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Articles by Mark Whelan
![Research paper thumbnail of 'Mead from Riga': The Trade and Consumption of a Hanse Cultural Good in the Late Medieval Baltic, German History, available online [open access]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78416525/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](German History
This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic bever... more This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic beverage brewed by fermenting honey with water, in the late medieval Baltic. Focusing on the Teutonic Order and the Hanse settlements in the region, the article argues that the consumption of mead was culturally embedded in German-speaking communities, heightening the status of the beverage, turning it into a vital resource in the exercise of power and influencing the government and administrations of cities and lordships. From a broader perspective, a close study of the drink underlines the cultural and economic significance attached to bee produce in the later medieval period, with ecology and cultural practice combining to make honey and its pre-eminent product, mead, a distinctive international export that enjoyed high esteem and significant demand across Hanse trading networks.
![Research paper thumbnail of 'Beekeeping in late medieval Europe: A survey of its ecological settings and social impacts', Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval, 22 (2021), 275-96 [open access]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68467621/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](In the middle ages bees held significant economic, social and cultural importance. Constant deman... more In the middle ages bees held significant economic, social and cultural importance. Constant demand for wax was driven by Christian religious practice among many other uses, while honey provided the only widely accessible sweetener in an era before large-scale sugar imports. Consequently, beekeeping was a notable part of the rural economy, drawing on the participation of numerous groups across Europe, from peasants with only a few hives for small-scale production to specialized beekeepers producing for a thriving international trade. Analysis of a wide variety of documents from northern and southern Europe shows the importance of beekeeping in the late medieval period, and the ways in which different environments and types of economic and social organization consequently gave rise to different forms of beekeeping. This paper underlines how beekeeping was not an isolated activity, but rather one which competed with, and conflicted with, many other types of resource use from a variety of actors. As such, beekeeping provides a lens through which to consider human intervention in the natural environment, demonstrating the extent to which the medieval landscape was regulated, managed, mediated and anthropized.
Historical Research, 2020
This article offers the first analysis of Anglo-Scottish tension at the general ecclesiastical co... more This article offers the first analysis of Anglo-Scottish tension at the general ecclesiastical council of Pavia-Siena (1423-4), where Thomas Murray, Abbot of Paisley, spearheaded attacks on the English delegation in the name of the French and Scottish kingdoms with Castilian and Italian allies. Murray's attacks illustrate how the council formed a frontline in the ongoing Anglo-French conflict and that the tensions between the kingdoms of Scotland and England played out on a European stage wider than usually recognised. Often dismissed as a non-event, the article establishes that Pavia-Siena formed a more significant centre for international diplomacy than historians have allowed.
Accessible online: https://academic.oup.com/histres/article-abstract/93/261/420/5879244?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Der Fünfte Hussiten-Kreuzzug war der letzte in einer Folge von Feldzügen, die eine Koalition kath... more Der Fünfte Hussiten-Kreuzzug war der letzte in einer Folge von Feldzügen, die eine Koalition katholische Mächte zur Niederschlagung der häretischen Hussiten-Bewegung in Böhmen unternahm. Der Aufsatz soll anhand der weitgehend unpublizierten Briefe Walters von Schwarzenberg, eines Frankfurter Bürgers, der am ganzen Feldzug teilnahm, zu einer neuen Bewertung mehrerer Aspekte des Kreuzzugs beitragen, so unter anderem des Ausmaßes der Popularität der Kampagne, des Verlaufs der Schlacht von Domažlice/Taus und der Verluste der kaiserlichen Truppen während des Rückzugs. Ein Verzeichnis von Walters Briefen vom Feldzug nach Frankfurt ist beigegeben.
