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... interventions and their side effects; crisis intervention and de-escalation skills; and knowl... more ... interventions and their side effects; crisis intervention and de-escalation skills; and knowledge of the ... reflecting emotions, asking open-ended questions), which are critical for de ... of Justice Assistance, Memphis, Tennessee, Police Depart-ment's Crisis Intervention Team, Bulletin ...
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2013
Victims & offenders, Jan 13, 2009
... three categories of aggressive workplace behaviors including: expres-sions of hostility (verb... more ... three categories of aggressive workplace behaviors including: expres-sions of hostility (verbal expressions or silent treatments), obstructionism (behaviors to ... Descriptive data were obtained from 15 cases in order to incorporate case studies representing emerging trends. ...
The British Journal of Forensic Practice, Nov 16, 2011
Purpose – The current paper seeks to outline the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) and review extant... more Purpose – The current paper seeks to outline the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) and review extant research regarding its efficacy in reducing criminalization of people with mental illness, as well as improving interactions between this population and law enforcement officers. Design/methodology/approach – The CIT model and theoretical underpinnings are discussed and an evaluative review of the current literature is presented.
Law enforcement negotiation is one of the only times when a law enforcement officer interacts wit... more Law enforcement negotiation is one of the only times when a law enforcement officer interacts with an offender during the commission of a crime and, as such, can influence the outcome of the situation in favor of law enforcement. All other interactions between offenders take place after the commission of the crime or during undercover operations when the law enforcement officer is hiding their identity. Law enforcement crisis and tactical negotiation (LECTN) provides techniques, tactics, and procedures for seamlessly dealing with difficult, dangerous, and disordered persons to obtain voluntary compliance through the application of verbal influence-based skill sets. LECTN is a method by which to deal with perceived threats to a subject’s emotional, psychological, or physical well-being during intense conflict or crisis situations. Understanding critical incidents and the mindset of a subject is critical to determining the proper communication strategies and tactics. At the heart of the process is understanding and assessing instrumental and expressive behavior in order to apply tactical negotiation or crisis intervention. A key skill set to being effective in negotiating with difficult, dangerous, and disordered persons is to build credibility through the application of the Behavioral Influence Stairway Model in the effective application of active listening skills, empathy, rapport–trust, and influence to persuade behavioral change on the part of the subject.
Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Sep 1, 2009
This paper aims to discuss the application of crisis negotiation to individuals with a number of ... more This paper aims to discuss the application of crisis negotiation to individuals with a number of challenging traits, characteristics and behaviors, extending its application to terrorism. Such crisis situations include roof‐top protests and barricades, and any context that may include the need to re‐direct individuals in crisis, including terrorist activities such as hostage‐taking. This paper will review the history of crisis negotiation and consider different approaches to its management. It will then discuss the relationship‐building model of crisis negotiation of the Behavioral Influence Stairway Model. This is an updated variation of the Behavioral Change Stairway Model, which was first used in the wider community, and further applied here to traits and behaviors which may potentially be found in terrorist perpetrators. The application of this model to individuals who present with such traits and behaviors will be discussed, along with approaches to enhance and maximize negotiation processes with such individuals. This paper presents applications of the model and approaches to negotiation in terrorist situations.
