Ahlam S Alhajri | King Faisal University (original) (raw)

Papers by Ahlam S Alhajri

European Journal of Educational Research, 2025

Sensory integration (SI)-based intervention programs aim to improve the motor performance of chil... more Sensory integration (SI)-based intervention programs aim to improve the motor performance of children with moderate
autism spectrum disorder (MASD), which may contribute to the development of their gross and fine motor skills. This study aimed
to explore the effectiveness of a SI-based training program in developing gross and fine motor skills in 70 children with MASD aged
6–9 years (M = 7.11, SD ± 1.19) and selected intentionally from a daycare center in Al-Ahsa in Saudi Arabia. The study used the
quasi-experimental approach and followed the experimental design with two groups, which were randomly distributed and
examined for equivalence. The study also used the Gross Motor Skills Scale (GMSS), the Fine Motor Skills Scale (FMSS), and the
training program based on SI. The study found that the experimental group had significantly higher post-test scores in the GMSS
and the FMSS than the control group, with these differences being statistically significant. However, no significant difference was
observed between the post-test scores and the follow-up test scores within the experimental group, indicating stability in their
performance over time. This indicates the effectiveness of the training program used in developing the targeted skills and the
continuation of the training effect after the program’s application period. The study suggests that children should use SI-based
training programs to enhance their motor skills.

Journal of Ecohumanism, 2024

Obesity is a pathophysiologic component of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is typically linked to insul... more Obesity is a pathophysiologic component of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is typically linked to insulin resistance (IR). However, incorporating regular physical exercise into one’s daily schedule is an effective approach to managing IR, blood sugar levels, and general health. The study’s goal is to assess the feasibility of the Zumba fitness program and its effects on body composition and IR indicators. It is a quasi-experimental design for a single-group pre- and post-Zumba dancing intervention at a fitness center in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Sixty-two sedentary obese women (body mass index [BMI]: 37.55 ± 3.99 kg/m2) 32.5± 0.56 years, completed a 16-week intervention attending moderate to vigorous Zumba dancing sessions 5 d/week, 60 min/class. Study instruments were structured by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and some biochemical markers. After implementing the Zumba exercise program, the results show a substantial improvement in BMI, body fat composition, and IR when compared to before the program. According to body fat position, the reduction in fat composition ranged from 3.7 to 9.71%, while BMI decreased on average by around 6.31%. Significant variations have also been noted in fasting blood glucose levels of 28.04%, in leptin levels of 13.75%, in insulin levels of 28.27%, and IR levels of 8.83%. Further, decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were between 2.18% and 4.91%, and the increase in high-density lipoprotein was 5.22%. Total bilirubin, total protein, and total albumin did not vary significantly between the pre- and post-program periods, though aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase did. In conclusion, the program demonstrated strong feasibility and adherence, and it had a favorable impact on body weight, BMI, body fat composition, lipid profiles, and IR parameters, which can improve insulin sensitivity and stop women from developing T2D in the future.

Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2024

Genetic testing has emerged as a tool for personalizing nutrition and athletic training by identi... more Genetic testing has emerged as a tool for personalizing nutrition and athletic training by identifying individual genetic variations that influence metabolism, nutrient absorption, and physical performance. However, its effectiveness in optimizing athletic outcomes remains debated. This study aims to assess the impact of genetic testing on athletes' dietary habits, digestion, body composition, and performance, exploring the perceived benefits of personalized nutrition in sports. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 448 athletes in Saudi Arabia, spanning various sports disciplines and competitive levels. The survey measured athletes' perceptions of genetic testing's impact on diet and performance using Likert-scale questions. The results indicate that the athletes moderately agreed that genetic testing influenced their dietary adjustments (mean = 3.69), with improved digestion and nutrient absorption being the most positively perceived outcome (mean = 4.01). However, the perceived impact on tailored diets was lower (mean = 2.95), and recovery time showed minimal improvement (mean = 2.92). Significant gender differences were observed in digestion (p = .0086) and body composition changes (p < .0001), with males reporting greater improvements. Athletes in artistic sports reported the most significant changes in body composition (mean = 4.36, p = .0005), while professionals had the highest perceived benefit from personalized diets (mean = 4.40, p < .0001). In conclusion, genetic testing shows promise in enhancing athletes' nutrition and performance, particularly in digestion and body composition. However, its impact remains limited in areas like recovery, highlighting the need for a holistic approach integrating genetic data with broader training and lifestyle strategies.

Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2024

This study investigates the comparative effects of dietary modification and skip rope exercise on... more This study investigates the comparative effects of dietary modification and skip rope exercise on body composition and insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Obesity in adolescents is a growing public health concern in the region, often leading to impaired metabolic health and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In this randomized controlled trial, 180 obese adolescents were assigned to one of three groups: a dietary intervention group, a jump rope exercise group, or a control group receiving standard lifestyle advice. Over a 12-week intervention period, participants in the dietary group adhered to a calorie-restricted diet plan, while those in the exercise group engaged in a supervised skip rope training program. Key outcomes measured included changes in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, lean body mass, and insulin sensitivity, assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Results demonstrated that both interventions significantly improved body composition and insulin sensitivity compared to the control group, with the exercise group showing greater improvements in lean body mass. These findings suggest that while both dietary and exercise interventions are effective for managing obesity-related complications, incorporating physical activity like skip rope exercise may yield additional benefits in enhancing lean muscle development. This study highlights the importance of tailored lifestyle interventions for improving metabolic health in obese adolescents, offering valuable insights for healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and feasibility of integrating such interventions into routine adolescent care.

