Mikael Carleheden | University of Copenhagen (original) (raw)

Papers by Mikael Carleheden

Forthcoming

Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, ... more Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, it is often unclear what is meant by this claim and how the theorizing is conducted. A sociologist is a scientist sitting on a stool with three legs: social theory, qualitative research and quantitative research. If one of the legs is in bad shape, the stool might break and the sociologist will fall down. Thus, even though these main subfields of sociology differ in many aspects, they are interdependent. In this paper, I will focus on the theoretical dimension of this interdependence. My claim is that all three subfields include practices of theorizing, which typically are different in kind. This difference, however, has the form of “know-how” rather than “know-that”. I will therefore try to explicate the different methods implicated by these different ways of theorizing. The general aim is to show that the different methods of theorizing can accomplish different things, which are all crucial for sociology as a discipline. Thus, the paper is call for theoretical pluralism.

Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, ... more Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, it is often unclear what is meant by this claim and how the theorizing is conducted. A sociologist is a scientist sitting on a stool with three legs: social theory, qualitative research and quantitative research. If one of the legs is in bad shape, the stool might break and the sociologist will fall down. Thus, even though these main subfields of sociology differ in many aspects, they are interdependent. In this paper, I will focus on the theoretical dimension of this interdependence. My claim is that all three subfields include practices of theorizing, which typically are different in kind. This difference, however, has the form of "know-how" rather than "know-that". I will therefore try to explicate the different methods implicated by these different ways of theorizing. The general aim is to show that the different methods of theorizing can accomplish different things, which are all crucial for sociology as a discipline. Thus, the paper is call for theoretical pluralism.

Sociologisk Forskning, 2020

Sociologförbundet har ordet Den nya styrelsens arbete Som tidigare meddelatS fick Sociologförbund... more Sociologförbundet har ordet Den nya styrelsens arbete Som tidigare meddelatS fick Sociologförbundet en ny styrelse vid årsstämman som hölls i våras. På grund av pandemin covid-19 har vi inte mötts fysiskt såsom brukligt är för en ny styrelse, men vi har hunnit med två produktiva Zoommöten. Vi har så smått börjat planera arbetet under mandatperioden. Styrelsens tre huvuduppgifter är att överse Sociologidagarna och Sociologisk Forskning, samt att representera Sveriges sociologer i de internationella förbunden. Här vill vi rikta ett stort tack till Sociologiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet, som kommer att anordna Sociologidagarna 2022. Vi vill också utrycka vår tacksamhet för att den redaktionella flytten av Sociologisk Forskning från Lunds universitet till Södertörns högskola gick så smidigt. Vid sidan av våra huvuduppgifter finns visst spelrum för att viderutveckla och fördjupa förbundets verksamhet. Vi kommer fortsättningsvis arbeta mer aktivt med medlemsregistret för att upprätthålla vårt höga medlemstal. Förbundet har i dag drygt 300 individuella medlemmar och 13 institutionsmedlemmar, vilket vi är mycket stolta för. Med detta är vi ett av Nordens största nationella sociologiska förbund. I efterdyningarna av vår inställda konferens vill vi rikta ett särskilt tack till våra institutionsmedlemmar, som valt att efterskänka de individuella konferensavgifterna till förbundet. Denna solidariska handling har helt klart räddat vår ekonomi, som annars hade lidit svåra förluster. Flera medlemmar har utryckt önskemål om en alternativ sammankomst i stället för de inställda Sociologidagarna. Vi undersöker just nu möjligheten att under hösten organisera mindre forskarseminarium, förslagsvis via någon applikation på webben. Vi har också beslutat att se över våra digitala kanaler och finna nya former för att hålla frågan om gymnasiesociologin aktuell. Här sonderar vi möjligheterna att arbeta med ljud och bild via våra digitala kanaler. Det senare kan också bli aktuellt i anslutning till det alumniarbete som styrelsen är intresserad att åta sig i samverkan med medlemsinstitutionerna. Med detta önskar undertecknad och styrelsen en härlig sommar!

Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 2020

ABSTRACT This article investigates the meaning and role of social critique in the social sciences... more ABSTRACT This article investigates the meaning and role of social critique in the social sciences. This form of theorizing has always been a significant part of the social sciences. Due to the scientific ideal of value neutrality, however, the manner in which social criticism is conducted is seldom discussed. I claim that the value-neutrality ideal rests on a conception of normative subjectivism that can be challenged by turning to some notion of practical reason. However, there is no need to turn to any strong notion of reason; instead, I use the term ‘normative reasoning’. The main question posed in the article then becomes: What is it that we do when we reason in a normative manner in the social sciences? The first part of the article addresses Axel Honneth’s ‘Grand Social Theory of Modernity’ in Freedom’s Right. His procedure in the book is treated as a significant case of normative reasoning. I investigate his method of ‘reconstruction’ by comparing it primarily to the methods of ‘construction’ and ‘genealogy’. The second part of the article is a critical discussion of Honneth’s method of normative reasoning. My main criticism is that, despite his intentions, his procedure is overly constructivist in the sense that it prevents a disclosure of ongoing transformations of ethical life. In the conclusion, I argue for a pluralistic methodology; different ways of normative reasoning should be used to solve different kinds of normative problems.

The British journal of sociology, 2016

I have followed Richard Swedberg's development of his conception of 'theorizing' since 2010 when ... more I have followed Richard Swedberg's development of his conception of 'theorizing' since 2010 when he gave a PhD course on that topic at the Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen. As Head of the PhD programme, I was very pleased with his choice of topic. I was already at that time convinced about its importance and had some years earlier myself tried to clarify what I had called 'theoretical methodology' and 'theoretical research'. I had not had the time, however, to develop my thoughts and they were stacked away in a working paper (Carleheden 2007). Swedberg's work has inspired me to take up this topic again, but my thoughts are still in a preliminary state (Carleheden 2014, 2015). In my comment I will address what I find to be some basic ambiguities both in the article under debate (Swedberg 2016) as well as in Swedberg's work on theorizing in general. 1 The article summarizes the main points of his writings on the topic and its title works very well as a point of departure for my comment. The title indicates that Swedberg puts theory in the shadow of theorizing. It is clear why he does that. It solves some problems, but as a consequence, I will claim, others arise. One might assume that when stating that 'before theory comes theorizing' Swedberg is thinking about theories in the specific sense, e.g. Weber's theory about the rise of the capitalist spirit, Collins's theory about emotional energy or Bourdieu's theory about cultural capital. However, it is hard to find any straightforward support for such an assumption in any of his texts and thus the question arises whether this secondary status of theory also applies to theoretical or conceptual points of departure in general and perhaps even to commonsense conceptions. This leads to a further question about what general conception of theory Swedberg's notion of theorizing (tacitly)

Theory, Culture & Society

This interview addresses Andreas Reckwitz’s main work, A Society of Singularities, but puts it in... more This interview addresses Andreas Reckwitz’s main work, A Society of Singularities, but puts it in relation to his earlier and later writings. It starts with the strong and broad reception of this work in Germany. Next, it turns to how his understanding of the transformation of the social logics of modernity is related to other sociological understandings. In this way, the crucial distinctions of his work between the general and the particular, between formal rationalisation and culturalisation, are thematised. The next part addresses Reckwitz’s Foucault-inspired concept of critique and his understanding of the relation between theoretical and empirical work. The interview then goes on to the transformation of class structure, which is understood in terms of a culturalisation of inequality. The interview ends with a section about the kind of sufferings and problems that are typical of the present age, and how they might affect social transformation.