Aggression and Violent Behavior, Sep 1, 2019
Abstract Law enforcement agencies often deal with difficult, dangerous, and disordered individual... more Abstract Law enforcement agencies often deal with difficult, dangerous, and disordered individuals by applying the theory and practice of tactical negotiation, which is composed of a unique application of communication techniques aimed at obtaining voluntary compliance. Known as hostage or crisis negotiation, law enforcement tactical negotiation (LETN) has shown to be an effective technique for resolving barricaded hostage and crisis situations, kidnappings, and suicidal incidents. Over the years, there have been several models of LETN, however; most of them are based on the assumption that the 1) subject is rational and 2) the subject views the officer as credible; however, in situations where people are in crisis, emotions control their actions rather than reason. Therefore, being successful requires the officer to return the subject to a rational state of mind and establish trust (credibility). If either of these, elements are missing, then traditional negotiation will most likely fail in gaining voluntary compliance in a timely manner. This is especially true with suicidal persons who have exceeded their ability to cope with their situation and believe that no one will help them. The Behavioral Influence Stairway Model (BISM) operates on the premise that a state of personal crisis occurs when coping and social support mechanisms fail and that to end the crisis, at least one of these elements must be restored. In these situations, the BISM provides a method by which the officer can re-establish social support through effectively dealing with emotions (thus returning the individual to a rational state of mind) and demonstrating empathy (thus obtaining trust). In Hong Kong, the Police Negotiation Cadre (PNC) routinely deals with a unique form of suicide where persons in crisis frequently choose jumping off high-rise buildings as their preferred means of suicide. Unlike in the United States, where a significant number of suicides involve barricaded individuals with firearms, most LETN in Hong Kong is accomplished face-to-face, since officer safety relating to firearms is atypical. Despite these differences in structure, culture, and language, the BISM is routinely used to successfully resolve suicidal situations in Hong Kong, based on the theory that emotions and relationship needs are universal and not contingent on context. Therefore, this article will present an updated version of the BISM and extend the principles of the BISM cross-culturally by providing evidence of its efficacy in negotiating with suicidal persons who threaten to jump from multi-story buildings in Hong Kong, as well as its proactive application to non-police intervenors.
Aggression and Violent Behavior, Jul 1, 2005
International Advances in Economic Research, Feb 1, 2001
Forfeiture of assets has become an important tool in drug interdiction. Forfeiture provides subst... more Forfeiture of assets has become an important tool in drug interdiction. Forfeiture provides substantial funds to law enforcement agencies and can produce goal displacement. A survey was conducted of all members of three task forces dedicated to drug interdiction in the Miami, Florida area regarding the goals and the value of asset forfeiture. While all subjects endorsed the goals relating to the punishment of drug dealers as most important, federal officers not assigned to joint task forces valued economic benefits to the agency less than federal agents assigned to joint task forces who, in turn, valued economic benefits less than non‐federal task force agents.
Routledge eBooks, Apr 1, 2011
Routledge eBooks, Aug 6, 2012
1. Conflict and Crisis Negotiation: The Negotiated Resolution Model by Gregory M. Vecchi 2. Negot... more 1. Conflict and Crisis Negotiation: The Negotiated Resolution Model by Gregory M. Vecchi 2. Negotiation: Principles and Theoretical Underpinnings by Neil Gredecki 3. Crisis Situations: Communications, Goals, and Techniques by Samuel L. Browning, Andrea M. Brockman, and Vincent B. Van Hasselt 4. Application of the Critical Incident to Mental Illness and Cognitive Impairment: Considerations and Implications by Carol A. Ireland 5. Application of the Critical Incident to Personality Disorder: Considerations and Implications by Carol A. Ireland 6. Ethical Considerations in a Conflict and Crisis Situation by Martin J. Fisher 7. Expertise of the Negotiator in Conflict and Crisis Communication by Martin J. Fisher 8. When the Management of the Critical Incident Goes Wrong: Pitfalls and Suggested Approaches by Debbie Marsh 9. Post Critical Incident: Considerations by Abigail S. Tucker 10. Held Against their Choice: Behaviour, Considerations and Implications for the Captive by Carol A. Ireland and Gretory M. Vecchi
Routledge eBooks, Nov 24, 2022
... 61-67. 25 Harmon. 26 Harmon. 27 Harmon. 28 O'Toole. 29 O'Toole. 30 For more... more ... 61-67. 25 Harmon. 26 Harmon. 27 Harmon. 28 O'Toole. 29 O'Toole. 30 For more information about SRO programs and training, visit the National Association of School Resource Officers Web site at http://www.nasro.org. 31
... interventions and their side effects; crisis intervention and de-escalation skills; and knowl... more ... interventions and their side effects; crisis intervention and de-escalation skills; and knowledge of the ... reflecting emotions, asking open-ended questions), which are critical for de ... of Justice Assistance, Memphis, Tennessee, Police Depart-ment's Crisis Intervention Team, Bulletin ...