Cureus, 2024

Background and objective Shared decision-making (SDM) in healthcare has transitioned from a pater... more Background and objective Shared decision-making (SDM) in healthcare has transitioned from a paternalistic model to a collaborative approach, particularly significant in chronic disease management. This shift focuses on aligning healthcare decisions with patient preferences and values, thereby enhancing patient engagement and treatment adherence. However, patient preferences regarding involvement in SDM vary widely, influenced by demographic, disease-specific, psychological, cultural, and social factors. This study aimed to explore patient preferences related to SDM in chronic disease management in Saudi Arabia, by assessing attitudes toward SDM, the impact of decision aids, and the role of clinician communication in influencing these preferences. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 409 adult outpatients with chronic diseases attending four public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected using purposive and convenience sampling. The survey, translated into Arabic, collected demographic data and information on preferences and experiences in decision-making, communication, and information sharing. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) to identify patterns and correlations. Results Key findings indicated a strong preference among the participants for involvement in treatment decisions (n=303, 74.2%) and clear communication using layman's terms (n=338, 82.6%). Major barriers to active participation in SDM included lack of time during appointments (n=275, 67.2%), difficulty understanding medical terminology (n=220, 53.9%), and feeling intimidated to ask questions (297, 72.6%). Comfort in SDM was highest in the age group of 41-50 years [mean=4.16, standard deviation (SD)=28.44; F=2.3287, p=0.0739]. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the age group of 18-30 years (mean=3.42, SD=1.09; F=3.0503, p=0.0284). Conclusions Our findings highlight the need for incorporating patient preferences into chronic disease management strategies to enhance engagement and satisfaction.

Nutrition and Health, 2024

Study purpose: this study aims to analyze QOL and psychosocial impact on patients with blood diso... more Study purpose: this study aims to analyze QOL and psychosocial impact on patients with blood disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design is adopted in this study. The survey questionnaire included SF-36 form for measuring quality of life (QOL), along with psychosocial impact assessment scale. Adult patients with different types of blood disorders were recruited for the survey. Out of the 417 responses received, 389 were considered for data analysis and the remaining were avoided due to incomplete data. Results: In terms of psychosocial impact scales, the highest mean is observed for financial stress (4.09 ± 1.22), followed by social exclusion (3.76 ± 1.19) and relationship challenges (3.31 ± 1.18). Among the QOL scales, the highest mean was observed for pain (3.81 ± 1.17), followed by physical functioning (3.68 ± 1.12). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the participants groups characterized by age and type of disorder. Strong positive correlations between social exclusion and general health (r = 0.513), as well as pain and relationship challenges (r = 0.735) were observed. Conclusion: Given the existing challenges in social exclusion, poor awareness, and support there is a need to develop comprehensive and personalized treatment plans integrating physical and mental support, awareness creation, and financial support.

Current research in nutrition and food science, Dec 30, 2023

Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health... more Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health benefits are now of interest in several disciplines. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the chemical compositions of dried broccoli or dried green pea sprouts and the subsequent effects on the biological, biochemical and immunological parameters of male albino rats supplemented with acrylamide as a toxic material. Chemical constituents, mineral contents, total phenols and total flavonoid of tested vegetable sprouts were analyzed. Thirty male albino rats weighting 160± 5 g. were separated into 6 groups. The negative control group was first, and then the second group was given acrylamide 2.5 μg/kg/day. Groups (3, 4) and (5,6) were given treatment of the same toxic material and received 5 and 10 g dried broccoli and pea sprouts per 100 g basal diet, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, FER and some organs weights were calculated towards the conclusion of the investigation. Also, liver enzymes, lipids profile, serum glucose, kidney function, brain enzymes, oxidative activity and immunoglobulin were determined. Results showed that tested sprouts had high protein, fiber, vital minerals, total phenols and total flavonoid components. In addition, there were significant positive effects on the biochemical parameters that were tested, such as lipids profile, serum glucose, liver function, kidney functions, oxidative activity, brain enzyme and immunity responses, particularly at the 10% level, of tested sprouts and pea sprouts had high effect on tested parameters more than broccoli sprouts. In conclusion, pea and broccoli CONTACT Ahlam Saleh Alhajri

Cureus, Nov 29, 2023

Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) an... more Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and patient autonomy in obesity treatment decision-making. Methodology A cross-sectional, online, descriptive survey design was adopted in this study. The survey instrument incorporated the Ideal Patient Autonomy Scale (IPAS) and other factors affecting patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship. The study participants included 74 physicians, 55 dieticians, and 273 obese patients. Results Different views were expressed in the scales AI knows the best (μ = 2.95-3.15) and the patient should decide (μ = 2.95-3.16). Ethical concerns (μ = 3.24) and perceived privacy risks (μ = 3.58) were identified as having a more negative influence on patient autonomy compared to personal innovativeness (μ = 2.41) and trust (μ = 2.85). Physicians and dieticians expressed significantly higher trust in AI compared to patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship is significantly affected by privacy, trust, and ethical issues. As trust is a multifaceted factor and AI is a novel technology in healthcare, it is essential to fully explore the various factors influencing trust and patient autonomy.

