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Papers by Vytautas Jokubauskas

Військово-науковий вісник, 2020

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis, 2019

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis

Tyrimą finansuoja Lietuvos mokslo taryba (sutarties Nr. MIP-001/2013). Monografija parengta vykda... more Tyrimą finansuoja Lietuvos mokslo taryba (sutarties Nr. MIP-001/2013). Monografija parengta vykdant projektą "Paramilitarinių organizacijų reiksmė valstybės gynybos sistemoje: Lietuvos saulių sąjungos atvejis". Recenzentai: doc. dr. Kestutis K. Grinius (Vilniaus universiteto Tarptautinių santykių ir politikos mokslų institutas), prof. dr. Valdas Rakutis (Generolo Jono Žemaicio Lietuvos karo akademija)

Lithuanian Historical Studies

Even though the subject of military service of Jews in the Lithuanian army in the years 1918 to 1... more Even though the subject of military service of Jews in the Lithuanian army in the years 1918 to 1940 is not completely new in historiography, many aspects hitherto covered in academic literature remain relevant to this day. The statistics for Jewish soldiers in the interwar Lithuanian army are without doubt one of those aspects. That is why in this article the aim is not just to identify the scale of participation by the Lithuanian army’s Jewish soldiers in the Lithuanian War of Liberation, but also to analyse statistical data relating to Jewish soldiers serving in the interwar Lithuanian army in peacetime.

Lietuvos metinė strateginė apžvalga

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 38:189–234, 2019

Šaltinių publikacijos priedai (žemėlapiai) dėl apimties skelbiami atskirai ir tik elektroninėje v... more Šaltinių publikacijos priedai (žemėlapiai) dėl apimties skelbiami atskirai ir tik elektroninėje versijoje. Priedas prieinamas PDF formatu: http://briai.ku.lt/downloads/AHUK_38/38_i-xxii_Priedas.pdf

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Periodinio leidinio turinio kiekybinė analizė: 1920–1940 m. Trimito atvejis. Istorija, 2019, t. CXVI, Nr. 4, p. 78–108. , 2019

The article analyses the use of selected keywords in the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union weekly “Trim... more The article analyses the use of selected keywords in the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union weekly “Trimitas” in 1920–1940. The study is based on a quantitative method of content analysis, which calculated and compared the use of different key words in “Trimitas” in the interwar period and the changes in consumption over two decades. Quantitative changes are associated with specific political events, and individual anomalies in the frequency of keyword use are revealed through qualitative content analysis. The study showed an even distribution of some keywords throughout the interwar period. The four keywords can be linked to very specific political processes and changes in relations with Germany and the Ukrainian liberation movement, and the use of keywords for internal use in some cases differed significantly in the 1930s and 1940s.

Jokubauskas, V. Територіальна оборона у Литві в кінці 30-х років ХХ століття. Військово-науковий вісник = Military Scientific Journal, No. 33, Lvovas, 2020, c. 140–159. , 2020

У статті проаналізовано проблему територіальної оборони у Литві в період між двома світовими війн... more У статті проаналізовано проблему територіальної оборони у Литві в період між двома світовими війнами, у контексті національної безпеки Литви. Литва отримала багатий досвід партизанського спротиву в часи Війни за незалежність 1919 – 1920 рр. і конфлікту с Польщею у 1921 – 1923 рр. Завдячуючи такому досвіду, в країні була розроблена доволі унікальна система територіальної оборони, основою якої стала структура Союзу стрільців Литви (далі - ССЛ). На випадок війни організовані загони стрільців-партизан мали діяти поруч з частинами регулярної армії. Військова доктрина Литви спиралася на синергію дій регулярних військ, формувань територіальної оборони і допомоги союзників – потужних держав регіону.

