Kim Blond | Københavns Universitet (original) (raw)

Papers by Kim Blond

JAMA internal medicine, 2021

Importance Premature death from all causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes is higher amon... more Importance Premature death from all causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes is higher among persons with diabetes. Objective To investigate the association between time spent cycling and all-cause and CVD mortality among persons with diabetes, as well as to evaluate the association between change in time spent cycling and risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study included 7459 adults with diabetes from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Questionnaires regarding medical history, sociodemographic, and lifestyle information were administered in 10 Western European countries from 1992 through 2000 (baseline examination) and at a second examination 5 years after baseline. A total of 5423 participants with diabetes completed both examinations. The final updated primary analysis was conducted on November 13, 2020. Exposures The primary exposure was self-reported time spent cycling per wee...

Body mass index (BMI) at child and adolescent ages is positively associated with adult coronary h... more Body mass index (BMI) at child and adolescent ages is positively associated with adult coronary heart disease (CHD) whereas height at these ages may be inversely associated with CHD. However, potential effects of age, sex, and socioeconomic status on associations between BMI and CHD are less investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of BMI and height at ages 2–19 years in relation to adult CHD and examined effects of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and other factors. Twenty‐two studies on BMI and five on height were included, comprising 5,538,319 individuals and 69,830 CHD events. Random effects meta‐analyses were conducted. Child and adolescent BMI were positively associated with CHD (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01, 1.25] per standard deviation [SD]), and categorical analyses supported these findings. The associations did not significantly differ by age, sex, or by adjustment for socioeconomic status. Child and adolescent height were ...

Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 2019

Purpose of ReviewBicycling as a mode of transportation can be an easy and inexpensive way of inte... more Purpose of ReviewBicycling as a mode of transportation can be an easy and inexpensive way of integrating health enhancing physical activity into everyday life. In the present paper, we summarize the evidence from studies on bicycling for transportation and recreation in relation to cardiovascular disease prevention. We also estimate the population impact of increasing bicycling as a mode of transportation.Recent FindingsThe overall evidence from prospective cohort studies supports that bicycling for transportation or recreation is related to lower risk of development of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality from regular bicycling is estimated to outweigh risk from additional exposure to air pollution during outdoor exercise. Also, based on experimental studies on the effect of bicycling to school or work, we report an average increase (summary effect) on cardiorespiratory fitness of 3.5...

Scientific Reports

Childhood BMI shows associations with adult mortality, but these may be influenced by effects of ... more Childhood BMI shows associations with adult mortality, but these may be influenced by effects of ill health in childhood on BMI and later mortality. To avoid this, we used offspring childhood BMI as an instrumental variable (IV) for own BMI in relation to mortality and compared it with conventional associations of own childhood BMI and own mortality. We included 36,097 parent–offspring pairs with measured heights and weights from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register and register-based information on death. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using adjusted Cox regression models. For all-cause mortality, per zBMI at age 7 the conventional HR = 1.07 (95%CI: 1.04–1.09) in women and 1.02 (95%CI: 0.92–1.14) in men, whereas the IV HR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.15–1.32) in women and 1.05 (95%CI: 0.94–1.17) in men. Per zBMI at age 13, the conventional HR = 1.11 (95%CI: 1.08–1.15) in women and 1.03 (95%CI: 0.99–1.06) in men, whereas the IV HR = 1.30 (95%CI: 1.19–1.42) in women and 1.15 (95%CI: ...

Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology

Relative to the overall increase in sedentary behaviour and sitting-related publications, only a ... more Relative to the overall increase in sedentary behaviour and sitting-related publications, only a small proportion has focused on estimating the prevalence of sedentary behaviour in populations. Although several studies examined the correlates or factors associated with sedentary behaviours, few consistent correlates have been reported. This chapter summarizes recent evidence on the prevalence of sedentary behaviour among adults and children, comprising 39 large and population-representative studies published between 2012 and 2016 for adults and 30 studies for children. Moreover, this chapter describes the correlates of sedentary behaviour for adults, older adults, and children derived from cross-sectional studies.

