Rachel Jenkins | King's College London (original) (raw)

Papers by Rachel Jenkins

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions

IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and a... more IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and affected >160 million people. At least twice as many have been infected but remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. COVID‐19 includes central nervous system manifestations mediated by inflammation and cerebrovascular, anoxic, and/or viral neurotoxicity mechanisms. More than one third of patients with COVID‐19 develop neurologic problems during the acute phase of the illness, including loss of sense of smell or taste, seizures, and stroke. Damage or functional changes to the brain may result in chronic sequelae. The risk of incident cognitive and neuropsychiatric complications appears independent from the severity of the original pulmonary illness. It behooves the scientific and medical community to attempt to understand the molecular and/or systemic factors linking COVID‐19 to neurologic illness, both short and long term.MethodsThis article describes what is known so far in ter...

Psychological Medicine, 2011

European Psychiatry, 2000

Studies to date suggest that offenders with these disorders present multiple difficulties and tha... more Studies to date suggest that offenders with these disorders present multiple difficulties and that in order to prevent further offending it is necessary to specifically address each of these difficulties. The present study was designed to: (1) identify the components of treatment, social services, and laws that effectively prevent crime among persons with major mental disorders; (2) to verify if different types of patients require different treatment programmes; (3) to measure the impact of varying legal powers of clinicians to enforce compliance with treatment; (4) to assess the predictive validity of the HCR-20 in determining the risk of violence; and (5) to assess the validity of hair analysis for measuring medication use and alcohol and drug consumption. In each of four sites, Canada, Finland, Germany and Sweden, two samples of patients with major mental disorders are recruited, one with and one without an official record of crime. As they enter the study, detailed historical information is collected from files and collaterals and they are intensively examined. During the next two years, they are repeatedly examined, collaterals are questioned, all the treatments and services that they receive are documented as well as criminal activities and aggressive behaviours.

Background: Following a situation appraisal in 2001, a six year mental health reform programme (E... more Background: Following a situation appraisal in 2001, a six year mental health reform programme (Egymen) 2002-7 was initiated by an Egyptian-Finnish bilateral aid project at the request of a former Egyptian minister of health, and the work was incorporated directly into the Ministry of Health and Population from 2007 onwards. This paper describes the aims, methodology and implementation of the mental health reforms and mental health policy in Egypt 2002-2009. Methods: A multi-faceted and comprehensive programme which combined situation appraisal to inform planning; establishment of a health sector system for coordination, supervision and training of each level (national, governorate, district and primary care); development workshops; production of toolkits, development of guidelines and standards; encouragement of intersectoral liaison at each level; integration of mental health into health management systems; and dedicated efforts to improve forensic services, rehabilitation service...

Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of ... more Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk, especially among postmenopausal women. Management strategies for osteoporosis focus on reducing modifiable risk factors such as poor nutrition, insufficient physical activity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the effects of lifestyle interventions on bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis INCLUSION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. The participants consisted of adult women who have had osteoporosis, osteopenia, or were at high-risk of developing osteoporosis. Lifestyle interventions included exercise, diet, and education. The outcomes of bone health were bone mineral density, event (fall, fracture), balance, and quality of life. We conducted a comprehensive search of the published literature using a three-phase approach in English and Korean languages up until September 2009. Two independent reviewers appraised all reports using standardised critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute that were specific to experimental research designs. Quantitative data was extracted from papers using the standardised data extraction tool from Joanna Briggs Institute. Quantitative papers were pooled wherever possible to a statistical meta-analysis using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. The search identified 700 unique studies; we appraised 28 studies and included a total of 25 randomised controlled trials in the final study; three studies were excluded because of poor methodological quality. Strength exercises had a positive effect on fracture. Aerobic exercises had a positive impact on lumbar bone mineral density, fall, and balance. Soy protein supplementation was effective for improving lumbar bone mineral density while vitamin K supplementation had a positive effect on of femur bone mineral density. Calcium supplementation had a positive impact on femur and lumbar bone mineral density. The combination of exercise, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation was effective for improving lumbar bone mineral density, risk of fall, and balance. Self-management programs for better bone health had a positive effect on balance and quality of life. The results indicate that lifestyle interventions including exercise and taking daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation are beneficial for improving bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis. However, additional carefully designed randomised controlled trials studies with larger patient populations are needed to more precisely identify the effects of intervention. It is recommended to engage in a combination of regular exercise and daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation with consideration of age, menopausal status, and bone mineral density for women with a high risk of developing osteoporosis. Effects of combined intervention of lifestyle components should be evaluated in large, carefully designed randomised controlled trials.

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions

IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and a... more IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and affected >160 million people. At least twice as many have been infected but remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. COVID‐19 includes central nervous system manifestations mediated by inflammation and cerebrovascular, anoxic, and/or viral neurotoxicity mechanisms. More than one third of patients with COVID‐19 develop neurologic problems during the acute phase of the illness, including loss of sense of smell or taste, seizures, and stroke. Damage or functional changes to the brain may result in chronic sequelae. The risk of incident cognitive and neuropsychiatric complications appears independent from the severity of the original pulmonary illness. It behooves the scientific and medical community to attempt to understand the molecular and/or systemic factors linking COVID‐19 to neurologic illness, both short and long term.MethodsThis article describes what is known so far in ter...