Social Science Quarterly, 2010

is the most prominent publication forum for Nordic sociology today and a brief look at the 2018 v... more is the most prominent publication forum for Nordic sociology today and a brief look at the 2018 volume reveals a generalist sociology journal that publishes articles from various subfields and relies on a broad spectrum of research methods. The four most recent issues include articles on topics ranging across family and welfare, migration and diversity, education, the various dimensions of social stratification, social mobility, climate change, protest, and populism. Further, the articles represent a broad range of methods, including surveys, qualitative interviews and historical-comparative work. We want to continue such an emphasis on substantive and methodological variety. Along these lines, it has been suggested that the sociological perspective is particularly valuable and able to gain attention during times of great societal changes. There is no doubt that the Nordic countries, Europe in general and the world at large is undergoing such changes at the moment and we want to capitalize on the importance of understanding society at a broad level-from identifying the broad social institutional arrangements that societies are built on, to the interaction between different kinds of groups and individuals. And of course, we are especially interested in work that links the two, as highlighted by C. Wright Mills in his seminal book, The Sociological Imagination. This underscores the uniqueness of the sociological perspective, allowing us to understand how large institutional, historical and cultural factors impact the lives and experiences of individuals. It further emphasizes the importance of seeing the world through the eyes of the other, and stresses the importance of bringing together insights from various subfields and methodological approaches to understand issues that are critical in the current era. Some, but limited, examples of areas that we view as particularly critical at the moment are immigration, populism and challenges to democracy, globalization, health and well-being, and various types of inequalities built on ascriptive and achieved characteristics. Beyond a deep understanding of various social issues, a major strength of sociology has always been a rich tradition of methodological diversity. While valuing methodological debates, we believe that sociological knowledge should be based on a broad variety of approaches and methods; a review of any 'literature' should reveal a mixed-methodsbased knowledge. Based on this, we welcome manuscripts that address a variety of topics and that use the broad range of research tools available to sociologists. We will do our very best to process all incoming, manuscripts by having them reviewed by the most appropriate experts. Bearing witness to the quality of the articles that are currently published in Acta is that the journal's growing impact factor now places it among the best generalist sociology journals. Although we should never be too fixated on the rank-race of the journals, this is nevertheless good news not only for Acta, which is being read and cited way beyond the Nordic context, but for Nordic sociology generally. Clearly, the outgoing editorial team from Finland has done an excellent job. We have had the privilege to meet with them to discuss their approach and outstanding editorship and our priority is to keep up their good work. We aim to maintain and ideally increase the journal's international success. We strongly believe, just like the outgoing editors, that ensuring high quality and broad topical and methodological variety is the way to go. We look forward to hosting Acta in Iceland for the next four years, and to do our best to contribute to the quality and visibility of Nordic sociology around the world.

Contemporary Philosophy and Social Science, 2019

Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 2016

Social pathology was once a mainstream concern of the social sciences, but over the years it has ... more Social pathology was once a mainstream concern of the social sciences, but over the years it has become associated with conventional, ‘old fashioned’, or normatively conservative standpoints. For instance, the social science focus on social pathologies of the early and mid-twentieth century was on specific topics, such as alcoholism, crime and delinquency and (what was seen at that time as) sexual deviance. Conscious of this problematic antecedence and its narrowly ideological and moralistic legacy, this Social Pathologies of Contemporary Modernity thematic section of Distinktion breaks decisively from this anachronistic context, as indicated by its three distinct emphases: the focus on the Social – i.e. historical and cultural as opposed to reductive psychological and biomedical – sources of Contemporary epidemic pathologies; and, extending beyond the urgency of the new pathologies and beyond the immediate and particular context(s) of the present societ(ies) in which they occur, th...

In this article a concept of structural transformation is worked out and applied on the history o... more In this article a concept of structural transformation is worked out and applied on the history of modernity. It involves a distinction between abstract modernity and epochs of realized modernities. The general theory of a structural transformation of modernity is applied on a special case; the transformation of the modern conduct of life in the West. The Weberian concept 'conduct of life' is today almost forgotten, but the author argues that it is a very useful conceptual tool for grasping crucial aspects of everyday life. These theoretical points of departure are then related to some classical American sociological investigations, but also to recent investigations. The result is a division of the history of conduct of life in Western modernity in three different epochs: the age of asceticism, the age of organization and the age of authenticity.

Forthcoming

Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, ... more Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, it is often unclear what is meant by this claim and how the theorizing is conducted. A sociologist is a scientist sitting on a stool with three legs: social theory, qualitative research and quantitative research. If one of the legs is in bad shape, the stool might break and the sociologist will fall down. Thus, even though these main subfields of sociology differ in many aspects, they are interdependent. In this paper, I will focus on the theoretical dimension of this interdependence. My claim is that all three subfields include practices of theorizing, which typically are different in kind. This difference, however, has the form of “know-how” rather than “know-that”. I will therefore try to explicate the different methods implicated by these different ways of theorizing. The general aim is to show that the different methods of theorizing can accomplish different things, which are all crucial for sociology as a discipline. Thus, the paper is call for theoretical pluralism.

Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, ... more Today most sociologists claim to be theorizing or use theory in one sense or the other. However, it is often unclear what is meant by this claim and how the theorizing is conducted. A sociologist is a scientist sitting on a stool with three legs: social theory, qualitative research and quantitative research. If one of the legs is in bad shape, the stool might break and the sociologist will fall down. Thus, even though these main subfields of sociology differ in many aspects, they are interdependent. In this paper, I will focus on the theoretical dimension of this interdependence. My claim is that all three subfields include practices of theorizing, which typically are different in kind. This difference, however, has the form of "know-how" rather than "know-that". I will therefore try to explicate the different methods implicated by these different ways of theorizing. The general aim is to show that the different methods of theorizing can accomplish different things, which are all crucial for sociology as a discipline. Thus, the paper is call for theoretical pluralism.

Sociologisk Forskning, 2020

Sociologförbundet har ordet Den nya styrelsens arbete Som tidigare meddelatS fick Sociologförbund... more Sociologförbundet har ordet Den nya styrelsens arbete Som tidigare meddelatS fick Sociologförbundet en ny styrelse vid årsstämman som hölls i våras. På grund av pandemin covid-19 har vi inte mötts fysiskt såsom brukligt är för en ny styrelse, men vi har hunnit med två produktiva Zoommöten. Vi har så smått börjat planera arbetet under mandatperioden. Styrelsens tre huvuduppgifter är att överse Sociologidagarna och Sociologisk Forskning, samt att representera Sveriges sociologer i de internationella förbunden. Här vill vi rikta ett stort tack till Sociologiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet, som kommer att anordna Sociologidagarna 2022. Vi vill också utrycka vår tacksamhet för att den redaktionella flytten av Sociologisk Forskning från Lunds universitet till Södertörns högskola gick så smidigt. Vid sidan av våra huvuduppgifter finns visst spelrum för att viderutveckla och fördjupa förbundets verksamhet. Vi kommer fortsättningsvis arbeta mer aktivt med medlemsregistret för att upprätthålla vårt höga medlemstal. Förbundet har i dag drygt 300 individuella medlemmar och 13 institutionsmedlemmar, vilket vi är mycket stolta för. Med detta är vi ett av Nordens största nationella sociologiska förbund. I efterdyningarna av vår inställda konferens vill vi rikta ett särskilt tack till våra institutionsmedlemmar, som valt att efterskänka de individuella konferensavgifterna till förbundet. Denna solidariska handling har helt klart räddat vår ekonomi, som annars hade lidit svåra förluster. Flera medlemmar har utryckt önskemål om en alternativ sammankomst i stället för de inställda Sociologidagarna. Vi undersöker just nu möjligheten att under hösten organisera mindre forskarseminarium, förslagsvis via någon applikation på webben. Vi har också beslutat att se över våra digitala kanaler och finna nya former för att hålla frågan om gymnasiesociologin aktuell. Här sonderar vi möjligheterna att arbeta med ljud och bild via våra digitala kanaler. Det senare kan också bli aktuellt i anslutning till det alumniarbete som styrelsen är intresserad att åta sig i samverkan med medlemsinstitutionerna. Med detta önskar undertecknad och styrelsen en härlig sommar!

Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 2020

ABSTRACT This article investigates the meaning and role of social critique in the social sciences... more ABSTRACT This article investigates the meaning and role of social critique in the social sciences. This form of theorizing has always been a significant part of the social sciences. Due to the scientific ideal of value neutrality, however, the manner in which social criticism is conducted is seldom discussed. I claim that the value-neutrality ideal rests on a conception of normative subjectivism that can be challenged by turning to some notion of practical reason. However, there is no need to turn to any strong notion of reason; instead, I use the term ‘normative reasoning’. The main question posed in the article then becomes: What is it that we do when we reason in a normative manner in the social sciences? The first part of the article addresses Axel Honneth’s ‘Grand Social Theory of Modernity’ in Freedom’s Right. His procedure in the book is treated as a significant case of normative reasoning. I investigate his method of ‘reconstruction’ by comparing it primarily to the methods of ‘construction’ and ‘genealogy’. The second part of the article is a critical discussion of Honneth’s method of normative reasoning. My main criticism is that, despite his intentions, his procedure is overly constructivist in the sense that it prevents a disclosure of ongoing transformations of ethical life. In the conclusion, I argue for a pluralistic methodology; different ways of normative reasoning should be used to solve different kinds of normative problems.