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Section of military history in the Lithuanian Army Staff (1935-1940). Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls. Vēsture = Journal of the University of Latvia. History, 2019, No. 7-8, pp. 131–148., 2019

The article analyses the formation and functioning of the Section of Military History in the Lith... more The article analyses the formation and functioning of the Section of Military History in the Lithuanian Army Staff in the period of 1935–1940. The significance of military history for officer training and military planning in the interwar Lithuanian Army is touched upon. The issues of the formation of the Section of History in the Lithuanian Army Staff and the composition of its personnel are disclosed. Moreover, the functions and the methods of activity of the Section and taking over the experience of the Estonian Army are discussed. The achievements of the Section of History and its intended plans are identified. The analysis of the activity of that specific Section of the Army Staff is one component of a broader research on the studies of military history in interwar Lithuania, seeking to disclose how the research on military history was conducted in interwar Lithuania and how the findings were exploited by the main user of the studies of military history – the Lithuanian Army.

Studija, skirta Klaipėdos universiteto Baltijos regiono istorijos ir archeologijos instituto 20-mečiui, Klaipėdos universiteto 20-mečiui ir Klaipėdos miesto 760-mečiui. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, 2012, p. 71–127. ISBN 978-9955-18-646-5

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. Antroji Lietuvos valstybės okupacija. Kultūros barai, 2017, nr. 6 (360), p. 79–85., 2017

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Okupacijos sukaktis: ko vertėtų pasimokyti? Kultūros barai, 2015, nr. 6 (606), p. 71–79., 2015

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. Karas, kurio nebus? Lietuvos karinis saugumas. Kultūros barai, 2014, nr. 4 (592), p. 65–69; nr. 5 (593), p. 83–88., 2014

Військово-науковий вісник, 2020

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis, 2019

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis

Lithuanian Historical Studies

Lietuvos metinė strateginė apžvalga

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis

Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 38:189–234, 2019

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Periodinio leidinio turinio kiekybinė analizė: 1920–1940 m. Trimito atvejis. Istorija, 2019, t. CXVI, Nr. 4, p. 78–108. , 2019

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. Antroji Lietuvos valstybės okupacija. Kultūros barai, 2017, nr. 6 (360), p. 79–85., 2017

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Okupacijos sukaktis: ko vertėtų pasimokyti? Kultūros barai, 2015, nr. 6 (606), p. 71–79., 2015

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. Karas, kurio nebus? Lietuvos karinis saugumas. Kultūros barai, 2014, nr. 4 (592), p. 65–69; nr. 5 (593), p. 83–88., 2014

Karo istorija: tyrimai, metodai, poveikis, taikymas. , 2021

Knygoje keturiais pjūviais nagrinėjama karo istorija. Pirmiausia pristatoma mokslinių tyrimų rezu... more Knygoje keturiais pjūviais nagrinėjama karo istorija. Pirmiausia pristatoma mokslinių tyrimų rezultatų poveikio mokslo šakos raidai, mokslininko statusui bei karjerai ir visuomenei problema. Atsižvelgiama į mokslininko veiklos bibliometrinius duomenis, akademinius vertinimus ir kitus veiksnus. Kitas pjūvis (skyrius) – tai galima karo istorijos tyrimų struktūra. Aptariami karo istorijos tyrimų struktūros, aktualumo, naujumo, tikslo bei uždavinių, objekto ir kiti aspektai. Trečias pjūvis (skyrius) apima karo istorijos tyrimų metodų pristatymą. Įvardijamas tam tikras skaičius metodų ir pateikiama jų taikymo humanitariniuose moksluose (istorijoje) praktinių pavyzdžių. Ketvirtas pjūvis (skyrius) – karo istorijos tyrimų praktinio taikymo karybos srityje aptarimas. Suformuluoti karinių veiksmų nagrinėjimo ir vertinimo kriterijai, pateikta pavyzdžių seminarams, mokymams, pratyboms. Šioje mokslo sintezėje pateikiami keli priedai, padedantys plačiau atskleisti ryšį tarp karo istorijos ir karo teorijos bei karybos kaip praktinės veiklos. Leidinys galėtų būti naudingas besidomintiems istorijos ir karo bei gynybos (saugumo) studijomis įvairių studijų pakopų studentams, taip pat Krašto apsaugos sistemoje tarnaujantiems kariams praktikams, norintiems susipažinti su karo istorijos teikiamomis galimybėmis karybos srityje.

