, orange and red) sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) available in the local market of Karachi Pakistan. Their 95% ethanol extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg were prepared and compared with commonly used analgesic (aspirin) and anti-inflammatory agents supporting its traditional use. The analgesic effects of 95% ethanol extracts of Capsicum annum L. were investigated by acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and hot plate test. The anti-inflammatory activities were observed using carrageenan-induced edema of hind paw in rats. Animals were divided into 10 groups (n=7): (1) Control (2) CAG 200 (3) CAG 400 (4) CAR 200 (5) CAR 400 (6) CAO 200 (7) CAO 400 (8) CAY 200 (9) CAY 400 and (10) Standard. All the extracts were given orally. Acute toxicity was also determined by increasing the dose till 3000 mg/kg, which showed no evidence of mortality. All extracts of Capsicum significantly increased the hot plate pain threshold, moreover remarkably reduced the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Results obtained were compared with corresponding control group revealed that the fresh fruits extract of all four kinds of bell pepper (200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg) possess anti-inflammatory and pain suppressing activities possibly mediated via PG synthesis inhibition.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Urolithiasis arises from disturbances in physicochemical balance and the hydrodynamic system in t... more Urolithiasis arises from disturbances in physicochemical balance and the hydrodynamic system in the urinary tract. Medicinal plants have been
known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a
rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of various ailments.
A comprehensive literature search of antiurolithiatic plants reported worldwide revealed family Fabaceae with highest number of cited
species. The members, Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.,
Phaseolus lunatus Linn. and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. have been
selected and hidden versatile weapons of their seeds against
urolithiasis such as analgesic, antioxidants, astringent, diuretic,
emollient, high soluble oxalate contents, insoluble fibers, magnesium,
potassium, phytic acid, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), have been discussed
on scientific basis to rationalize the folkloric use.

Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences, 2021

Phaseolus vulgaris Linn commonly known as red kidney bean, it is enriched in protein, carbohydrat... more Phaseolus vulgaris Linn commonly known as red kidney bean, it is enriched in protein, carbohydrates and dietary fibers. Beans have nutritional and health benefits and also possess antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anticancer activity due to presence of bio-active chemical constituents. The following study was carried out to evaluate the anti-depressant activity of Phaseolus vulgaris fixed oil (PVFO) using forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice. In this study animals assigned into four groups (n=7). Group I: Control normal saline (2 mL/Kg), Group II: PVFO I (2 mL/Kg), Group III: PVFO II (4 mL/Kg) and Group IV: standard amitriptyline (10 mg/Kg). The results were significant and indicated the possible anti-depressant role of Phaseolus vulgaris fixed oil.

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2021

Bauhinia racemosa Lam. is a tall sized tree growing throughout Srilanka, China, India and Pakista... more Bauhinia racemosa Lam. is a tall sized tree growing throughout Srilanka, China, India and Pakistan. Various parts of the plant have great medicinal potential in folklore medicine and used in diarrhoea, fever, skin diseases, cough, malaria etc. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, cytotoxicity and hypotensive activities of Bauhinia racemosa have been reported. Different parts of this plant contain β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, kaempferol, quercetin, scopoletin, scopolin and tannins.

Phytonutrients, 2024

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2024

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2024

Biosight, 2023

Cancers, 2023

Environmental Research, 2023

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2022

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

Marine Drugs, 2022

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2021

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences, 2021

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2021

Urolithiasis, the process of urinary stone formation, entails the presence of compact masses like... more Urolithiasis, the process of urinary stone formation, entails the presence of compact masses like whewellite, brushite, and urate within the urinary system. Gout, characterized by inflammatory arthritis, emerges from the accumulation of urate (MSUM) crystals. In vitro examinations focusing on the growth of whewellite (COM), brushite (CHPD), and urate (MSUM) crystals on glass slides present a cost-effective approach for gaining valuable insights into urolithiasis and gout. These studies not only delve into crystal growth patterns but also investigate the potential inhibition of crystal growth through the application of plant infusions, thereby laying the foundation for further extensive research in these domains.

LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, Saabrucken Deutschland / Germany, 2024

Natural products, the most significant source for pharmaceutical development, have been investiga... more Natural products, the most significant source for pharmaceutical development, have been investigated and utilized to alleviate diseases since early human history. The currently accepted modern medicine from different natural products has gradually developed over the years and is God's gift in the sense of traditional knowledge. Trustful humanity believes that drugs can cure every ill of natural origin. Natural medicines, prevalent in holy books, folklores, Materia medica and other historical literature, have become an essential domain of modern pharmaceutical sciences. Natural compounds from terrestrial and marine organisms have been extensively used to treat many diseases in their natural form or as a template for synthetic modification. Several of these natural products have shown biological and pharmacological activities and serve as the starting point in the development of modern medicines. Screening of crude plant extracts opens the door to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, and elucidation of their structures leads towards new synthetic preparations, which can be administered in reproducible, accurate doses for particular therapeutic purposes. However, what is needed are rapid screening techniques, structure-based design, bioactivity-safety evaluation, extraction and isolation, and clinical trials for drug development under innovations, which will share the profit of products derived from natural origin. The government sector, industries, and academic institutions also play an essential role in developing biological drugs for human health enhancement.
This book comprises four chapters. The first chapter is related to urolithiasis. In this chapter, the types of urinary stone formation in humans, their mechanism, current antiurolithiatic strategies and their complications are discussed precisely and comprehensively. Chapter two declares urinary stone treatment in early civilisation. The third chapter is about globally used antiurolithiatic plants. This chapter is a treasure trove of information covering the importance of plants in combating urolithiasis, their diverse pharmacology, and a comprehensive list of 888 antiurolithiatic plants from 144 families used in 55 countries. The tabular format provides a clear understanding of their historical background, mechanism of action, therapeutic spectrum, and formulations with doses.
Hopefully, this book will not only be helpful for the general public but also attract the scientific world to antiurolithiatic drug discovery. This valuable ethnopharmacological information will provide opportunities for the future research and development of new natural antiurolithiatic compounds.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, colleagues, and institutions whose unwavering support and encouragement made this book possible. We reserve a special thanks for the acquisition Editor of LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, whose inspiration and support were invaluable.

Plants a wealth of secondary metabolites have been used for thousands of years to treat different... more Plants a wealth of secondary metabolites have been used for thousands of years to treat different ailments. A number of these natural products have shown biological and pharmacological activities and serve as the starting point in the development of modern medicines. Screening of crude plant extracts open the door for the way for discovery of novel bioactive compounds and elucidation of their structures leads towards new synthetic preparations, which can be administered in reproducible, accurate doses for particular therapeutic purposes. There is less known information about Samanea saman Merr., and Prosopis cineraria Druce. However, authors in this book present comprehensive information about traditional uses, biological and phytochemical investigation of Samanea saman Merr., and Prosopis cineraria Druce.

Natural products the most significant source for pharmaceutical development have been investigate... more Natural products the most significant source for pharmaceutical development have been investigated and utilized to alleviate diseases since early human history. Natural compounds from both terrestrial and marine organisms have been extensively used for the treatment of many diseases either in their natural form or as a template for synthetic modification. A variety of new chemical entities from natural resources at present are undergoing clinical trials. The government sector, industries and academic institutions also play an important role in the natural drug development for human health enhancement.

The purpose of the presented monograph is to provide scientific information on the botanical fea... more The purpose of the presented monograph is to provide scientific
information on the botanical features, traditional uses, active or major
chemical constituents and pharmacology of Tithonia diversifolia. Studies on
purified principles, mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship
are relatively few and warrant further attention as traditional literature
assures Tithonia diversifolia for the discovery of novel therapeutic agent(s).
The safety, efficacy, quality control/quality assurance, clinical applications,
contraindications, warnings, precautions, potential adverse reactions, and
posology is not the part as very little data is available regarding the discussed
plant. However, it helps in facilitating information exchange among
practitioners Of orthodox and traditional medicine, pharmacists, and
other health professionals, manufacturers of herbal products and research
scientists and assist in developing their monographs or formularies.

Plants, the beauty Of nature, have been the basis of treating human ailments. The current accept... more Plants, the beauty Of nature, have been the basis of treating human
ailments. The current accepted modern medicine has gradually developed
over the years, and no doubt is the gift of God in the sense of traditional
knowledge about different medicinal plants. However, what is needed
are rapid screening techniques, structure base design and combinatorial
chemistry for drug development under innovations which will share
the profit of products derived from indigenous plants. There is less known
information about Ficus exasperata Vahl., and Cleome ciliata Schmach and
Thonn. However, the author in this book presents comprehensive information
about traditional uses, biological and phytochemical investigation Of Ficus
exasperata Vahl., and Cleome ciliata Schmach and Thonn.