The British journal of sociology, 2016

I have followed Richard Swedberg's development of his conception of 'theorizing' since 2010 when ... more I have followed Richard Swedberg's development of his conception of 'theorizing' since 2010 when he gave a PhD course on that topic at the Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen. As Head of the PhD programme, I was very pleased with his choice of topic. I was already at that time convinced about its importance and had some years earlier myself tried to clarify what I had called 'theoretical methodology' and 'theoretical research'. I had not had the time, however, to develop my thoughts and they were stacked away in a working paper (Carleheden 2007). Swedberg's work has inspired me to take up this topic again, but my thoughts are still in a preliminary state (Carleheden 2014, 2015). In my comment I will address what I find to be some basic ambiguities both in the article under debate (Swedberg 2016) as well as in Swedberg's work on theorizing in general. 1 The article summarizes the main points of his writings on the topic and its title works very well as a point of departure for my comment. The title indicates that Swedberg puts theory in the shadow of theorizing. It is clear why he does that. It solves some problems, but as a consequence, I will claim, others arise. One might assume that when stating that 'before theory comes theorizing' Swedberg is thinking about theories in the specific sense, e.g. Weber's theory about the rise of the capitalist spirit, Collins's theory about emotional energy or Bourdieu's theory about cultural capital. However, it is hard to find any straightforward support for such an assumption in any of his texts and thus the question arises whether this secondary status of theory also applies to theoretical or conceptual points of departure in general and perhaps even to commonsense conceptions. This leads to a further question about what general conception of theory Swedberg's notion of theorizing (tacitly)

Theory, Culture & Society

This interview addresses Andreas Reckwitz’s main work, A Society of Singularities, but puts it in... more This interview addresses Andreas Reckwitz’s main work, A Society of Singularities, but puts it in relation to his earlier and later writings. It starts with the strong and broad reception of this work in Germany. Next, it turns to how his understanding of the transformation of the social logics of modernity is related to other sociological understandings. In this way, the crucial distinctions of his work between the general and the particular, between formal rationalisation and culturalisation, are thematised. The next part addresses Reckwitz’s Foucault-inspired concept of critique and his understanding of the relation between theoretical and empirical work. The interview then goes on to the transformation of class structure, which is understood in terms of a culturalisation of inequality. The interview ends with a section about the kind of sufferings and problems that are typical of the present age, and how they might affect social transformation.