Journal of medical and pharmaceutical sciences, 2019

This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake wit... more This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Body Mass Index (BMI) among Saudi women living in Saudi Arabia and women living in the UK. A survey of a snowball sample was used to recruit 258 female and explored factors influencing PA and food intake and their effects on BMI in women living in KSA and UK. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire relating to knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and levels of PA, sedentary activity and eating habits. Several results were concluded, most importantly: 1) Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and sedentary lifestyle were all prevalent in Saudi women, resulting in 80%, over the age of 35 years being overweight or obese. 2) BMI was associated with both energy intake and PA, though the relationship with the former was stronger. The most common barriers to regular exercise were transportation and lack of time. 3) Findings were generally similar between women living in Saudi ...

PeerJ, 2024

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous... more In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL–1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents.

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology , 2024

Lentils, which are scientifically known as Lens culinaris Medik., are an important component of t... more Lentils, which are scientifically known as Lens culinaris Medik., are an important component of traditional diets and belong to the Fabaceae family. The germination of lentil seeds was investigated during the experiment using the halo thermal time model. The study consisted of five constant cardinal temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, and various water potentials ranging from 0 to-1 MPa. The study concluded that the seeds had the highest moisture content (-0.75 MPa) and germination rate at a temperature of 30°C, while the lowest germination rate was recorded at 15°C. The germination rate was highest at temperatures above 30°C. The GP, GRI, GI, CVG, GE, Seed Vigor Index II and I, as well as the RSR (root shoot ratio), were at their maximum when exposed to-0.75 MPa at 30°C. Meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded at 0 MPa and 15°C. The halo thermal time model effectively forecasted the germination period of lentils when exposed to NaCl. Lentils being salt tolerant plants are well suited for growth in dry and semi-dry areas, owing to their remarkable resilience to saline conditions.

Heliyon, 2024

Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NP... more Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NPs using green synthesis from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves aqueous extract, and chemically prepared and confirming the synthesis by specialized equipment analysis. The sizes formed of ZnO-NPs were 80 and 55 nm for chemical and green methods, respectively. In addition, to study their ability to protect Wistar Albino male rats against oxidative stress exposed to carbon tetrachloride. MO leaf aqueous extract, green synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs prepared chemically at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW per day were investigated for their hepatoprotective effects on liver enzyme biomarkers, renal biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes. Compared to the control group, all liver and kidney indicators were considerably elevated after the CCl4 injection. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver was significantly reduced after the CCl4 injection. These outcomes indicate that MO leaf aqueous extract, greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs chemically prepared can restore normal liver and kidney function and activity, as well as hematological and antioxidant enzymes. The highest impact on enhancing the hepatoprotective effect was recorded for rats that received green synthesized ZnO-NPs. The increased drug delivery mechanism of green synthesized ZnO-NPs resulted in a higher protective effect than that of MO leaf aqueous extract.

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 2023

Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health... more Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health benefits are now of interest in several disciplines. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the chemical compositions of dried broccoli or dried green pea sprouts and the subsequent effects on the biological, biochemical and immunological parameters of male albino rats supplemented with acrylamide as a toxic material. Chemical constituents, mineral contents, total phenols and total flavonoid of tested vegetable sprouts were analyzed. Thirty male albino rats weighting 160± 5 g. were separated into 6 groups. The negative control group was first, and then the second group was given acrylamide 2.5 μg/kg/day. Groups (3, 4) and (5,6) were given treatment of the same toxic material and received 5 and 10 g dried broccoli and pea sprouts per 100 g basal diet, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, FER and some organs weights were calculated towards the conclusion of the investigation. Also, liver enzymes, lipids profile, serum glucose, kidney function, brain enzymes, oxidative activity and immunoglobulin were determined. Results showed that tested sprouts had high protein, fiber, vital minerals, total phenols and total flavonoid components. In addition, there were significant positive effects on the biochemical parameters that were tested, such as lipids profile, serum glucose, liver function, kidney functions, oxidative activity, brain enzyme and immunity responses, particularly at the 10% level, of tested sprouts and pea sprouts had high effect on tested parameters more than broccoli sprouts. In conclusion, pea and broccoli CONTACT Ahlam Saleh Alhajri

cureus, 2023

Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) an... more Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and patient autonomy in obesity treatment decision-making. Methodology A cross-sectional, online, descriptive survey design was adopted in this study. The survey instrument incorporated the Ideal Patient Autonomy Scale (IPAS) and other factors affecting patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship. The study participants included 74 physicians, 55 dieticians, and 273 obese patients. Results Different views were expressed in the scales AI knows the best (μ = 2.95-3.15) and the patient should decide (μ = 2.95-3.16). Ethical concerns (μ = 3.24) and perceived privacy risks (μ = 3.58) were identified as having a more negative influence on patient autonomy compared to personal innovativeness (μ = 2.41) and trust (μ = 2.85). Physicians and dieticians expressed significantly higher trust in AI compared to patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship is significantly affected by privacy, trust, and ethical issues. As trust is a multifaceted factor and AI is a novel technology in healthcare, it is essential to fully explore the various factors influencing trust and patient autonomy.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Sep 21, 2022