The use of plants/herbs as medicine for the care of diseases goes back to time immemorial, and st... more The use of plants/herbs as medicine for the care of diseases goes back to time immemorial, and still, plants are the dominant form of medicine in the world. Most of the world's population primarily depends on raw plant products to meet their health care needs. Several drugs include atropine, caffeine, digoxin, ephedrine, quinine, theophylline, tubocurarine, and warfarin. Taxol, vincristine and vinblastin are also derived from plants and used in modern systems of medicine. The authors in this book present comprehensive information about the history of medicinal plants from time immemorial to modern. Besides this, the traditional use and biological and phytochemical investigation of genera Phoenix, Castanospermum and Cordia are included in this book.

International Research Conference on Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (IRCPAS 2020), 2020

The use of Capsicum annum L. for culinary purposes dates to centuries. Its medicinal benefits hav... more The use of Capsicum annum L. for culinary purposes dates to centuries. Its medicinal benefits have also been investigated in the past few days. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in 4 different coloured (green, yellow, orange, and red) sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were investigated in the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Current research is being directed at authenticating if Capsicum can be used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory comparing the effect of most used analgesic aspirin. The effects of ethanol extract of Capsicum annum L. were determined for analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion and hot plate test. Animals were divided into 10 groups (n=7): (1) Control (2) CAG 200 (3) CAG 400 (4) CAR 200 (5) CAR 400 (6) CAO 200 (7) CAO 400 (8) CAY 200 (9) CAY 400 (10) Standard. All the extracts given intraperitoneally in rat hind paw of seven animals in each of four treatment groups received 200, 400 mg/kg. Acute toxicity was also determined by increasing the dose to 3000 mg/kg, which showed no evidence of mortality. Statistical calculation was done by SPSS software to compare the effects of aspirin and Capsicum extract. Positive results were obtained as compared to the control group; the analgesic effect was statistically significant (P˂ 0.05). These observations revealed that the fresh fruits extract of four kinds of Bell pepper at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg possess anti-inflammatory and pain suppressing activities possibly mediated via PG synthesis inhibition.

The kidney contains mineral deposits in various phases of calcium salts such as calcium oxalate a... more The kidney contains mineral deposits in various phases of calcium salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O) / brushite is a stable form of calcium phosphate which exist in the form of kidney and bladder stone. The purpose of the study was to explore the possible morphological features of brushite crystals.
The study was carried out on a glass slide under microscope to observe the growth patterns of these crystals. For this purpose, a drop of gel medium (sodium meta silicate solution + 1M orthophosphoric acid solution) at pH 4.99-5.09 was placed in the middle of glass slide and allowed to convert into gel, then single drop of 1M calcium chloride was added to properly formed gel. The glass slide was observed under microscope till it was completely dried. Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate were formed as elementary needles, needle clusters, an assemblage of needles with platy crystals, plates with spatial branches, radiating assemblage of platy crystals, star shape crystals and tetragonal bipyramidal. Current study provides different phases of brushite crystallization on glass slide for the first time. It may also be used as a model to evaluate prophylactic management against renal stones through in vitro assessment of crystal growth and aggregation inhibition and modulation of developing or developed crystals by using different natural products. However, it was a preliminary study and doesn't have any quantitative and statistical analysis.

For thousands of years natural products are playing an important role for treating human diseases... more For thousands of years natural products are playing an important role for treating human diseases. According to WHO 80% of world's population relies on traditional medicines for curing and preventing ailments. Numerous plants have been reported to have antitussive activity. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the antitussive effect of aerial parts of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae) at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg in healthy albino rats. Caesalpinia pulcherrima is an ornamental plant usually 3.7-4.3 m in height, known as Peacock flower and is used traditionally to treat cough, bronchitis and asthma.