Social Science Quarterly, 2010

is the most prominent publication forum for Nordic sociology today and a brief look at the 2018 v... more is the most prominent publication forum for Nordic sociology today and a brief look at the 2018 volume reveals a generalist sociology journal that publishes articles from various subfields and relies on a broad spectrum of research methods. The four most recent issues include articles on topics ranging across family and welfare, migration and diversity, education, the various dimensions of social stratification, social mobility, climate change, protest, and populism. Further, the articles represent a broad range of methods, including surveys, qualitative interviews and historical-comparative work. We want to continue such an emphasis on substantive and methodological variety. Along these lines, it has been suggested that the sociological perspective is particularly valuable and able to gain attention during times of great societal changes. There is no doubt that the Nordic countries, Europe in general and the world at large is undergoing such changes at the moment and we want to capitalize on the importance of understanding society at a broad level-from identifying the broad social institutional arrangements that societies are built on, to the interaction between different kinds of groups and individuals. And of course, we are especially interested in work that links the two, as highlighted by C. Wright Mills in his seminal book, The Sociological Imagination. This underscores the uniqueness of the sociological perspective, allowing us to understand how large institutional, historical and cultural factors impact the lives and experiences of individuals. It further emphasizes the importance of seeing the world through the eyes of the other, and stresses the importance of bringing together insights from various subfields and methodological approaches to understand issues that are critical in the current era. Some, but limited, examples of areas that we view as particularly critical at the moment are immigration, populism and challenges to democracy, globalization, health and well-being, and various types of inequalities built on ascriptive and achieved characteristics. Beyond a deep understanding of various social issues, a major strength of sociology has always been a rich tradition of methodological diversity. While valuing methodological debates, we believe that sociological knowledge should be based on a broad variety of approaches and methods; a review of any 'literature' should reveal a mixed-methodsbased knowledge. Based on this, we welcome manuscripts that address a variety of topics and that use the broad range of research tools available to sociologists. We will do our very best to process all incoming, manuscripts by having them reviewed by the most appropriate experts. Bearing witness to the quality of the articles that are currently published in Acta is that the journal's growing impact factor now places it among the best generalist sociology journals. Although we should never be too fixated on the rank-race of the journals, this is nevertheless good news not only for Acta, which is being read and cited way beyond the Nordic context, but for Nordic sociology generally. Clearly, the outgoing editorial team from Finland has done an excellent job. We have had the privilege to meet with them to discuss their approach and outstanding editorship and our priority is to keep up their good work. We aim to maintain and ideally increase the journal's international success. We strongly believe, just like the outgoing editors, that ensuring high quality and broad topical and methodological variety is the way to go. We look forward to hosting Acta in Iceland for the next four years, and to do our best to contribute to the quality and visibility of Nordic sociology around the world.

Contemporary Philosophy and Social Science, 2019

Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 2016

Social pathology was once a mainstream concern of the social sciences, but over the years it has ... more Social pathology was once a mainstream concern of the social sciences, but over the years it has become associated with conventional, ‘old fashioned’, or normatively conservative standpoints. For instance, the social science focus on social pathologies of the early and mid-twentieth century was on specific topics, such as alcoholism, crime and delinquency and (what was seen at that time as) sexual deviance. Conscious of this problematic antecedence and its narrowly ideological and moralistic legacy, this Social Pathologies of Contemporary Modernity thematic section of Distinktion breaks decisively from this anachronistic context, as indicated by its three distinct emphases: the focus on the Social – i.e. historical and cultural as opposed to reductive psychological and biomedical – sources of Contemporary epidemic pathologies; and, extending beyond the urgency of the new pathologies and beyond the immediate and particular context(s) of the present societ(ies) in which they occur, th...

In this article a concept of structural transformation is worked out and applied on the history o... more In this article a concept of structural transformation is worked out and applied on the history of modernity. It involves a distinction between abstract modernity and epochs of realized modernities. The general theory of a structural transformation of modernity is applied on a special case; the transformation of the modern conduct of life in the West. The Weberian concept 'conduct of life' is today almost forgotten, but the author argues that it is a very useful conceptual tool for grasping crucial aspects of everyday life. These theoretical points of departure are then related to some classical American sociological investigations, but also to recent investigations. The result is a division of the history of conduct of life in Western modernity in three different epochs: the age of asceticism, the age of organization and the age of authenticity.

How to theorize structural transformation: Diagnosis of the times or theory of society in Reckwitz ed Michael Kühnlein Nomos Verlag, 2023

As far as I am aware, the first translation of Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten was into Danis... more As far as I am aware, the first translation of Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten was into Danish. I co-authored an introduction with Anders Petersen. 1 The publishing house invited the author to Copenhagen to discuss his book with us on the day of its publication. Just before the seminar began, Andreas Reckwitz asked about our questions. We mentioned that one of the topics was the specific genre of sociology labeled Zeitdiagnose in Germany. To our surprise, he promptly responded that his book was not a Zeitdiagnose (diagnosis of the times). This was somewhat awkward for us, because in our introduction we had described it as precisely that. We had suggested that the book could generally be understood in line with what Ulrich Beck and his co-authors had claimed to be one of the three primary tasks of sociology, namely, an "intellectually demanding interpretation of the situation and diagnosis of the time, against which it is measured in public discussion." The other two tasks are

Om Jürgen Habermas och den samhällsvetenskapliga diskursen om det moderna , Jan 1, 1996

Copenhagen August 20-21, 2020