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2013
Victims & offenders, Jan 13, 2009
... three categories of aggressive workplace behaviors including: expres-sions of hostility (verb... more ... three categories of aggressive workplace behaviors including: expres-sions of hostility (verbal expressions or silent treatments), obstructionism (behaviors to ... Descriptive data were obtained from 15 cases in order to incorporate case studies representing emerging trends. ...
The British Journal of Forensic Practice, Nov 16, 2011
Purpose – The current paper seeks to outline the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) and review extant... more Purpose – The current paper seeks to outline the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) and review extant research regarding its efficacy in reducing criminalization of people with mental illness, as well as improving interactions between this population and law enforcement officers. Design/methodology/approach – The CIT model and theoretical underpinnings are discussed and an evaluative review of the current literature is presented.
Law enforcement negotiation is one of the only times when a law enforcement officer interacts wit... more Law enforcement negotiation is one of the only times when a law enforcement officer interacts with an offender during the commission of a crime and, as such, can influence the outcome of the situation in favor of law enforcement. All other interactions between offenders take place after the commission of the crime or during undercover operations when the law enforcement officer is hiding their identity. Law enforcement crisis and tactical negotiation (LECTN) provides techniques, tactics, and procedures for seamlessly dealing with difficult, dangerous, and disordered persons to obtain voluntary compliance through the application of verbal influence-based skill sets. LECTN is a method by which to deal with perceived threats to a subject’s emotional, psychological, or physical well-being during intense conflict or crisis situations. Understanding critical incidents and the mindset of a subject is critical to determining the proper communication strategies and tactics. At the heart of the process is understanding and assessing instrumental and expressive behavior in order to apply tactical negotiation or crisis intervention. A key skill set to being effective in negotiating with difficult, dangerous, and disordered persons is to build credibility through the application of the Behavioral Influence Stairway Model in the effective application of active listening skills, empathy, rapport–trust, and influence to persuade behavioral change on the part of the subject.
Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Sep 1, 2009
This paper aims to discuss the application of crisis negotiation to individuals with a number of ... more This paper aims to discuss the application of crisis negotiation to individuals with a number of challenging traits, characteristics and behaviors, extending its application to terrorism. Such crisis situations include roof‐top protests and barricades, and any context that may include the need to re‐direct individuals in crisis, including terrorist activities such as hostage‐taking. This paper will review the history of crisis negotiation and consider different approaches to its management. It will then discuss the relationship‐building model of crisis negotiation of the Behavioral Influence Stairway Model. This is an updated variation of the Behavioral Change Stairway Model, which was first used in the wider community, and further applied here to traits and behaviors which may potentially be found in terrorist perpetrators. The application of this model to individuals who present with such traits and behaviors will be discussed, along with approaches to enhance and maximize negotiation processes with such individuals. This paper presents applications of the model and approaches to negotiation in terrorist situations.