Noncommunicable diseases also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the ... more Noncommunicable diseases also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors. Uric acid nephrolithiasis, arthritis and gout comes under noncommunicable diseases related with Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals. MSUM crystals are deposited in peripheral joints causing gout and elicit an intense localized inflammatory attack whereas in collecting ducts and medullary interstitium as a urinary calculi which causes dysuria, nausea and hematuria. The purpose of the study is to explore the possible morphological features of mono sodium urate monohydrate crystals. The study was carried out on a glass slide under microscope to observe the growth patterns of MSUM crystals. For this purpose, a drop of gel medium (sodium meta silicate solution + 0.2M sodium hydroxide + 2N acetic acid) at pH 5.02-5.17 was placed in the middle of glass slide and allowed to convert into gel, then single drop of 0.07 M uric acid was added to properly formed gel. The glass slide was observed under microscope till it was completely dried. Mono sodium urate monohydrate were formed as spherical ring banded spherulites, dumbbell and composite spherulites. Current study provides different phases of MSUM crystallization on glass slide for the first time. It may also be used as a model to evaluate prophylactic management against gouty and renal stones through in vitro assessment of crystal growth and aggregation inhibition and modulation of developing or developed crystals by using different natural products.

9th ANRAP International Seminar From Plant To Patient: Identification of new drugs for metabolic disorders, 2019

Hyperoxaluria is a metabolic disorder responsible for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The study ... more Hyperoxaluria is a metabolic disorder responsible for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The study was carried out on glass slides to observe the growth patterns of urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and their inhibition by 5, 10, 15 and 20 % infusion of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds. For this purpose, a drop of gel medium (sodium metasilicate of 1.06 specific gravity and 3M acetic acid solution) at pH 5.02 -5.17 was placed in the middle of glass slide and allowed to convert into gel. Single drop of 1 M oxalic acid was dropped to the left and 1 M calcium chloride and magnesium acetate (1:1) solution was dropped to the right side of properly formed gel. The glass slide was observed under microscope till it was completely dried. In case of crystal inhibition study, a drop of M. uniflorum infusion was also added at right side just after the addition of calcium chloride and magnesium acetate solution. The results without infusion showed detailed morphology and aggregation patterns of observed crystals as donut, dumbbell, needles, platy, prismatic, rosette, round edges, X-shape crystals, loose and compact aggregates. All infusions of M. uniflorum affected the crystals resulting the formation of defected crystals. 5 % infusion inhibited crystals of all morphologies except donuts, X-shaped crystals, donuts, platy crystal and rosettes. Defected rosettes were observed in 10 % infusion which were reduced in crowd gradually by 15 and 20 % infusion respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that M. uniflorum seeds infusion is effective against calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.

"MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES: RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS" --- Fourteenth Biennial Conference of Pakistan Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (PSBMB), 2018

Natural products have been used by human beings for treating different pathological conditions si... more Natural products have been used by human beings for treating different pathological conditions since the time immemorial. Numerous plants have been reported to have antitussive activity. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Arenaria serpyllifolia (Carophyllaceae , Whole plant), Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae , Aerial parts) and Fragaria nubicola (Rosaceae, Whole plant) for antitussive activity at the doses of 200, 400 mg/kg in healthy albino rats. Cough is a symptom and also a defensive reflex of removing the noxious , irritating substances and pathogens from larynx, trachea and bronchi .Cough is usually consider as the disease, related to lungs. A number of substances are responsible for stimulation of cough reflexes. Among most common are dust, histamine and bronchoconstriction. Arenaria serpyllifolia is a small annual herb commonly called Thyme leaved sandwort, found in uncultivated land, arid meadows and cliffs. Caesalpinia pulcherrima is an ornamental plant usually 2 m in height, known as Peacock flower. Fragaria nubicola grows in wooded valleys, forest margins and meadows. It is commonly known as wild strawberry. These plants have been used traditionally for cough suppression by different societies. In this study cough was induced by sulphur dioxide induction method. Animals were divided into eight groups of ten animals each and all the drugs were administered orally. Group I serve as control group while group II served as standard. A dose-dependent inhibition of cough was observed for all extract. At doses of 200, 400 mg/kg all three extracts were proved highly significant compared to standard. So it proves and supports traditional use of plants for relieving cough.

