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自閉症の倫理学 : 彼らの中で、彼らとは違って
勁草書房 eBooks, 2013
Nature Medicine, May 1, 2011
Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, Feb 22, 2008
In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experienc... more In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experiencing a scientific revolution: a massive increase of pace, scale and scope. A significant part of the research endeavours involved in this scientific upheaval is devoted to understanding and, if possible, ameliorating humankind: from our genomes up to our bodies and brains. New developments in contemporary technosciences, such as synthetic biology and other genomics and ''post-genomics'' fields, tend to blur the distinctions between prevention, therapy and enhancement. An important dimension of this development is ''biomimesis'': i.e. the tendency of novel technologies and materials to mimic or plagiarize nature on a molecular and microscopic level in order to optimise prospects for the embedding of technological artefacts in natural systems such as human bodies and brains. In this paper, these developments are read and assessed from a psychoanalytical perspective. Three key concepts from psychoanalysis are used to come to terms with what is happening in research laboratories today. After assessing the general profile of the current revolution in this manner, I will focus on a particular case study, a line of research that may serve as exemplification of the vicissitudes of contemporary technosciences, namely viral biomaterials. Viral life forms can be genetically modified (their genomes can be rewritten) in such a manner that they may be inserted in human bodies in order to produce substances at specific sites such as hormones (testosterone), neurotransmitters (dopamine), enzymes (insulin) or bone and muscle tissue. Notably, certain target groups such as top athletes, soldiers or patients suffering from degenerative diseases may become the pioneers serving as research subjects for novel applications. The same technologies can be used for various purposes ranging from therapy up to prevention and enhancement.
Interpreting Surrogate Consent using Counterfactuals
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1999
Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf o... more Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf of previously competent patients, in the absence of an advance directive, should make these decisions based upon a substituted judgment principle. Brock favours substituted judgment over a best interests standard. However, Edward Wierenga claims that the substituted judgment principle ought to be abandoned in favour of a best interests standard, because of an inherent problem with the substituted judgment principle. Wierenga's version of the substituted judgment principle and his counterexample to the principle's successful interpretation of valid surrogate consent is presented. A new version of what is meant by the substituted judgment principle is advanced. The new version is not beset with the problems Wierenga initially ascribed to the substituted judgment principle.
Politics and the Life Sciences, 2004
Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 2008
In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experienc... more In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experiencing a scientific revolution: a massive increase of pace, scale and scope. A significant part of the research endeavours involved in this scientific upheaval is devoted to understanding and, if possible, ameliorating humankind: from our genomes up to our bodies and brains. New developments in contemporary technosciences, such as synthetic biology and other genomics and ''post-genomics'' fields, tend to blur the distinctions between prevention, therapy and enhancement. An important dimension of this development is ''biomimesis'': i.e. the tendency of novel technologies and materials to mimic or plagiarize nature on a molecular and microscopic level in order to optimise prospects for the embedding of technological artefacts in natural systems such as human bodies and brains. In this paper, these developments are read and assessed from a psychoanalytical perspective. Three key concepts from psychoanalysis are used to come to terms with what is happening in research laboratories today. After assessing the general profile of the current revolution in this manner, I will focus on a particular case study, a line of research that may serve as exemplification of the vicissitudes of contemporary technosciences, namely viral biomaterials. Viral life forms can be genetically modified (their genomes can be rewritten) in such a manner that they may be inserted in human bodies in order to produce substances at specific sites such as hormones (testosterone), neurotransmitters (dopamine), enzymes (insulin) or bone and muscle tissue. Notably, certain target groups such as top athletes, soldiers or patients suffering from degenerative diseases may become the pioneers serving as research subjects for novel applications. The same technologies can be used for various purposes ranging from therapy up to prevention and enhancement.
Interpreting Surrogate Consent using Counterfactuals
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1999
Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf o... more Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf of previously competent patients, in the absence of an advance directive, should make these decisions based upon a substituted judgment principle. Brock favours substituted judgment over a best interests standard. However, Edward Wierenga claims that the substituted judgment principle ought to be abandoned in favour of a best interests standard, because of an inherent problem with the substituted judgment principle. Wierenga's version of the substituted judgment principle and his counterexample to the principle's successful interpretation of valid surrogate consent is presented. A new version of what is meant by the substituted judgment principle is advanced. The new version is not beset with the problems Wierenga initially ascribed to the substituted judgment principle.
Politics and the Life Sciences, Mar 1, 2004
You Get What Someone Else Will Pay For
Research Cohorts
Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference, 2019
Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unabl... more Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unable to consent to research participation. Individuals without cognitive disabilities are assumed to have the capacity to consent, despite falling prey to errors such as the therapeutic misconception, unrealistic optimism, or a lack of appreciation. The distinction between conceptual errors made by presumably “typical” individuals and those made by individuals with cognitive impairments may not be so different, and differences that do exist not so profound. Best practices call for a “meeting in the middle”—a recognition that “typical” individuals are not nearly as autonomous as we first think, and that the autonomy of “atypical” individuals is not as compromised as first appears. Two objections to this conclusion are addressed: exploitation, and a history of research abuses. Respecting persons with cognitive impairments means recognizing that their imperfect autonomy is not dissimilar from ...