The Fifth Hussite Crusade was the last in a series of military campaigns launched by a coalition of Catholic powers with the aim of crushing the heretical Hussite movement in Bohemia. This article intends to bring new perspectives to this campaign by drawing upon the correspondence of Walter von Schwarzenberg, a citizen of Frankfurt, who was present in the Imperial camp throughout the operation. The correspondence which he produced while on campaign has remained largely unpublished and provides the opportunity to reassess several aspects of the campaign, including, among others, the extent of popular enthusiasm for the campaign, the course of the Battle of Domažlice/Taus and the casualties sustained by the Imperial force during their retreat. A calendar of Walter’s correspondence to Frankfurt during the campaign follows the end of this article
Articles in magazines and popular media by Mark Whelan
'The Hussite Revolution and the Kingdom of England in the Fifteenth Century’, The Friends of Czech Heritage, 21 (2019), 11-12
Accessible online: https://www.czechfriends.net/images/NL16\_CodexGigas.pdf
Extended Book Reviews and Review Articles by Mark Whelan
Book Reviews by Mark Whelan
Review of Wien im Mittelalter: Zeitzeugnisse und Analysen, by Peter Csendes and Ferdinand Opll (Vienna: Böhlau, 2021), German History, 40 (2021), 123-4
Available online: https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/40/1/123/6429250
Review of Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic. Terra Sacra II, ed. Aleksander Pluskowski (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019), Nottingham Medieval Studies, forthcoming
Review of Geschichte und Geschichten: Studien zu den 'Deutschen Berichten' über Vlad III Draculea, by Gabriele Annas and Christof Paulus (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2020), for The Medieval Review
Available online: https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/33437/37003
Review of The Templars, the Hospitallers and the Crusades: Essays in Homage to Alan J. Forey (London: Routledge, 2020), ed. Helen J. Nicholson and Jochen Burgtorf, English Historical Review, forthcoming
Review of Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil: Papst Martin V., Kaiser Sigismund und das Handelsverbot gegen die Hussiten in Böhmen (Vienna: Böhlau, 2020), by Alexandra Kaar, English Historical Review, forthcoming
Review of Adlig leben im 14: Jahrhundert Weshalb sie fuhren: Die Preußenreisen des europäischen Adels (Teil 3) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020), by Werner Paravicini, German History, forthcoming
Review of Das zweite Kolberger Stadtbuch 1373-1436 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2021), ed. Dietrich W. Poeck, Urban History, 48 (2021), 590-1
Review of Schuldenverwaltung und Tilgung der Forderungen der Söldner des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen nach dem Zweiter Thorner Frieden. Ordensfoliant 259 und 261, Zusatzmaterial (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019), by Joachim Laczny, German History, 39 (2021), 297-8
Review of A Companion to Late Medieval and Early Modern Augsburg (Leiden: Brill, 2020), ed. B. Ann Tlusty and Mark Häberlein, Urban History, 48 (2021), 409-10
German History
This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic bever... more This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic beverage brewed by fermenting honey with water, in the late medieval Baltic. Focusing on the Teutonic Order and the Hanse settlements in the region, the article argues that the consumption of mead was culturally embedded in German-speaking communities, heightening the status of the beverage, turning it into a vital resource in the exercise of power and influencing the government and administrations of cities and lordships. From a broader perspective, a close study of the drink underlines the cultural and economic significance attached to bee produce in the later medieval period, with ecology and cultural practice combining to make honey and its pre-eminent product, mead, a distinctive international export that enjoyed high esteem and significant demand across Hanse trading networks.
In the middle ages bees held significant economic, social and cultural importance. Constant deman... more In the middle ages bees held significant economic, social and cultural importance. Constant demand for wax was driven by Christian religious practice among many other uses, while honey provided the only widely accessible sweetener in an era before large-scale sugar imports. Consequently, beekeeping was a notable part of the rural economy, drawing on the participation of numerous groups across Europe, from peasants with only a few hives for small-scale production to specialized beekeepers producing for a thriving international trade. Analysis of a wide variety of documents from northern and southern Europe shows the importance of beekeeping in the late medieval period, and the ways in which different environments and types of economic and social organization consequently gave rise to different forms of beekeeping. This paper underlines how beekeeping was not an isolated activity, but rather one which competed with, and conflicted with, many other types of resource use from a variety of actors. As such, beekeeping provides a lens through which to consider human intervention in the natural environment, demonstrating the extent to which the medieval landscape was regulated, managed, mediated and anthropized.
Historical Research, 2020
This article offers the first analysis of Anglo-Scottish tension at the general ecclesiastical co... more This article offers the first analysis of Anglo-Scottish tension at the general ecclesiastical council of Pavia-Siena (1423-4), where Thomas Murray, Abbot of Paisley, spearheaded attacks on the English delegation in the name of the French and Scottish kingdoms with Castilian and Italian allies. Murray's attacks illustrate how the council formed a frontline in the ongoing Anglo-French conflict and that the tensions between the kingdoms of Scotland and England played out on a European stage wider than usually recognised. Often dismissed as a non-event, the article establishes that Pavia-Siena formed a more significant centre for international diplomacy than historians have allowed.
Accessible online: https://academic.oup.com/histres/article-abstract/93/261/420/5879244?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Der Fünfte Hussiten-Kreuzzug war der letzte in einer Folge von Feldzügen, die eine Koalition kath... more Der Fünfte Hussiten-Kreuzzug war der letzte in einer Folge von Feldzügen, die eine Koalition katholische Mächte zur Niederschlagung der häretischen Hussiten-Bewegung in Böhmen unternahm. Der Aufsatz soll anhand der weitgehend unpublizierten Briefe Walters von Schwarzenberg, eines Frankfurter Bürgers, der am ganzen Feldzug teilnahm, zu einer neuen Bewertung mehrerer Aspekte des Kreuzzugs beitragen, so unter anderem des Ausmaßes der Popularität der Kampagne, des Verlaufs der Schlacht von Domažlice/Taus und der Verluste der kaiserlichen Truppen während des Rückzugs. Ein Verzeichnis von Walters Briefen vom Feldzug nach Frankfurt ist beigegeben.
