Rule Budodo | Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (original) (raw)

Papers by Rule Budodo

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of non-falciparum malaria infections among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania

Parasites & vectors, Mar 23, 2024

Background Recent studies point to the need to incorporate the detection of non-falciparum specie... more Background Recent studies point to the need to incorporate the detection of non-falciparum species into malaria surveillance activities in sub-Saharan Africa, where 95% of the world's malaria cases occur. Although malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum is typically more severe than malaria caused by the non-falciparum Plasmodium species P. malariae, P. ovale spp. and P. vivax, the latter may be more challenging to diagnose, treat, control and ultimately eliminate. The prevalence of non-falciparum species throughout sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. Tanzania has geographical heterogeneity in transmission levels but an overall high malaria burden. Methods To estimate the prevalence of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania, we randomly selected 1428 samples from 6005 asymptomatic isolates collected in previous cross-sectional community surveys across four regions and analyzed these by quantitative PCR to detect and identify the Plasmodium species. Results Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species in all samples, with P. malariae and P. ovale spp. detected at a lower prevalence (< 5%) in all four regions; P. vivax was not detected in any sample. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will need to account for and enhance surveillance of these non-falciparum species.

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria species prevalence among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria species positivity rates among symptomatic individuals across regions of differing transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania

Recent data indicate that non-Plasmodium falciparumspecies may be more prevalent than previously ... more Recent data indicate that non-Plasmodium falciparumspecies may be more prevalent than previously realized in sub-Saharan Africa, the region where 95% of the world’s malaria cases occur. AlthoughPlasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovalespp., andPlasmodium vivaxare generally less severe thanP. falciparum, treatment and control are more challenging, and their geographic distributions are not well characterized. In order to characterize the distribution of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania (which has a high burden and geographically heterogeneous transmission levels), we randomly selected 3,284 samples from 12,845 samples to determine presence and parasitemia of different malaria species. The samples were collected from cross-sectional surveys in 100 health facilities across ten regions and analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR to characterize regional positivity rates for each species.P. falciparumwas most prevalent, butP. malariaeandP. ovalewere found in all regions except Dar es Sal...

Research paper thumbnail of High prevalence and risk of malaria among asymptomatic individuals from villages with high rates of artemisinin partial resistance in Kyerwa district, North-western Tanzania

BackgroundTanzania adopted and has been implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommen... more BackgroundTanzania adopted and has been implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended interventions to control and eventually eliminate malaria. However, malaria is still a leading public health problem and the country experiences heterogeneous transmission; but the drivers of these patterns are not clearly known. This study assessed the prevalence and risk of malaria infections among asymptomatic individuals living in a hyperendemic area which has high prevalence of artemisinin partial resistant parasites in Kyerwa District of Kagera region, North-western Tanzania.MethodsThis was a community-based cross-sectional survey that recruited participants from five villages of Kyerwa district in Kagera region. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, parasitological, types of houses inhabited and socio-economic status (SES) data were collected using electronic capture tools running on Open Data Kit (ODK). Risk factors associated with malaria infections were determined by univa...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Rift Valley Fever virus inter-epidemic activity in Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania

Global Health Action, 2021

Background Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of public health impact infecti... more Background Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of public health impact infecting livestock, wildlife, and humans mainly in Africa and other parts of the world. Despite its public health importance, mechanisms of RVFV maintenance during interepidemic periods (IEPS) remain unclear. Objective We aimed to examine comparatively exposure to RVFV between humans and goats and RVFV infection between humans, goats and mosquitoes. Methods A cross sectional study was performed in the Lower Moshi area of the Kilimanjaro region from March to June 2020. RVFV exposure was determined by detecting IgG/IgM to RVFV using a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay whereas infection was determined by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Results Results show that the male gender was related to RVFV seropositivity (χ2 = 5.351; p=0.030). Being 50 years and above was related to seropositivity (χ2 =14.430; p=0.006) whereas bed net use, larger numbers of per...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus Interepidemic Activity in Lower Moshi area of Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania: A Community Survey

Jaffu Chilongola (  j.chilongola@kcri.ac.tz ) Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College M... more Jaffu Chilongola (  j.chilongola@kcri.ac.tz ) Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Medard Kumalija Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Rule Budodo Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Pius Horumpende Lugalo Military College of Medical Sciences Sixbert Mkumbaye Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute John-Mary Vianney Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Richard Mwakapuja Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Kibaha Blandina Mmmbaga Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute

Research paper thumbnail of Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community survey

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

IntroductionTanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar e... more IntroductionTanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically distinct sites.MethodologyThe community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara region and Mvomero in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis ...

Research paper thumbnail of Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community Survey

Introduction: Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar... more Introduction: Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically distinct sites. Methodology: The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara region and Mvomero in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSSv22. Results: A total of 191 individuals from both sites participated in the study. Only one CHIKV was detected in Magugu site but none of the 69 participants from Magugu site was seropositive or positive for RVFV and DENV. Of the 122 individuals from Wami-Dakawa site, 16.39% (n=20) had recent exposure to RVFV while 9.83% (n=12) were recently infected by Chikungunya virus. All samples were negative by RVFV and CHIKV qPCR. Neither Infection nor exposure to DENV was observed in participants from Wami-Dakawa. Risk factors associated with RVFV and DCHIKV seropositivity were being more than 5 in a household, having no formal education and having recently travelled to an urban area. .