Research Ethics and the Dharma Initiative
自閉症の倫理学 : 彼らの中で、彼らとは違って
第１章 自閉症の哲学入門（自閉症に関する心の理論説、ならびにそれと競合する諸仮説；人間の行動を説明する二つの仮説に対する自閉症からの試練—理論説とシミュレーション説 ほか） 第２章 自閉症的人生... more 第１章 自閉症の哲学入門（自閉症に関する心の理論説、ならびにそれと競合する諸仮説；人間の行動を説明する二つの仮説に対する自閉症からの試練—理論説とシミュレーション説 ほか） 第２章 自閉症的人生の価値（道徳共同体のメンバーに関するウォレンの立場；人間の能力に関するヌスバウムの立場 ほか） 第３章 自閉症と道徳理論（ケネット—ヒューム説に対する反駁；ケネットによるカント説の慎重な受容と、ベンによる拒否 ほか） 第４章 自閉症と遺伝学的技術（親の自律性と、遺伝学的技術の使用に対する反論の失敗；障害に関する社会構成論 ほか） 第５章 自閉症者に対する研究（カントの議論、功利主義の議論、そして原則主義と自閉症；自閉症と研究への同意能力 ほか）
The gambler's fallacy, the therapeutic misconception, and unrealistic optimism
IRB, 2013
The Neurodiverse and the Neurotypical: Still Talking Across an Ethical Divide
Review of the book Rethinking the Ethics of Clinical Research: Widening the Lens
A Medical Sociologist and a Bioethicist Have a Conversation about Sheri Fink’s Five Days at Memorial: Life and Death in a Storm-Ravaged Hospital
Drawing Distinctions Among Different Types of Research on Persons with Autism
Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference, 2019
This commentary engages two aspects of Kenneth A. Richman’s chapter “Autism, Autonomy, and Resear... more This commentary engages two aspects of Kenneth A. Richman’s chapter “Autism, Autonomy, and Research” (Chapter 5). First, several excellent points made in the chapter are discussed. Second, a distinction is introduced among types of research on persons with autism, a distinction that would strengthen his discussion. Drawing distinctions among the ways in which informed consent is confounded by symptoms of autism, as well as among types of research on autism, would further strengthen an already compelling chapter.
Review of the book Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients
Kissing Cousins: Incest, Naturalism, and the Yuck Factor
自閉症の倫理学 : 彼らの中で、彼らとは違って
勁草書房 eBooks, 2013
Nature Medicine, May 1, 2011
Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, Feb 22, 2008
In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experienc... more In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experiencing a scientific revolution: a massive increase of pace, scale and scope. A significant part of the research endeavours involved in this scientific upheaval is devoted to understanding and, if possible, ameliorating humankind: from our genomes up to our bodies and brains. New developments in contemporary technosciences, such as synthetic biology and other genomics and ''post-genomics'' fields, tend to blur the distinctions between prevention, therapy and enhancement. An important dimension of this development is ''biomimesis'': i.e. the tendency of novel technologies and materials to mimic or plagiarize nature on a molecular and microscopic level in order to optimise prospects for the embedding of technological artefacts in natural systems such as human bodies and brains. In this paper, these developments are read and assessed from a psychoanalytical perspective. Three key concepts from psychoanalysis are used to come to terms with what is happening in research laboratories today. After assessing the general profile of the current revolution in this manner, I will focus on a particular case study, a line of research that may serve as exemplification of the vicissitudes of contemporary technosciences, namely viral biomaterials. Viral life forms can be genetically modified (their genomes can be rewritten) in such a manner that they may be inserted in human bodies in order to produce substances at specific sites such as hormones (testosterone), neurotransmitters (dopamine), enzymes (insulin) or bone and muscle tissue. Notably, certain target groups such as top athletes, soldiers or patients suffering from degenerative diseases may become the pioneers serving as research subjects for novel applications. The same technologies can be used for various purposes ranging from therapy up to prevention and enhancement.
Interpreting Surrogate Consent using Counterfactuals
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1999
Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf o... more Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf of previously competent patients, in the absence of an advance directive, should make these decisions based upon a substituted judgment principle. Brock favours substituted judgment over a best interests standard. However, Edward Wierenga claims that the substituted judgment principle ought to be abandoned in favour of a best interests standard, because of an inherent problem with the substituted judgment principle. Wierenga's version of the substituted judgment principle and his counterexample to the principle's successful interpretation of valid surrogate consent is presented. A new version of what is meant by the substituted judgment principle is advanced. The new version is not beset with the problems Wierenga initially ascribed to the substituted judgment principle.