Gyvenimas ir mirtis Lietuvos kariuomenėje 1918–1940 m. , 2023

Monografijoje analizuojamas karių mirčių reiškinys Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu. Plačiai nagr... more Monografijoje analizuojamas karių mirčių reiškinys Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu. Plačiai nagrinėjamas dažniausiai jaunų vyrų mirtis lėmusių priežasčių spektras Nepriklausomybės karo ir taikos metu – tarpukariu. išskiriamos kelios stambios mirčių priežasčių grupės: žuvę kautynėse, mirę nuo ligų, dažniausiai užkrečiamųjų, nelaimingų atsitikimų aukos, daug paskendimo atvejų, savižudybės. Analizuojant mirtis dėl ligų pastebėta asmens higienos, buities sąlygų, mitybos įtaka. Nelaimingus atsitikimus ir savižudybes dažnai lėmė įtempti, o kai kada net nestatutiniai karių tarpusavio santykiai, drausmės stygius, nesaikingas ir nesavalaikis alkoholio vartojimas. Taip pat išorės veiksniai – venerinės ligos, nelaiminga meilė, atsakomybės už padarytus nusikaltimus baimė. Knygoje pateikiami gausūs statistiniai duomenys, pirmą kartą atskleidžiantys mirčių Lietuvos kariuomenėje mastą 1918–1940 m. Surinkti duomenys leidžia naujai įvertinti Lietuvos nepriklausomybės karo 1919–1920 m.
intensyvumo kaitą ir Lietuvos kariuomenės patirtus nuostolius. Pristatomi žuvusių ir mirusių karių laidojimo ritualai. Pateikiama pasakojimų apie vyrų patirtą mirties baimę intensyvių mūšių metu ir beatodairišką Lietuvos karių drąsą durtuvų atakose.

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. Netiesioginis poveikis ir Lietuvos karinis saugumas 1919–1940 m. – Klaipėda: Druka, 2019. – 368 p. ISBN 978-609-404-277-5, 2019

Captain B. H. Liddell Hart, a military theorist of the twentieth century, started to formulate hi... more Captain B. H. Liddell Hart, a military theorist of the twentieth century, started to formulate his concept of the strategy of indirect approach based on the analysis of military history, which was summarized in the study of warfare theory published in 1941 and reprinted in an enlarged edition of 1954. According to B. H. Liddell Hart, an indirect approach is an essence of the strategy because of its advantages over direct military action. The goal of an indirect approach is the dislocation of the enemy’s forces before attempting to defeat him. Thus, the indirect approach can be defined as a whole of applicable measures that can be used in peace and at war while avoiding a costly direct frontal assault.
In the interwar period, the state of Lithuania had to face a wide range of threats to its nationhood that were directed against Lithuania by eventual enemies in a full-scale manner. In its turn, Lithuania also applied measures of the indirect approach seeking to defend its statehood and strategic interests. Territorial losses and Soviet occupation resulted neither from military defeats nor a poor preparation by the armed forces for an armed resistance; indeed, it was an outcome of an effective use of the strategy of indirect approach by the aggressors.
The monograph provides an analysis of how a symbiosis of conventional and unconventional warfare methods can be and have been effectively used at different stages of the war and confrontation. The interwar period saw the application of an indirect approach with the use of both conventional and unconventional methods. The research has been done based on the case study of Lithuania in the interwar period using methodological approach of the strategy of indirect approach with its adaptation to the conditions of a small state in the first half of the twentieth century. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned warfare concepts, the research into military history of interwar Lithuania has been conducted by bringing in an analysis of the activities not only of regular forces and paramilitary organisations but also of a wide range of indirect approach, when there is no direct fighting involving armies of adversary states but a state is exposed to external attacks whereby it is sought to weaken its defence capabilities (moral, conceptual (planning), physical and material).
The chronological framework of the research encompasses a period from 1918 to 1940, i.e. from active war efforts aimed at the consolidation of the independence of Lithuania to Soviet occupation and the liquidation of the Lithuanian army and paramilitary organisations. The main objective of the research is to study actions involving the strategy of indirect approach (relying on both conventional and unconventional warfare methods) used by the adjacent states (Poland, Germany and Soviet Russia (USSR)) targeted against Lithuania, and their impact on the loss of Vilnius and Klaipėda regions and the loss of statehood in 1940, and the capability to apply the strategy of indirect approach by the Lithuanian state. The aims of the research include an analysis of the cases of using the strategy of indirect approach through the use of conventional weapons; an examination of the impact on the Lithuanian society exerted by social and economic problems; a study of the activities of the national minorities and the Communist underground as well as pro-German individuals directed against Lithuania; and the identification and assessment of military solutions undertaken by the Lithuanian state in the late 1930s when the inevitability of war and incapacity of a direct resistance under conditions of conventional war came to be realised.