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of non-falciparum malaria infections among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania

Parasites & vectors, Mar 23, 2024

Background Recent studies point to the need to incorporate the detection of non-falciparum specie... more Background Recent studies point to the need to incorporate the detection of non-falciparum species into malaria surveillance activities in sub-Saharan Africa, where 95% of the world's malaria cases occur. Although malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum is typically more severe than malaria caused by the non-falciparum Plasmodium species P. malariae, P. ovale spp. and P. vivax, the latter may be more challenging to diagnose, treat, control and ultimately eliminate. The prevalence of non-falciparum species throughout sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. Tanzania has geographical heterogeneity in transmission levels but an overall high malaria burden. Methods To estimate the prevalence of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania, we randomly selected 1428 samples from 6005 asymptomatic isolates collected in previous cross-sectional community surveys across four regions and analyzed these by quantitative PCR to detect and identify the Plasmodium species. Results Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species in all samples, with P. malariae and P. ovale spp. detected at a lower prevalence (< 5%) in all four regions; P. vivax was not detected in any sample. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will need to account for and enhance surveillance of these non-falciparum species.

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria species prevalence among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania

Research paper thumbnail of Malaria species positivity rates among symptomatic individuals across regions of differing transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania

Recent data indicate that non-Plasmodium falciparumspecies may be more prevalent than previously ... more Recent data indicate that non-Plasmodium falciparumspecies may be more prevalent than previously realized in sub-Saharan Africa, the region where 95% of the world’s malaria cases occur. AlthoughPlasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovalespp., andPlasmodium vivaxare generally less severe thanP. falciparum, treatment and control are more challenging, and their geographic distributions are not well characterized. In order to characterize the distribution of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania (which has a high burden and geographically heterogeneous transmission levels), we randomly selected 3,284 samples from 12,845 samples to determine presence and parasitemia of different malaria species. The samples were collected from cross-sectional surveys in 100 health facilities across ten regions and analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR to characterize regional positivity rates for each species.P. falciparumwas most prevalent, butP. malariaeandP. ovalewere found in all regions except Dar es Sal...

Research paper thumbnail of High prevalence and risk of malaria among asymptomatic individuals from villages with high rates of artemisinin partial resistance in Kyerwa district, North-western Tanzania

BackgroundTanzania adopted and has been implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommen... more BackgroundTanzania adopted and has been implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended interventions to control and eventually eliminate malaria. However, malaria is still a leading public health problem and the country experiences heterogeneous transmission; but the drivers of these patterns are not clearly known. This study assessed the prevalence and risk of malaria infections among asymptomatic individuals living in a hyperendemic area which has high prevalence of artemisinin partial resistant parasites in Kyerwa District of Kagera region, North-western Tanzania.MethodsThis was a community-based cross-sectional survey that recruited participants from five villages of Kyerwa district in Kagera region. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, parasitological, types of houses inhabited and socio-economic status (SES) data were collected using electronic capture tools running on Open Data Kit (ODK). Risk factors associated with malaria infections were determined by univa...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Rift Valley Fever virus inter-epidemic activity in Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania

Global Health Action, 2021

Background Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of public health impact infecti... more Background Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of public health impact infecting livestock, wildlife, and humans mainly in Africa and other parts of the world. Despite its public health importance, mechanisms of RVFV maintenance during interepidemic periods (IEPS) remain unclear. Objective We aimed to examine comparatively exposure to RVFV between humans and goats and RVFV infection between humans, goats and mosquitoes. Methods A cross sectional study was performed in the Lower Moshi area of the Kilimanjaro region from March to June 2020. RVFV exposure was determined by detecting IgG/IgM to RVFV using a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay whereas infection was determined by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Results Results show that the male gender was related to RVFV seropositivity (χ2 = 5.351; p=0.030). Being 50 years and above was related to seropositivity (χ2 =14.430; p=0.006) whereas bed net use, larger numbers of per...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus Interepidemic Activity in Lower Moshi area of Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania: A Community Survey

Jaffu Chilongola (  j.chilongola@kcri.ac.tz ) Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College M... more Jaffu Chilongola (  j.chilongola@kcri.ac.tz ) Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Medard Kumalija Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Rule Budodo Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Pius Horumpende Lugalo Military College of Medical Sciences Sixbert Mkumbaye Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute John-Mary Vianney Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Richard Mwakapuja Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Kibaha Blandina Mmmbaga Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute

Research paper thumbnail of Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community survey

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

IntroductionTanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar e... more IntroductionTanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically distinct sites.MethodologyThe community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara region and Mvomero in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis ...

Research paper thumbnail of Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community Survey

Introduction: Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar... more Introduction: Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically distinct sites. Methodology: The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara region and Mvomero in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSSv22. Results: A total of 191 individuals from both sites participated in the study. Only one CHIKV was detected in Magugu site but none of the 69 participants from Magugu site was seropositive or positive for RVFV and DENV. Of the 122 individuals from Wami-Dakawa site, 16.39% (n=20) had recent exposure to RVFV while 9.83% (n=12) were recently infected by Chikungunya virus. All samples were negative by RVFV and CHIKV qPCR. Neither Infection nor exposure to DENV was observed in participants from Wami-Dakawa. Risk factors associated with RVFV and DCHIKV seropositivity were being more than 5 in a household, having no formal education and having recently travelled to an urban area. .