Affiliation 12 should be removed and the Acknowledgment section was modified in the original publ... more Affiliation 12 should be removed and the Acknowledgment section was modified in the original published proof. The Original article has been corrected. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environment, animal health, and food security. Due to reduced hu... more COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environment, animal health, and food security. Due to reduced human mobility, the air and water quality increased. Other environmental consequences were the personal protective types of equipment and their haphazard disposal. Atmospheric pollution could be a cofactor leading to an increased COVID-19 mortality rate. Lockdown, however, caused a reduction in air and water pollution. Noise pollution affects the health of individuals and communities in terms of cardiovascular disorders and sleeping problems. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 lockdown controls human activities that reduce noise pollution. Municipal waste affects the environment. Recycling has been reduced in some countries but not in Saudi Arabia. COVID-19 had a drastic effect on livestock production on national, regional, and global levels, affecting countries' capacities to prevent and control diseases of animals and increasing global poverty, becoming a threat to the sustainability of global food security and safety. Many lessons have been learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is wise to study and analyze the previous lessons and shed some light on past pandemics such as the Spanish flu to understand the readings and earn experiences. This paper is focused on the interaction between the pandemic and environmental health from the public health concern rather than other health classifications.

Advances in Bioresearch, 2022

This study aims to know the effect of olive leaves and apple cider vinegar on elderly people with... more This study aims to know the effect of olive leaves and apple cider vinegar on elderly people with metabolic syndrome. Olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar were first analyzed to find out the antioxidant contents (total polyphenolic and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity (DPPH). In vivo study on elderly people male and female was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups, the first group affected by metabolic syndrome, the second group was given a tea of olive leaves, and the third group was given a tea of olive leaves plus apple cider vinegar with lifestyle modifications for all groups for a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that the polyphenolic content in olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar were185.02 ± 8.20 and 150.32± 5.16 mg /kg, flavonoid content was 85.02 ± 3.20 and42:93 ± 2.14mg /kg, and Free radical IC50 olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar scavenging activity (DPPH) were 0.85± 0.30 and 0.74 ± 0.24 μL/mL. Olive leaves tea(group II) and olive leaves plus apple cider (group III)showed a significant reduction in blood pressure body weight, total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, blood glucose, liver function and kidney function. Olive leaves group and olive leaves plus apple cider group alters the indicators related to development of metabolic syndrome, because it has beneficial effects on lipids and glucose profiles and prevents the excess of body weight gain.

Turk J Field Crops, 2021

Algae of spirulina, a cellular and thready blue inexperienced microalga, is utilized in several c... more Algae of spirulina, a cellular and thready blue inexperienced microalga, is utilized in several countries of world as human safe food with its high concentration of useful nutrients, is rising as an important therapeutic food. This study aimed to review the organic process values of dried Spirulina alga. Also, measure the implications of Spirulina, on the number of plasmas aldohexose and lipide profiles in streptozotocin evoked polygenic disease in male rats. Rats were divided into 3 teams. the first cluster as traditional management, the second cluster were diabetic management, the third cluster were diabetic rats treated with Spirulina. the number of blood serum aldohexose, aminoalkanoic acid amino enzyme, aspartate amino enzyme, alkaline enzyme, creatinine and organic compound were considerably hyperbolic in diabetic rats of the second cluster. Treatments with Spirulina, (2 g/day for 2 months) in diabetic rats incontestable reducing and protective effects of physiological changes. Therefore, this study disclosed to the importance of exploitation Spirulina, as promising complementary therapeutic agent against polygenic disease. Generally, results obtained indicate that Spirulina, could become necessary as an affordable and noticeable natural supply of anti-diabetic and inhibitor.

International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2019

This study explores the impact of lifestyle factors on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS)... more This study explores the impact of lifestyle factors on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Saudi Arabian women. The efficacy of reducing energy intake, with or without increased PA, on risk factors associated with MS in overweight Saudi women was investigated in a pilot study. After a four-week programme, incorporating dietary modification alone (D) or in combination with regular vigorous aerobic exercise (D+E), improvements were seen in body composition and a range of metabolic risk factors. Both groups lost weight, but, paradoxically, those in D lost significantly more than those in D+E (5.3 vs. 3.3%, p=0.016). Moreover, significant reductions were also found in blood pressure, plasma triacylglycerol, insulin, total and LDL cholesterol, with no significant differences between the two groups. Plasma glucose and HDL cholesterol remained unaltered. Overall, these changes led to a decline in prevalence of MS from 20% to 5% and 21% to 7% for the D and D+E groups, respectively. Thus, reducing energy intake appears, at least in the short term, more important than increasing PA in reducing body weight and associated metabolic risk factors. This study confirms that excessive dietary intake and physical inactivity both contribute to overweight/obesity and MS in Saudi Arabian women. With appropriate support, it is possible to both reduce energy intake and increase PA, although, in the short-term, the former appears to be most important. It remains to be established whether longer term improvements in PA would further improve metabolic health.

Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019

This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Bo... more This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Body Mass Index (BMI) among Saudi women living in Saudi Arabia and women living in the UK. A survey of a snowball sample was used to recruit 258 female and explored factors influencing PA and food intake and their effects on BMI in women living in KSA and UK. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire relating to knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and levels of PA, sedentary activity and eating habits. Several results were concluded, most importantly: 1) Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and sedentary lifestyle were all prevalent in Saudi women, resulting in 80%, over the age of 35 years being overweight or obese. 2) BMI was associated with both energy intake and PA, though the relationship with the former was stronger. The most common barriers to regular exercise were transportation and lack of time. 3) Findings were generally similar between women living in Saudi Arabia and the UK. 4) This study confirms that excessive dietary intake and physical inactivity both contribute to overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabian women.