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. „Mažųjų kariuomenių“ galia ir paramilitarizmas. Tarpukario Lietuvos atvejis. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, 2014. – 588+xvi p. ISBN 978-9955-18-811-7, 2014

The issue of security, which presupposes the relevance of multi-perspective research into the mil... more The issue of security, which presupposes the relevance of multi-perspective research into the military history of national armed forces, exists continually, since competition between individuals and communities for resources and the consolidation of power has
been going on throughout the entire history of humanity. Being the principal international actors, nations seek perpetually to enhance their power, in order to safeguard their security in the event of a breakdown in international relations. States can enhance their military power in two ways, either by collecting resources themselves, through armaments,
or by making alliances with other states which entertain hostile intentions towards a potential adversary. Large powers are normally inclined to develop an independent force, whilst medium-size and small nations seek an external balance by gravitating towards the large powers. The history of warfare often vindicates the theory that military
success is directly related not only to the availability of resources, but also to the capacity to utilise resources in an efficient way.
Military history is an important area of research aiming to evaluate the development of society, while war and the armed forces are of primary importance in the history of modern nations. In the case of Lithuania, due to the Soviet occupation and the repressions experienced by part of society, the fact that armed resistance in June 1940 did not take place is an ongoing issue: discussions are conducted on why the armed forces
of interwar Lithuania, which received funding of approximately a billion litas, failed to carry out their duty; and even the need for an army is questioned. Disputes take place over ‘symbolic’ resistance and its alternatives. Judgments are made in historiography that the postwar guerrilla resistance was an erratic tactic resulting in casualties among a large number of civilians. This research analyses the prospects for a presumptive armed resistance in 1940 from a military point of view, and seeks an answer to the question of the preparedness of the Lithuanian armed forces for eventual war in terms of logistical support, human resources and planning. The prospects for forming a united front against a possible aggressor, after signing a treaty of military alliance with Latvia and Estonia, is deliberated on. The analysis and answers to these questions will facilitate the disclosure of the causes of the failure to mount a military resistance against the Soviet attack in June
1940. We consider the question how the interwar experience might have influenced military resistance. The research offers permanent comparisons of individual aspects of the military approach of the army of interwar Lithuanian with the cases of small countries in the northeast Baltic region, Latvia, Estonia and Finland.

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas; VAIČENONIS, Jonas; VAREIKIS, Vygantas; VITKUS, Hektoras. Valia priešintis. Paramilitarizmas ir Lietuvos karinio saugumo problemos: kolektyvinė monografija. Sud. H. VITKUS, V. VAREIKIS. Klaipėda: Druka, 2015. – 320 p. ISBN 978-609-404-192-1, 2015