The Fifth Hussite Crusade was the last in a series of military campaigns launched by a coalition of Catholic powers with the aim of crushing the heretical Hussite movement in Bohemia. This article intends to bring new perspectives to this campaign by drawing upon the correspondence of Walter von Schwarzenberg, a citizen of Frankfurt, who was present in the Imperial camp throughout the operation. The correspondence which he produced while on campaign has remained largely unpublished and provides the opportunity to reassess several aspects of the campaign, including, among others, the extent of popular enthusiasm for the campaign, the course of the Battle of Domažlice/Taus and the casualties sustained by the Imperial force during their retreat. A calendar of Walter’s correspondence to Frankfurt during the campaign follows the end of this article
'The Hussite Revolution and the Kingdom of England in the Fifteenth Century’, The Friends of Czech Heritage, 21 (2019), 11-12
Accessible online: https://www.czechfriends.net/images/NL16\_CodexGigas.pdf
Review of Wien im Mittelalter: Zeitzeugnisse und Analysen, by Peter Csendes and Ferdinand Opll (Vienna: Böhlau, 2021), German History, 40 (2021), 123-4
Available online: https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/40/1/123/6429250
Review of Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic. Terra Sacra II, ed. Aleksander Pluskowski (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019), Nottingham Medieval Studies, forthcoming
Review of Geschichte und Geschichten: Studien zu den 'Deutschen Berichten' über Vlad III Draculea, by Gabriele Annas and Christof Paulus (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2020), for The Medieval Review
Available online: https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/33437/37003
Review of The Templars, the Hospitallers and the Crusades: Essays in Homage to Alan J. Forey (London: Routledge, 2020), ed. Helen J. Nicholson and Jochen Burgtorf, English Historical Review, forthcoming
Review of Wirtschaft, Krieg und Seelenheil: Papst Martin V., Kaiser Sigismund und das Handelsverbot gegen die Hussiten in Böhmen (Vienna: Böhlau, 2020), by Alexandra Kaar, English Historical Review, forthcoming
Review of Adlig leben im 14: Jahrhundert Weshalb sie fuhren: Die Preußenreisen des europäischen Adels (Teil 3) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020), by Werner Paravicini, German History, forthcoming
Review of Das zweite Kolberger Stadtbuch 1373-1436 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2021), ed. Dietrich W. Poeck, Urban History, 48 (2021), 590-1
Review of Schuldenverwaltung und Tilgung der Forderungen der Söldner des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen nach dem Zweiter Thorner Frieden. Ordensfoliant 259 und 261, Zusatzmaterial (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019), by Joachim Laczny, German History, 39 (2021), 297-8
Review of A Companion to Late Medieval and Early Modern Augsburg (Leiden: Brill, 2020), ed. B. Ann Tlusty and Mark Häberlein, Urban History, 48 (2021), 409-10
Review of Urban History Writing in Northwest Europe (15th-16th centuries), ed. Bram Caers et al., (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019), Urban History, 48 (2021), 183-4
Review of Medieval Bosnia and South-East European Relations: Political, Religious, and Cultural Life at the Adriatic Crossroads (Leeds: Arc Humanities, 2019), ed. Dženan Dautović, Emir O. Filipović, and Neven Isailović, Speculum, 96 (2021), 201-2
Accessible online: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711865
Review of Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433. Friends of Friends in the Kingdom of Hungary (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018), by Katalin Prajda, Urban History, 46 (2019), 556-558
Review of Noble Society: Five Lives from Twelfth-Century Germany, by Jonathan R. Lyon (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017), English Historical Review, 134 (2019), 424-6
Review of Heilige, Helden, Wüteriche: Herrschaftstile der Luxemburger (1308-1437), ed. Martin Bauch et al., (Vienna: Böhlau, 2017), English Historical Review, 134 (2019), 188-90
Review of Rom 1312. Die Kaiserkrönung Heinrichs VII. und die Folgen. Die Luxemburger als Herrscherdynastie von gesamteuropäischer Bedeutung,ed. Sabine Penth and Peter Thorau (Vienna: Böhlau, 2016), English Historical Review, 133 (2018), 923-5
Review of Antemurale Christianitatis: Zur Genese der Bollwerksrhetorik im östlichen Mitteleuropa an der Schwelle vom Mittelalter zur Frühen Neuzeit, by Paul Srodecki (Husum: Matthiesen Verlag, 2015), The English Historical Review, 131 (2016), 431-2
Review of Wien im Mittelalter: Zeitzeugnisse und Analysen, by Peter Csende and Ferdinand Opll (Vienna: Böhlau, 2021), German History, 40 (2021), 123-4
Access online: https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/40/1/123/6429250
Bees in the medieval world: Economic, environmental and cultural perspectives
European History 1150-1550 Seminar at the Institute of Historical Research (University of London), 2020
David Carpenter (KCL), David d'Avray (UCL), Serena Ferente (KCL), Andrew Jotischky (RHUL), Patric... more David Carpenter (KCL), David d'Avray (UCL), Serena Ferente (KCL), Andrew Jotischky (RHUL), Patrick Lantschner (UCL), Sophie Page (UCL), Eyal Poleg (QMUL), Miri Rubin (QMUL), John Sabapathy (UCL), Alex Sapoznik (KCL), Alice Taylor (KCL), Emily Corran (UCL) and María Martín Romera (UCL) and Lindy Grant (Reading).