European Journal of Educational Research, 2025

Sensory integration (SI)-based intervention programs aim to improve the motor performance of chil... more Sensory integration (SI)-based intervention programs aim to improve the motor performance of children with moderate
autism spectrum disorder (MASD), which may contribute to the development of their gross and fine motor skills. This study aimed
to explore the effectiveness of a SI-based training program in developing gross and fine motor skills in 70 children with MASD aged
6–9 years (M = 7.11, SD ± 1.19) and selected intentionally from a daycare center in Al-Ahsa in Saudi Arabia. The study used the
quasi-experimental approach and followed the experimental design with two groups, which were randomly distributed and
examined for equivalence. The study also used the Gross Motor Skills Scale (GMSS), the Fine Motor Skills Scale (FMSS), and the
training program based on SI. The study found that the experimental group had significantly higher post-test scores in the GMSS
and the FMSS than the control group, with these differences being statistically significant. However, no significant difference was
observed between the post-test scores and the follow-up test scores within the experimental group, indicating stability in their
performance over time. This indicates the effectiveness of the training program used in developing the targeted skills and the
continuation of the training effect after the program’s application period. The study suggests that children should use SI-based
training programs to enhance their motor skills.

Journal of Ecohumanism, 2024

Obesity is a pathophysiologic component of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is typically linked to insul... more Obesity is a pathophysiologic component of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is typically linked to insulin resistance (IR). However, incorporating regular physical exercise into one’s daily schedule is an effective approach to managing IR, blood sugar levels, and general health. The study’s goal is to assess the feasibility of the Zumba fitness program and its effects on body composition and IR indicators. It is a quasi-experimental design for a single-group pre- and post-Zumba dancing intervention at a fitness center in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Sixty-two sedentary obese women (body mass index [BMI]: 37.55 ± 3.99 kg/m2) 32.5± 0.56 years, completed a 16-week intervention attending moderate to vigorous Zumba dancing sessions 5 d/week, 60 min/class. Study instruments were structured by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and some biochemical markers. After implementing the Zumba exercise program, the results show a substantial improvement in BMI, body fat composition, and IR when compared to before the program. According to body fat position, the reduction in fat composition ranged from 3.7 to 9.71%, while BMI decreased on average by around 6.31%. Significant variations have also been noted in fasting blood glucose levels of 28.04%, in leptin levels of 13.75%, in insulin levels of 28.27%, and IR levels of 8.83%. Further, decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were between 2.18% and 4.91%, and the increase in high-density lipoprotein was 5.22%. Total bilirubin, total protein, and total albumin did not vary significantly between the pre- and post-program periods, though aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase did. In conclusion, the program demonstrated strong feasibility and adherence, and it had a favorable impact on body weight, BMI, body fat composition, lipid profiles, and IR parameters, which can improve insulin sensitivity and stop women from developing T2D in the future.

Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2024

Genetic testing has emerged as a tool for personalizing nutrition and athletic training by identi... more Genetic testing has emerged as a tool for personalizing nutrition and athletic training by identifying individual genetic variations that influence metabolism, nutrient absorption, and physical performance. However, its effectiveness in optimizing athletic outcomes remains debated. This study aims to assess the impact of genetic testing on athletes' dietary habits, digestion, body composition, and performance, exploring the perceived benefits of personalized nutrition in sports. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 448 athletes in Saudi Arabia, spanning various sports disciplines and competitive levels. The survey measured athletes' perceptions of genetic testing's impact on diet and performance using Likert-scale questions. The results indicate that the athletes moderately agreed that genetic testing influenced their dietary adjustments (mean = 3.69), with improved digestion and nutrient absorption being the most positively perceived outcome (mean = 4.01). However, the perceived impact on tailored diets was lower (mean = 2.95), and recovery time showed minimal improvement (mean = 2.92). Significant gender differences were observed in digestion (p = .0086) and body composition changes (p < .0001), with males reporting greater improvements. Athletes in artistic sports reported the most significant changes in body composition (mean = 4.36, p = .0005), while professionals had the highest perceived benefit from personalized diets (mean = 4.40, p < .0001). In conclusion, genetic testing shows promise in enhancing athletes' nutrition and performance, particularly in digestion and body composition. However, its impact remains limited in areas like recovery, highlighting the need for a holistic approach integrating genetic data with broader training and lifestyle strategies.

Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2024

This study investigates the comparative effects of dietary modification and skip rope exercise on... more This study investigates the comparative effects of dietary modification and skip rope exercise on body composition and insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Obesity in adolescents is a growing public health concern in the region, often leading to impaired metabolic health and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In this randomized controlled trial, 180 obese adolescents were assigned to one of three groups: a dietary intervention group, a jump rope exercise group, or a control group receiving standard lifestyle advice. Over a 12-week intervention period, participants in the dietary group adhered to a calorie-restricted diet plan, while those in the exercise group engaged in a supervised skip rope training program. Key outcomes measured included changes in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, lean body mass, and insulin sensitivity, assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Results demonstrated that both interventions significantly improved body composition and insulin sensitivity compared to the control group, with the exercise group showing greater improvements in lean body mass. These findings suggest that while both dietary and exercise interventions are effective for managing obesity-related complications, incorporating physical activity like skip rope exercise may yield additional benefits in enhancing lean muscle development. This study highlights the importance of tailored lifestyle interventions for improving metabolic health in obese adolescents, offering valuable insights for healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and feasibility of integrating such interventions into routine adolescent care.