The study was carried out on glass slides to observe the growth patterns of urinary calcium oxala... more The study was carried out on glass slides to observe the growth patterns of urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and their inhibition by using 5, 10, 15 and 20 % Phaseolus lunatus seed infusion. For this purpose, a drop of gel medium (sodium metasilicate of 1.06 specific gravity and 3M acetic acid solution) at pH 5.02-5.17 was placed in the middle of glass slide and allowed to convert into gel. Single drop of 1 M oxalic acid was dropped to the left and 1 M calcium chloride and magnesium acetate (1:1) solution was dropped to the right side of properly formed gel. The glass slide was observed under microscope till it was completely dried. In case of crystal inhibition study, a drop of Phaseolus lunatus infusion was also added at right side just after the addition of calcium chloride and magnesium acetate solution. The results without infusion showed detailed morphology and aggregation patterns of observed crystals as donut, dumbbell, needles, platy, prismatic, rosette, round edges, X-shape crystals, loose and compact aggregates. All infusions of Phaseolus lunatus showed defected crystals. 5 % infusion inhibited crystals of all morphologies with their loose and compact aggregates except X-shaped crystals and rosettes. Whereas, 10 and 15 % infusion decrease number of X-shaped and rosettes crystals. 20 % infusion showed defected rosettes. The present microscopic study of calcium oxalate crystal growth and its inhibition is uniquely simple and provide rapid qualitative analysis of antiurolithiatic activity.

The study was carried out on glass slides to observe the growth patterns of urinary calcium oxala... more The study was carried out on glass slides to observe the growth patterns of urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and their inhibition by using 5, 10 and 15% Phaseolus vulgaris seed infusion. For this purpose, a drop of gel medium (sodium metasilicate of 1.06 specific gravity and 3M acetic acid solution) at pH 5.02-5.17 was placed in the middle of glass slide and allowed to convert into gel. Single drop of 1 M oxalic acid was dropped to the left and 1 M calcium chloride and magnesium acetate (1:1) solution was dropped to the right side of properly formed gel. The glass slide was observed under microscope till it was completely dried. In case of crystal inhibition study, a drop of Phaseolus vulgaris infusion was also added at right side just after the addition of calcium chloride and magnesium acetate solution. The results without infusion showed detailed morphology and aggregation patterns of observed crystals as donut, dumbbell, needles, platy, prismatic, rosette, round edges, loose and compact aggregates. All infusions of Phaseolus vulgaris showed defected crystals. 5 % infusion inhibited crystals of all morphologies with their loose and compact aggregates except rosettes. Whereas, 10 and 15 % infusion converted the rosette crystals into ineffective calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals of tetragonal bipyramidal and elongated rod shape. The present microscopic study of calcium oxalate crystal growth and its inhibition is uniquely simple and provide rapid qualitative analysis of antiurolithiatic activity.

How journey of herbal medicine started from leaf? • What were basic ancient ways to treat disease... more How journey of herbal medicine started from leaf? • What were basic ancient ways to treat disease? • Ancient peoples use which tool to discover the drug and its pharmacological effects? • What was the need (aims and objectives) to develop study area for natural drug discovery? • Interesting stories from herb to medicine.

Oxalate is widely distributed in plant foods as potassium, sodium and ammonium oxalates (water-so... more Oxalate is widely distributed in plant foods as potassium, sodium and ammonium oxalates (water-soluble form) and as insoluble calcium oxalates. Oxalate forms strong chelates with dietary calcium, thus rendering the complex unavailable for absorption and assimilation. It precipitates as insoluble salts accumulating in the renal glomeruli and contributes to the development of renal disorders. The seed flours of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., Phaseolus lunatus Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., were investigated for their total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents by HPLC. The total oxalate content of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus and P. vulgaris were found to be 1.24, 1.77 and 1.71 mg/ g respectively. The %age of soluble oxalate were M. uniflorum (19.50), P. lunatus (15.08) and P. vulgaris (15.88). Only soluble oxalate is responsible for oxalate absorption (bioavailability) and its excretion. Overall total oxalate contents are high in legume flour of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus and P. vulgaris but soluble oxalates are very low. Therefore, all these three legumes don't have adverse effect of oxalate on minerals bioavailability and risk of urolithiasis.