Aggression and Violent Behavior, Sep 1, 2019
Abstract Law enforcement agencies often deal with difficult, dangerous, and disordered individual... more Abstract Law enforcement agencies often deal with difficult, dangerous, and disordered individuals by applying the theory and practice of tactical negotiation, which is composed of a unique application of communication techniques aimed at obtaining voluntary compliance. Known as hostage or crisis negotiation, law enforcement tactical negotiation (LETN) has shown to be an effective technique for resolving barricaded hostage and crisis situations, kidnappings, and suicidal incidents. Over the years, there have been several models of LETN, however; most of them are based on the assumption that the 1) subject is rational and 2) the subject views the officer as credible; however, in situations where people are in crisis, emotions control their actions rather than reason. Therefore, being successful requires the officer to return the subject to a rational state of mind and establish trust (credibility). If either of these, elements are missing, then traditional negotiation will most likely fail in gaining voluntary compliance in a timely manner. This is especially true with suicidal persons who have exceeded their ability to cope with their situation and believe that no one will help them. The Behavioral Influence Stairway Model (BISM) operates on the premise that a state of personal crisis occurs when coping and social support mechanisms fail and that to end the crisis, at least one of these elements must be restored. In these situations, the BISM provides a method by which the officer can re-establish social support through effectively dealing with emotions (thus returning the individual to a rational state of mind) and demonstrating empathy (thus obtaining trust). In Hong Kong, the Police Negotiation Cadre (PNC) routinely deals with a unique form of suicide where persons in crisis frequently choose jumping off high-rise buildings as their preferred means of suicide. Unlike in the United States, where a significant number of suicides involve barricaded individuals with firearms, most LETN in Hong Kong is accomplished face-to-face, since officer safety relating to firearms is atypical. Despite these differences in structure, culture, and language, the BISM is routinely used to successfully resolve suicidal situations in Hong Kong, based on the theory that emotions and relationship needs are universal and not contingent on context. Therefore, this article will present an updated version of the BISM and extend the principles of the BISM cross-culturally by providing evidence of its efficacy in negotiating with suicidal persons who threaten to jump from multi-story buildings in Hong Kong, as well as its proactive application to non-police intervenors.
Aggression and Violent Behavior, Jul 1, 2005
International Advances in Economic Research, Feb 1, 2001
Forfeiture of assets has become an important tool in drug interdiction. Forfeiture provides subst... more Forfeiture of assets has become an important tool in drug interdiction. Forfeiture provides substantial funds to law enforcement agencies and can produce goal displacement. A survey was conducted of all members of three task forces dedicated to drug interdiction in the Miami, Florida area regarding the goals and the value of asset forfeiture. While all subjects endorsed the goals relating to the punishment of drug dealers as most important, federal officers not assigned to joint task forces valued economic benefits to the agency less than federal agents assigned to joint task forces who, in turn, valued economic benefits less than non‐federal task force agents.
Routledge eBooks, Apr 1, 2011
Routledge eBooks, Aug 6, 2012
1. Conflict and Crisis Negotiation: The Negotiated Resolution Model by Gregory M. Vecchi 2. Negot... more 1. Conflict and Crisis Negotiation: The Negotiated Resolution Model by Gregory M. Vecchi 2. Negotiation: Principles and Theoretical Underpinnings by Neil Gredecki 3. Crisis Situations: Communications, Goals, and Techniques by Samuel L. Browning, Andrea M. Brockman, and Vincent B. Van Hasselt 4. Application of the Critical Incident to Mental Illness and Cognitive Impairment: Considerations and Implications by Carol A. Ireland 5. Application of the Critical Incident to Personality Disorder: Considerations and Implications by Carol A. Ireland 6. Ethical Considerations in a Conflict and Crisis Situation by Martin J. Fisher 7. Expertise of the Negotiator in Conflict and Crisis Communication by Martin J. Fisher 8. When the Management of the Critical Incident Goes Wrong: Pitfalls and Suggested Approaches by Debbie Marsh 9. Post Critical Incident: Considerations by Abigail S. Tucker 10. Held Against their Choice: Behaviour, Considerations and Implications for the Captive by Carol A. Ireland and Gretory M. Vecchi
Routledge eBooks, Nov 24, 2022
... 61-67. 25 Harmon. 26 Harmon. 27 Harmon. 28 O'Toole. 29 O'Toole. 30 For more... more ... 61-67. 25 Harmon. 26 Harmon. 27 Harmon. 28 O'Toole. 29 O'Toole. 30 For more information about SRO programs and training, visit the National Association of School Resource Officers Web site at http://www.nasro.org. 31