Psychological Medicine, 2011

European Psychiatry, 2000

Studies to date suggest that offenders with these disorders present multiple difficulties and tha... more Studies to date suggest that offenders with these disorders present multiple difficulties and that in order to prevent further offending it is necessary to specifically address each of these difficulties. The present study was designed to: (1) identify the components of treatment, social services, and laws that effectively prevent crime among persons with major mental disorders; (2) to verify if different types of patients require different treatment programmes; (3) to measure the impact of varying legal powers of clinicians to enforce compliance with treatment; (4) to assess the predictive validity of the HCR-20 in determining the risk of violence; and (5) to assess the validity of hair analysis for measuring medication use and alcohol and drug consumption. In each of four sites, Canada, Finland, Germany and Sweden, two samples of patients with major mental disorders are recruited, one with and one without an official record of crime. As they enter the study, detailed historical information is collected from files and collaterals and they are intensively examined. During the next two years, they are repeatedly examined, collaterals are questioned, all the treatments and services that they receive are documented as well as criminal activities and aggressive behaviours.

Background: Following a situation appraisal in 2001, a six year mental health reform programme (E... more Background: Following a situation appraisal in 2001, a six year mental health reform programme (Egymen) 2002-7 was initiated by an Egyptian-Finnish bilateral aid project at the request of a former Egyptian minister of health, and the work was incorporated directly into the Ministry of Health and Population from 2007 onwards. This paper describes the aims, methodology and implementation of the mental health reforms and mental health policy in Egypt 2002-2009. Methods: A multi-faceted and comprehensive programme which combined situation appraisal to inform planning; establishment of a health sector system for coordination, supervision and training of each level (national, governorate, district and primary care); development workshops; production of toolkits, development of guidelines and standards; encouragement of intersectoral liaison at each level; integration of mental health into health management systems; and dedicated efforts to improve forensic services, rehabilitation service...

Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of ... more Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk, especially among postmenopausal women. Management strategies for osteoporosis focus on reducing modifiable risk factors such as poor nutrition, insufficient physical activity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the effects of lifestyle interventions on bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis INCLUSION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. The participants consisted of adult women who have had osteoporosis, osteopenia, or were at high-risk of developing osteoporosis. Lifestyle interventions included exercise, diet, and education. The outcomes of bone health were bone mineral density, event (fall, fracture), balance, and quality of life. We conducted a comprehensive search of the published literature using a three-phase approach in English and Korean languages up until September 2009. Two independent reviewers appraised all reports using standardised critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute that were specific to experimental research designs. Quantitative data was extracted from papers using the standardised data extraction tool from Joanna Briggs Institute. Quantitative papers were pooled wherever possible to a statistical meta-analysis using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. The search identified 700 unique studies; we appraised 28 studies and included a total of 25 randomised controlled trials in the final study; three studies were excluded because of poor methodological quality. Strength exercises had a positive effect on fracture. Aerobic exercises had a positive impact on lumbar bone mineral density, fall, and balance. Soy protein supplementation was effective for improving lumbar bone mineral density while vitamin K supplementation had a positive effect on of femur bone mineral density. Calcium supplementation had a positive impact on femur and lumbar bone mineral density. The combination of exercise, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation was effective for improving lumbar bone mineral density, risk of fall, and balance. Self-management programs for better bone health had a positive effect on balance and quality of life. The results indicate that lifestyle interventions including exercise and taking daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation are beneficial for improving bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis. However, additional carefully designed randomised controlled trials studies with larger patient populations are needed to more precisely identify the effects of intervention. It is recommended to engage in a combination of regular exercise and daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation with consideration of age, menopausal status, and bone mineral density for women with a high risk of developing osteoporosis. Effects of combined intervention of lifestyle components should be evaluated in large, carefully designed randomised controlled trials.

Factors influencing cross-national diffusion of mental health policy are important to understand ... more Factors influencing cross-national diffusion of mental health policy are important to understand but complex to research. This commentary discusses Shen’s research study on cross-national diffusion of mental health policy; examines the extent to which the three questions researched by Shen (whether countries are more likely to have a mental health policy (a) the earlier a country becomes a member of World Health Organization (WHO), (b) the more international aid a country receives, and (c) the more neighbouring countries already have a mental health policy) are in fact able to assess WHO’s impact on cross-national diffusion of mental health policy. The commentary then suggests a range of more specific questions which may be used to further elucidate the impact of WHO on an individual country, and considers the relative value of published mental health policy compared with the integration of mental health into national health sector strategies and other sector reforms, and concludes with a call for more integration of mental health across all WHO activities at international, regional and country levels.