Politics and the Life Sciences, 2004
Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 2008
In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experienc... more In various documents the view emerges that contemporary biotechnosciences are currently experiencing a scientific revolution: a massive increase of pace, scale and scope. A significant part of the research endeavours involved in this scientific upheaval is devoted to understanding and, if possible, ameliorating humankind: from our genomes up to our bodies and brains. New developments in contemporary technosciences, such as synthetic biology and other genomics and ''post-genomics'' fields, tend to blur the distinctions between prevention, therapy and enhancement. An important dimension of this development is ''biomimesis'': i.e. the tendency of novel technologies and materials to mimic or plagiarize nature on a molecular and microscopic level in order to optimise prospects for the embedding of technological artefacts in natural systems such as human bodies and brains. In this paper, these developments are read and assessed from a psychoanalytical perspective. Three key concepts from psychoanalysis are used to come to terms with what is happening in research laboratories today. After assessing the general profile of the current revolution in this manner, I will focus on a particular case study, a line of research that may serve as exemplification of the vicissitudes of contemporary technosciences, namely viral biomaterials. Viral life forms can be genetically modified (their genomes can be rewritten) in such a manner that they may be inserted in human bodies in order to produce substances at specific sites such as hormones (testosterone), neurotransmitters (dopamine), enzymes (insulin) or bone and muscle tissue. Notably, certain target groups such as top athletes, soldiers or patients suffering from degenerative diseases may become the pioneers serving as research subjects for novel applications. The same technologies can be used for various purposes ranging from therapy up to prevention and enhancement.
Interpreting Surrogate Consent using Counterfactuals
Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1999
Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf o... more Philosophers such as Dan Brock believe that surrogates who make health care decisions on behalf of previously competent patients, in the absence of an advance directive, should make these decisions based upon a substituted judgment principle. Brock favours substituted judgment over a best interests standard. However, Edward Wierenga claims that the substituted judgment principle ought to be abandoned in favour of a best interests standard, because of an inherent problem with the substituted judgment principle. Wierenga's version of the substituted judgment principle and his counterexample to the principle's successful interpretation of valid surrogate consent is presented. A new version of what is meant by the substituted judgment principle is advanced. The new version is not beset with the problems Wierenga initially ascribed to the substituted judgment principle.
Politics and the Life Sciences, Mar 1, 2004
You Get What Someone Else Will Pay For
Research Cohorts
Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference, 2019
Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unabl... more Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unable to consent to research participation. Individuals without cognitive disabilities are assumed to have the capacity to consent, despite falling prey to errors such as the therapeutic misconception, unrealistic optimism, or a lack of appreciation. The distinction between conceptual errors made by presumably “typical” individuals and those made by individuals with cognitive impairments may not be so different, and differences that do exist not so profound. Best practices call for a “meeting in the middle”—a recognition that “typical” individuals are not nearly as autonomous as we first think, and that the autonomy of “atypical” individuals is not as compromised as first appears. Two objections to this conclusion are addressed: exploitation, and a history of research abuses. Respecting persons with cognitive impairments means recognizing that their imperfect autonomy is not dissimilar from ...
Research Ethics and the Dharma Initiative
自閉症の倫理学 : 彼らの中で、彼らとは違って
第１章 自閉症の哲学入門（自閉症に関する心の理論説、ならびにそれと競合する諸仮説；人間の行動を説明する二つの仮説に対する自閉症からの試練—理論説とシミュレーション説 ほか） 第２章 自閉症的人生... more 第１章 自閉症の哲学入門（自閉症に関する心の理論説、ならびにそれと競合する諸仮説；人間の行動を説明する二つの仮説に対する自閉症からの試練—理論説とシミュレーション説 ほか） 第２章 自閉症的人生の価値（道徳共同体のメンバーに関するウォレンの立場；人間の能力に関するヌスバウムの立場 ほか） 第３章 自閉症と道徳理論（ケネット—ヒューム説に対する反駁；ケネットによるカント説の慎重な受容と、ベンによる拒否 ほか） 第４章 自閉症と遺伝学的技術（親の自律性と、遺伝学的技術の使用に対する反論の失敗；障害に関する社会構成論 ほか） 第５章 自閉症者に対する研究（カントの議論、功利主義の議論、そして原則主義と自閉症；自閉症と研究への同意能力 ほか）
The gambler's fallacy, the therapeutic misconception, and unrealistic optimism
IRB, 2013
The Neurodiverse and the Neurotypical: Still Talking Across an Ethical Divide
Review of the book Rethinking the Ethics of Clinical Research: Widening the Lens
A Medical Sociologist and a Bioethicist Have a Conversation about Sheri Fink’s Five Days at Memorial: Life and Death in a Storm-Ravaged Hospital
Drawing Distinctions Among Different Types of Research on Persons with Autism
Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference, 2019
This commentary engages two aspects of Kenneth A. Richman’s chapter “Autism, Autonomy, and Resear... more This commentary engages two aspects of Kenneth A. Richman’s chapter “Autism, Autonomy, and Research” (Chapter 5). First, several excellent points made in the chapter are discussed. Second, a distinction is introduced among types of research on persons with autism, a distinction that would strengthen his discussion. Drawing distinctions among the ways in which informed consent is confounded by symptoms of autism, as well as among types of research on autism, would further strengthen an already compelling chapter.
Review of the book Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients
Kissing Cousins: Incest, Naturalism, and the Yuck Factor