Cureus, 2024

Background and objective Shared decision-making (SDM) in healthcare has transitioned from a pater... more Background and objective Shared decision-making (SDM) in healthcare has transitioned from a paternalistic model to a collaborative approach, particularly significant in chronic disease management. This shift focuses on aligning healthcare decisions with patient preferences and values, thereby enhancing patient engagement and treatment adherence. However, patient preferences regarding involvement in SDM vary widely, influenced by demographic, disease-specific, psychological, cultural, and social factors. This study aimed to explore patient preferences related to SDM in chronic disease management in Saudi Arabia, by assessing attitudes toward SDM, the impact of decision aids, and the role of clinician communication in influencing these preferences. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 409 adult outpatients with chronic diseases attending four public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Participants were selected using purposive and convenience sampling. The survey, translated into Arabic, collected demographic data and information on preferences and experiences in decision-making, communication, and information sharing. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) to identify patterns and correlations. Results Key findings indicated a strong preference among the participants for involvement in treatment decisions (n=303, 74.2%) and clear communication using layman's terms (n=338, 82.6%). Major barriers to active participation in SDM included lack of time during appointments (n=275, 67.2%), difficulty understanding medical terminology (n=220, 53.9%), and feeling intimidated to ask questions (297, 72.6%). Comfort in SDM was highest in the age group of 41-50 years [mean=4.16, standard deviation (SD)=28.44; F=2.3287, p=0.0739]. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the age group of 18-30 years (mean=3.42, SD=1.09; F=3.0503, p=0.0284). Conclusions Our findings highlight the need for incorporating patient preferences into chronic disease management strategies to enhance engagement and satisfaction.

Nutrition and Health, 2024

Study purpose: this study aims to analyze QOL and psychosocial impact on patients with blood diso... more Study purpose: this study aims to analyze QOL and psychosocial impact on patients with blood disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design is adopted in this study. The survey questionnaire included SF-36 form for measuring quality of life (QOL), along with psychosocial impact assessment scale. Adult patients with different types of blood disorders were recruited for the survey. Out of the 417 responses received, 389 were considered for data analysis and the remaining were avoided due to incomplete data. Results: In terms of psychosocial impact scales, the highest mean is observed for financial stress (4.09 ± 1.22), followed by social exclusion (3.76 ± 1.19) and relationship challenges (3.31 ± 1.18). Among the QOL scales, the highest mean was observed for pain (3.81 ± 1.17), followed by physical functioning (3.68 ± 1.12). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the participants groups characterized by age and type of disorder. Strong positive correlations between social exclusion and general health (r = 0.513), as well as pain and relationship challenges (r = 0.735) were observed. Conclusion: Given the existing challenges in social exclusion, poor awareness, and support there is a need to develop comprehensive and personalized treatment plans integrating physical and mental support, awareness creation, and financial support.

Current research in nutrition and food science, Dec 30, 2023

Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health... more Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health benefits are now of interest in several disciplines. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the chemical compositions of dried broccoli or dried green pea sprouts and the subsequent effects on the biological, biochemical and immunological parameters of male albino rats supplemented with acrylamide as a toxic material. Chemical constituents, mineral contents, total phenols and total flavonoid of tested vegetable sprouts were analyzed. Thirty male albino rats weighting 160± 5 g. were separated into 6 groups. The negative control group was first, and then the second group was given acrylamide 2.5 μg/kg/day. Groups (3, 4) and (5,6) were given treatment of the same toxic material and received 5 and 10 g dried broccoli and pea sprouts per 100 g basal diet, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, FER and some organs weights were calculated towards the conclusion of the investigation. Also, liver enzymes, lipids profile, serum glucose, kidney function, brain enzymes, oxidative activity and immunoglobulin were determined. Results showed that tested sprouts had high protein, fiber, vital minerals, total phenols and total flavonoid components. In addition, there were significant positive effects on the biochemical parameters that were tested, such as lipids profile, serum glucose, liver function, kidney functions, oxidative activity, brain enzyme and immunity responses, particularly at the 10% level, of tested sprouts and pea sprouts had high effect on tested parameters more than broccoli sprouts. In conclusion, pea and broccoli CONTACT Ahlam Saleh Alhajri

Cureus, Nov 29, 2023

Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) an... more Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and patient autonomy in obesity treatment decision-making. Methodology A cross-sectional, online, descriptive survey design was adopted in this study. The survey instrument incorporated the Ideal Patient Autonomy Scale (IPAS) and other factors affecting patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship. The study participants included 74 physicians, 55 dieticians, and 273 obese patients. Results Different views were expressed in the scales AI knows the best (μ = 2.95-3.15) and the patient should decide (μ = 2.95-3.16). Ethical concerns (μ = 3.24) and perceived privacy risks (μ = 3.58) were identified as having a more negative influence on patient autonomy compared to personal innovativeness (μ = 2.41) and trust (μ = 2.85). Physicians and dieticians expressed significantly higher trust in AI compared to patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship is significantly affected by privacy, trust, and ethical issues. As trust is a multifaceted factor and AI is a novel technology in healthcare, it is essential to fully explore the various factors influencing trust and patient autonomy.