New qualitative research into the history of Lithuanian paramilitarism, covering military organis... more New qualitative research into the history of Lithuanian paramilitarism, covering military organisations which operated in addition to (or as a substitute for) the regular armed forces, and also ideological, military and cultural training and education aimed at the war effort, is not
simply a collection of empirical data, and does not just serve the purpose of nurturing patriotic feelings in Lithuanian society. The historical analysis of paramilitarism and the activities of the
Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union in this monograph is associated with the defence policy that was adopted by the Lithuanian army in 2010. This states that, in the event of war, ‘Lithuania will resist an aggressor by all available means, including military action, guerrilla warfare, civil disobedience, and non-collaboration.’
The authors of the study ask the following questions: What is the role of Lithuania’s defence strategy in the changing space of Europe? What kind of armed forces, and what kind of power, must Lithuania develop, in order to be able to respond to the new challenges faced by Eastern Europe and the Baltic States?
Nato strategy does not require the combination of the armed forces of all member states, except in the standardisation of equipment, decision-making procedures and ensuring effective interoperability in military operations. The member states face different challenges to their
national security, and they have different economic resources, while their geographical and geopolitical situations are also quite different. In Lithuania’s case, the military operations in the Balkans, Chechnya, Georgia and Ukraine should be taken into account, and might be as important as the experience obtained in military engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan. Endeavours to halt the progress of an adversary, to resist and survive are a major goal of the Lithuanian armed forces. The strategy of deterrence, however, remains the main principle. An army always seeks a military victory; but the main objective should be to create circumstances in which an adversary will not attack. In such a context, the factor of large-scale involvement is as important
as the fire power or the manoeuvrability of troops. Large-scale participation by citizens in national defence can be attained through the paramilitary phenomenon, which has been tested by time and historically justified, and which should be used, reconsidered and adapted to the conditions of the 21st century.

The monograph aims to provide an answer to the question what configurations and transformations t... more The monograph aims to provide an answer to the question what configurations and transformations the same phenomenon, giving meaning to different war experiences, acquires under the different social and political conditions characterising the two regions, Lithuania and East Prussia.

JOKUBAUSKAS, V. Nauja knyga Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos šimtmečiui istoriografijos kontekste. In Creating Modern Nation-States in the Eastern Baltic = Šiuolaikinių tautinių valstybių kūrimas rytiniame Baltijos jūros regione (Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis, vol. XXXVIII). 2019, p. 243–253., 2019

Recenzija knygai: NEFAS , Mindaugas. Dvasios aristokratai: Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos siekiai ir re... more Recenzija knygai: NEFAS , Mindaugas. Dvasios aristokratai: Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos siekiai ir realybė 1919–1940 m. Vilnius: Versus, 2019. – 495 p. IS BN 978-9955-829-22-5

JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. [Review of: МЕЛЬТЮХОВ, Михаил. Прибалтийский плацдарм (1939–1940). Возвращение Советского Союза на берега Балтийского моря. Москва, 2014]. Lithuanian Historical Studies, 2015, vol. 20. Vilnius, 2016, pp. 237–242., 2016

In Paramilitarism in the Eastern Baltics, 1918–1940: Cases Studies and Comparisons = Paramilitarizmas Rytų Baltijos regione 1918–1940: atvejo studijos ir lyginimai (Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis, vol. XXVIII), p. 269–280., 2014

SURGAILIS, Gintautas. Pirmasis pėstininkų didžiojo Lietuvos kunigaikščio Gedimino pulkas. Vilnius... more SURGAILIS, Gintautas. Pirmasis pėstininkų didžiojo Lietuvos kunigaikščio Gedimino pulkas. Vilnius: Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejus; Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo
akademija, 2011. – 304 p. ISBN 978-609-412-011-4
RAKUTIS, Valdas; VAIČENONIS, Jonas. Lietuvos Didžiojo Kunigaikščio Algirdo mechanizuotojo pėstininkų bataliono istorija: Lietuvos pėstija XIV–XXI a. pr. (II pulko ir Algirdo MPB istorija). Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija, 2012. – 194 p. ISBN 978-609-8074-00-0
SURGAILIS, Gintautas. Trečiasis pėstininkų didžiojo Lietuvos kunigaikščio Vytauto
pulkas. Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija, 2013. – 192 p.
ISBN 978-609-8074-13-0

Kiekviena iš pastaraisiais metais Lietuvos kariuomenės išleistų ir čia aptariamų trijų
autorių – Gintauto Surgailio, Valdo Rakučio ir Jono Vaičenonio – studijų skirta paskirų
Lietuvos kariuomenės dalinių istorijai.