Diabetologia, Apr 23, 2019

Aims/hypothesis The study aimed to quantitatively summarise the dose-response relationships betwe... more Aims/hypothesis The study aimed to quantitatively summarise the dose-response relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength on the one hand and risk of type 2 diabetes on the other and estimate the hypothetical benefits associated with population-wide changes in the distribution of fitness. Methods We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis. The PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases were searched from inception dates to 12 December 2018 for cohort studies examining the association of cardiorespiratory fitness or muscular strength with risk of incident type 2 diabetes in adults. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Twenty-two studies of cardiorespiratory fitness and 13 studies of muscular strength were included in the systematic review with both exposures having ten estimates available for the primary adiposity-or body size-controlled meta-analysis. In random-effects meta-analysis including 40,286 incident cases of type 2 diabetes in 1,601,490 participants, each 1 metabolic equivalent (MET) higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an 8% (95% CI 6%, 10%) lower RR of type 2 diabetes. The association was linear throughout the examined spectrum of cardiorespiratory fitness. In 39,233 cases and 1,713,468 participants each 1 SD higher muscular strength was associated with a 13% (95% CI 6%, 19%) lower RR of type 2 diabetes. We estimated that 4% to 21% of new annual cases of type 2 diabetes among 45-64-year-olds could be prevented by feasible and plausible population cardiorespiratory fitness changes. Conclusions/interpretation Relatively small increments in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength were associated with clinically meaningful reductions in type 2 diabetes risk with indication of a linear dose-response relationship for cardiorespiratory fitness. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42017064526).

British Journal of Sports Medicine

ObjectivesTo systematically review and analyse studies of high amounts of physical activity and m... more ObjectivesTo systematically review and analyse studies of high amounts of physical activity and mortality risk in the general population.Eligibility criteriaInclusion criteria related to follow-up (minimum 2 years), outcome (mortality from all causes, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary heart disease), exposure (eg, a category of >1000 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) min/week), study design (prospective cohort, nested case control or case-cohort) and reports of cases and person years of exposure categories.Information sourcesSystematic searches were conducted in Embase and Pubmed from database inception to 2 March 2019.Risk of biasThe quality of the studies was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.Included studiesFrom 31 368 studies identified, 48 were included. Two authors independently extracted outcome estimates and assessed study quality.Synthesis of resultsWe estimated hazard ratios (HRs) using random effect restricted cubic spline dose–response meta-anal...

PLOS Medicine

Background Cycling is a recreational activity and mode of commuting with substantial potential to... more Background Cycling is a recreational activity and mode of commuting with substantial potential to improve public health in many countries around the world. The aim of this study was to examine prospective associations between recreational and commuter cycling, changes in cycling habits, and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Danish adults from the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study. Methods and Findings At baseline from 1993 to 1997, 24,623 men and 27,890 women from Denmark, 50-65 y of age and free of T2D and other chronic diseases, underwent a number of assessments, including completing a lifestyle questionnaire also addressing cycling habits. Approximately 5 y later, at a second examination, participants completed a new, updated lifestyle questionnaire. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of incident T2D registered in the Danish National Diabetes Registry, according to recreational and commuter cycling and changes in cycling habits, with adjustment for a priori known T2D risk factors. During 743,245.4 person-years of follow-up (mean follow-up 14.2 y), 6,779 incident cases of T2D were documented. Multivariable adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1, 0.87 (0.82, 0.93), 0.83 (0.77, 0.89), 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) and 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) (p for trend = <0.001) for 0, 1-60, 61-150, 151-300, and >300 min/wk of total cycling (recreational and commuter cycling), respectively. In analysis of seasonal cycling, multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1, 0.88 (0.83, 0.94), and 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) for non-cyclists, seasonal cyclists (those cycling only in summer or winter), and those cycling during both summer and winter,

Bicycling for transportation and recreation is considered an important strategy for prevention of... more Bicycling for transportation and recreation is considered an important strategy for prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in many populations. It is a low-impact type of physical activity that can be used for exercise purposes or incorporated in everyday living without requiring allocation of time to more structured exercise. Although the benefits of nonspecific active transportation and walking on CHD risk have been examined extensively, prospective studies evaluating the relationship between cycling habits and risk of CHD are scarce, and the relationship remains inconclusive. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association among cycling, changes in cycling habits, and risk of incident CHD in a cohort study of Danish men and women. We followed 53 723 Danes (25 329 men and 28 394 women) 50 to 65 years of age at recruitment in 1993 to 1997 from the prospective cohort study, “Diet, Cancer, and Health” for 20 years. The study was approved by the Scientific Ethical...