Journal of medical and pharmaceutical sciences, 2019

This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake wit... more This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Body Mass Index (BMI) among Saudi women living in Saudi Arabia and women living in the UK. A survey of a snowball sample was used to recruit 258 female and explored factors influencing PA and food intake and their effects on BMI in women living in KSA and UK. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire relating to knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and levels of PA, sedentary activity and eating habits. Several results were concluded, most importantly: 1) Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and sedentary lifestyle were all prevalent in Saudi women, resulting in 80%, over the age of 35 years being overweight or obese. 2) BMI was associated with both energy intake and PA, though the relationship with the former was stronger. The most common barriers to regular exercise were transportation and lack of time. 3) Findings were generally similar between women living in Saudi ...

PeerJ, 2024

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous... more In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL–1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents.

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology , 2024

Lentils, which are scientifically known as Lens culinaris Medik., are an important component of t... more Lentils, which are scientifically known as Lens culinaris Medik., are an important component of traditional diets and belong to the Fabaceae family. The germination of lentil seeds was investigated during the experiment using the halo thermal time model. The study consisted of five constant cardinal temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, and various water potentials ranging from 0 to-1 MPa. The study concluded that the seeds had the highest moisture content (-0.75 MPa) and germination rate at a temperature of 30°C, while the lowest germination rate was recorded at 15°C. The germination rate was highest at temperatures above 30°C. The GP, GRI, GI, CVG, GE, Seed Vigor Index II and I, as well as the RSR (root shoot ratio), were at their maximum when exposed to-0.75 MPa at 30°C. Meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded at 0 MPa and 15°C. The halo thermal time model effectively forecasted the germination period of lentils when exposed to NaCl. Lentils being salt tolerant plants are well suited for growth in dry and semi-dry areas, owing to their remarkable resilience to saline conditions.

Heliyon, 2024

Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NP... more Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NPs using green synthesis from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves aqueous extract, and chemically prepared and confirming the synthesis by specialized equipment analysis. The sizes formed of ZnO-NPs were 80 and 55 nm for chemical and green methods, respectively. In addition, to study their ability to protect Wistar Albino male rats against oxidative stress exposed to carbon tetrachloride. MO leaf aqueous extract, green synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs prepared chemically at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW per day were investigated for their hepatoprotective effects on liver enzyme biomarkers, renal biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes. Compared to the control group, all liver and kidney indicators were considerably elevated after the CCl4 injection. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver was significantly reduced after the CCl4 injection. These outcomes indicate that MO leaf aqueous extract, greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs chemically prepared can restore normal liver and kidney function and activity, as well as hematological and antioxidant enzymes. The highest impact on enhancing the hepatoprotective effect was recorded for rats that received green synthesized ZnO-NPs. The increased drug delivery mechanism of green synthesized ZnO-NPs resulted in a higher protective effect than that of MO leaf aqueous extract.

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 2023

Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health... more Consuming plant sprouts as part of the daily human diet is slowly on the increase, and the health benefits are now of interest in several disciplines. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the chemical compositions of dried broccoli or dried green pea sprouts and the subsequent effects on the biological, biochemical and immunological parameters of male albino rats supplemented with acrylamide as a toxic material. Chemical constituents, mineral contents, total phenols and total flavonoid of tested vegetable sprouts were analyzed. Thirty male albino rats weighting 160± 5 g. were separated into 6 groups. The negative control group was first, and then the second group was given acrylamide 2.5 μg/kg/day. Groups (3, 4) and (5,6) were given treatment of the same toxic material and received 5 and 10 g dried broccoli and pea sprouts per 100 g basal diet, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, FER and some organs weights were calculated towards the conclusion of the investigation. Also, liver enzymes, lipids profile, serum glucose, kidney function, brain enzymes, oxidative activity and immunoglobulin were determined. Results showed that tested sprouts had high protein, fiber, vital minerals, total phenols and total flavonoid components. In addition, there were significant positive effects on the biochemical parameters that were tested, such as lipids profile, serum glucose, liver function, kidney functions, oxidative activity, brain enzyme and immunity responses, particularly at the 10% level, of tested sprouts and pea sprouts had high effect on tested parameters more than broccoli sprouts. In conclusion, pea and broccoli CONTACT Ahlam Saleh Alhajri

cureus, 2023

Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) an... more Background This study aims to explore the factors associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and patient autonomy in obesity treatment decision-making. Methodology A cross-sectional, online, descriptive survey design was adopted in this study. The survey instrument incorporated the Ideal Patient Autonomy Scale (IPAS) and other factors affecting patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship. The study participants included 74 physicians, 55 dieticians, and 273 obese patients. Results Different views were expressed in the scales AI knows the best (μ = 2.95-3.15) and the patient should decide (μ = 2.95-3.16). Ethical concerns (μ = 3.24) and perceived privacy risks (μ = 3.58) were identified as having a more negative influence on patient autonomy compared to personal innovativeness (μ = 2.41) and trust (μ = 2.85). Physicians and dieticians expressed significantly higher trust in AI compared to patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patient autonomy in the AI-patient relationship is significantly affected by privacy, trust, and ethical issues. As trust is a multifaceted factor and AI is a novel technology in healthcare, it is essential to fully explore the various factors influencing trust and patient autonomy.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Sep 21, 2022

Affiliation 12 should be removed and the Acknowledgment section was modified in the original publ... more Affiliation 12 should be removed and the Acknowledgment section was modified in the original published proof. The Original article has been corrected. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environment, animal health, and food security. Due to reduced hu... more COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environment, animal health, and food security. Due to reduced human mobility, the air and water quality increased. Other environmental consequences were the personal protective types of equipment and their haphazard disposal. Atmospheric pollution could be a cofactor leading to an increased COVID-19 mortality rate. Lockdown, however, caused a reduction in air and water pollution. Noise pollution affects the health of individuals and communities in terms of cardiovascular disorders and sleeping problems. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 lockdown controls human activities that reduce noise pollution. Municipal waste affects the environment. Recycling has been reduced in some countries but not in Saudi Arabia. COVID-19 had a drastic effect on livestock production on national, regional, and global levels, affecting countries' capacities to prevent and control diseases of animals and increasing global poverty, becoming a threat to the sustainability of global food security and safety. Many lessons have been learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is wise to study and analyze the previous lessons and shed some light on past pandemics such as the Spanish flu to understand the readings and earn experiences. This paper is focused on the interaction between the pandemic and environmental health from the public health concern rather than other health classifications.