Ethnopharmacology is an information exchange and understanding about people's use of plants, fung... more Ethnopharmacology is an information exchange and understanding about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals to discover a
a wealth of helpful therapeutic agents and explore their toxic potential passed On by oral tradition or in written documented form Materia medica. This study area provides a scientific backbone for developing active therapeutics based on the traditional medicine of various ethnic groups. It is the interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man. The broad spectrum Of this domain covers social (anthropology), chemical (chemistry), biological (botany, biochemistry, microbiology) and pharmaceutical sciences (pharmacognosy, pharmacology and clinical therapeutics). Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin and reserpine) have been used by studying indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine. quinidine and emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicines. Currently, USP and BP contain many active ingredients/excipients from natural sources. Its objectives include the preservation of indigenous medical knowledge to understand the pharmacological basis Of herbal medicine; scientific study of indigenous drugs to contribute in the long run to promote or improve primary health care in regions of study; search for pharmacologically unique principles from existing indigenous remedies; finding a valid reason to guard the rainforests or to engage in conservation; establish gene banks and libraries of plant extracts for future biological evaluation: well-established germplasm banks for essential crops. Ethnopharmacology can be an innovative and powerful discovery engine for newer, safer, and more affordable medicines from the treasure house (traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples) of ancient wisdom.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas., is used traditionally to treat hypertension and chronic venou... more Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas., is used traditionally to treat hypertension and chronic venous insufficiency. The high prevalence of hypertension and the side effects of antihypertensive drugs potentiate us to evaluate Melilotus officinalis. The hypotensive effect of Melilotus officinalis butanolic fraction (MOBF) was investigated in anaesthetized normotensive rats. The doses of 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg, i.v., produced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood pressure. The statistically non significant reduction in blood pressure was showed by 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.v. These results suggest that Melilotus officinalis exhibited hypotensive effect in normotensive rats. However further evaluation of compound related activity is required.

Ethnopharmacology is an information exchange and understanding about people's use of plants, fung... more Ethnopharmacology is an information exchange and understanding about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals to discover a wealth of useful therapeutic agents and explore their toxic potential passed on by oral tradition or in written documented form in Materia medica. This study area provides a scientific backbone in the development of active therapeutics based upon traditional medicine of various ethnic groups. It is interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man. The broad spectrum of this domain coven social (anthropology), chemical (chemistry), biological (botany, biochemistry, microbiology) and pharmaceutical sciences (pharmacognosy, pharmacology and clinical therapeutics). Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarinc, digoxin and reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigminc, quinidinc and emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicines. Currently CSP and BP contain a large number of substances as an active ingredient / excipient from the natural sources. Its objectives include preservation of indigenous medical knowledge to understand pharmacological basis of herbal medicine; scientific study of indigenous medicines in order to contribute in the long-run to promote or improve primary health care in regions of study; search for pharmacologically unique principles from existing indigenous remedies; finding a valid reason to guard the rainforests or to engage in conservation; establish gene banks and libraries of plant extracts for future biological evaluation: well-established germ-plasm banks for essential crops. In fact it is better to say that ethnopharmacology can serve as an innovative and powerful discovery engine for newer, safer and affordable medicines from treasure house (traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples) of ancient wisdom.

Nishan-e-Zafar was awarded to SALMAN AHMED for rendering Meritorious services to Education and Re... more Nishan-e-Zafar was awarded to SALMAN AHMED for rendering Meritorious services to Education and Research at University of Karachi for the year 2013-2014

Drug discovery started, when man suffered from abdominal pain and accidentally healed by chewing ... more Drug discovery started, when man suffered from abdominal pain and accidentally healed by chewing leaves of plant. The story of Ethnopharmacology begins from doctrine of signatures, the shape signatures of herbs to heal resembled parts of the body. Later on, shape signatures modified into color and taste signatures for healing purpose. The information exchange and understanding about people use of natural resources to discover therapeutic and toxicological potential now shaped into a branch of science "Ethnopharmacology". Simply Ethnopharmacology, by using modern science enables traditional knowledge to convert into medicine and acts as powerful and creative drug discovery engine.

Mr. Salman Ahmed, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karac... more Mr. Salman Ahmed, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, was invited as a resource person by Dr. Shabana Rashid, Chairperson , Department of Botany, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, to deliver a lecture on the topic “Herbal Medicine - Leaf to Drug Molecule” in Department of Botany, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi on Wednesday, 16th September 2015.