Advances in Bioresearch, 2022

This study aims to know the effect of olive leaves and apple cider vinegar on elderly people with... more This study aims to know the effect of olive leaves and apple cider vinegar on elderly people with metabolic syndrome. Olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar were first analyzed to find out the antioxidant contents (total polyphenolic and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity (DPPH). In vivo study on elderly people male and female was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups, the first group affected by metabolic syndrome, the second group was given a tea of olive leaves, and the third group was given a tea of olive leaves plus apple cider vinegar with lifestyle modifications for all groups for a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that the polyphenolic content in olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar were185.02 ± 8.20 and 150.32± 5.16 mg /kg, flavonoid content was 85.02 ± 3.20 and42:93 ± 2.14mg /kg, and Free radical IC50 olive leaves tea and apple cider vinegar scavenging activity (DPPH) were 0.85± 0.30 and 0.74 ± 0.24 μL/mL. Olive leaves tea(group II) and olive leaves plus apple cider (group III)showed a significant reduction in blood pressure body weight, total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, blood glucose, liver function and kidney function. Olive leaves group and olive leaves plus apple cider group alters the indicators related to development of metabolic syndrome, because it has beneficial effects on lipids and glucose profiles and prevents the excess of body weight gain.

Turk J Field Crops, 2021

Algae of spirulina, a cellular and thready blue inexperienced microalga, is utilized in several c... more Algae of spirulina, a cellular and thready blue inexperienced microalga, is utilized in several countries of world as human safe food with its high concentration of useful nutrients, is rising as an important therapeutic food. This study aimed to review the organic process values of dried Spirulina alga. Also, measure the implications of Spirulina, on the number of plasmas aldohexose and lipide profiles in streptozotocin evoked polygenic disease in male rats. Rats were divided into 3 teams. the first cluster as traditional management, the second cluster were diabetic management, the third cluster were diabetic rats treated with Spirulina. the number of blood serum aldohexose, aminoalkanoic acid amino enzyme, aspartate amino enzyme, alkaline enzyme, creatinine and organic compound were considerably hyperbolic in diabetic rats of the second cluster. Treatments with Spirulina, (2 g/day for 2 months) in diabetic rats incontestable reducing and protective effects of physiological changes. Therefore, this study disclosed to the importance of exploitation Spirulina, as promising complementary therapeutic agent against polygenic disease. Generally, results obtained indicate that Spirulina, could become necessary as an affordable and noticeable natural supply of anti-diabetic and inhibitor.

International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2019

This study explores the impact of lifestyle factors on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS)... more This study explores the impact of lifestyle factors on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Saudi Arabian women. The efficacy of reducing energy intake, with or without increased PA, on risk factors associated with MS in overweight Saudi women was investigated in a pilot study. After a four-week programme, incorporating dietary modification alone (D) or in combination with regular vigorous aerobic exercise (D+E), improvements were seen in body composition and a range of metabolic risk factors. Both groups lost weight, but, paradoxically, those in D lost significantly more than those in D+E (5.3 vs. 3.3%, p=0.016). Moreover, significant reductions were also found in blood pressure, plasma triacylglycerol, insulin, total and LDL cholesterol, with no significant differences between the two groups. Plasma glucose and HDL cholesterol remained unaltered. Overall, these changes led to a decline in prevalence of MS from 20% to 5% and 21% to 7% for the D and D+E groups, respectively. Thus, reducing energy intake appears, at least in the short term, more important than increasing PA in reducing body weight and associated metabolic risk factors. This study confirms that excessive dietary intake and physical inactivity both contribute to overweight/obesity and MS in Saudi Arabian women. With appropriate support, it is possible to both reduce energy intake and increase PA, although, in the short-term, the former appears to be most important. It remains to be established whether longer term improvements in PA would further improve metabolic health.

Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019

This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Bo... more This study investigates the association between Physical Activity (PA) and dietary intake with Body Mass Index (BMI) among Saudi women living in Saudi Arabia and women living in the UK. A survey of a snowball sample was used to recruit 258 female and explored factors influencing PA and food intake and their effects on BMI in women living in KSA and UK. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire relating to knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and levels of PA, sedentary activity and eating habits. Several results were concluded, most importantly: 1) Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity, and sedentary lifestyle were all prevalent in Saudi women, resulting in 80%, over the age of 35 years being overweight or obese. 2) BMI was associated with both energy intake and PA, though the relationship with the former was stronger. The most common barriers to regular exercise were transportation and lack of time. 3) Findings were generally similar between women living in Saudi Arabia and the UK. 4) This study confirms that excessive dietary intake and physical inactivity both contribute to overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabian women.