JAMA internal medicine, 2021

Importance Premature death from all causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes is higher amon... more Importance Premature death from all causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes is higher among persons with diabetes. Objective To investigate the association between time spent cycling and all-cause and CVD mortality among persons with diabetes, as well as to evaluate the association between change in time spent cycling and risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study included 7459 adults with diabetes from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Questionnaires regarding medical history, sociodemographic, and lifestyle information were administered in 10 Western European countries from 1992 through 2000 (baseline examination) and at a second examination 5 years after baseline. A total of 5423 participants with diabetes completed both examinations. The final updated primary analysis was conducted on November 13, 2020. Exposures The primary exposure was self-reported time spent cycling per wee...

Body mass index (BMI) at child and adolescent ages is positively associated with adult coronary h... more Body mass index (BMI) at child and adolescent ages is positively associated with adult coronary heart disease (CHD) whereas height at these ages may be inversely associated with CHD. However, potential effects of age, sex, and socioeconomic status on associations between BMI and CHD are less investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of BMI and height at ages 2–19 years in relation to adult CHD and examined effects of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and other factors. Twenty‐two studies on BMI and five on height were included, comprising 5,538,319 individuals and 69,830 CHD events. Random effects meta‐analyses were conducted. Child and adolescent BMI were positively associated with CHD (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01, 1.25] per standard deviation [SD]), and categorical analyses supported these findings. The associations did not significantly differ by age, sex, or by adjustment for socioeconomic status. Child and adolescent height were ...

Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 2019

Purpose of ReviewBicycling as a mode of transportation can be an easy and inexpensive way of inte... more Purpose of ReviewBicycling as a mode of transportation can be an easy and inexpensive way of integrating health enhancing physical activity into everyday life. In the present paper, we summarize the evidence from studies on bicycling for transportation and recreation in relation to cardiovascular disease prevention. We also estimate the population impact of increasing bicycling as a mode of transportation.Recent FindingsThe overall evidence from prospective cohort studies supports that bicycling for transportation or recreation is related to lower risk of development of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality from regular bicycling is estimated to outweigh risk from additional exposure to air pollution during outdoor exercise. Also, based on experimental studies on the effect of bicycling to school or work, we report an average increase (summary effect) on cardiorespiratory fitness of 3.5...

Scientific Reports

Childhood BMI shows associations with adult mortality, but these may be influenced by effects of ... more Childhood BMI shows associations with adult mortality, but these may be influenced by effects of ill health in childhood on BMI and later mortality. To avoid this, we used offspring childhood BMI as an instrumental variable (IV) for own BMI in relation to mortality and compared it with conventional associations of own childhood BMI and own mortality. We included 36,097 parent–offspring pairs with measured heights and weights from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register and register-based information on death. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using adjusted Cox regression models. For all-cause mortality, per zBMI at age 7 the conventional HR = 1.07 (95%CI: 1.04–1.09) in women and 1.02 (95%CI: 0.92–1.14) in men, whereas the IV HR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.15–1.32) in women and 1.05 (95%CI: 0.94–1.17) in men. Per zBMI at age 13, the conventional HR = 1.11 (95%CI: 1.08–1.15) in women and 1.03 (95%CI: 0.99–1.06) in men, whereas the IV HR = 1.30 (95%CI: 1.19–1.42) in women and 1.15 (95%CI: ...

Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology

Relative to the overall increase in sedentary behaviour and sitting-related publications, only a ... more Relative to the overall increase in sedentary behaviour and sitting-related publications, only a small proportion has focused on estimating the prevalence of sedentary behaviour in populations. Although several studies examined the correlates or factors associated with sedentary behaviours, few consistent correlates have been reported. This chapter summarizes recent evidence on the prevalence of sedentary behaviour among adults and children, comprising 39 large and population-representative studies published between 2012 and 2016 for adults and 30 studies for children. Moreover, this chapter describes the correlates of sedentary behaviour for adults, older adults, and children derived from cross-sectional studies.

Diabetologia, Apr 23, 2019

Aims/hypothesis The study aimed to quantitatively summarise the dose-response relationships betwe... more Aims/hypothesis The study aimed to quantitatively summarise the dose-response relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength on the one hand and risk of type 2 diabetes on the other and estimate the hypothetical benefits associated with population-wide changes in the distribution of fitness. Methods We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis. The PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases were searched from inception dates to 12 December 2018 for cohort studies examining the association of cardiorespiratory fitness or muscular strength with risk of incident type 2 diabetes in adults. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Twenty-two studies of cardiorespiratory fitness and 13 studies of muscular strength were included in the systematic review with both exposures having ten estimates available for the primary adiposity-or body size-controlled meta-analysis. In random-effects meta-analysis including 40,286 incident cases of type 2 diabetes in 1,601,490 participants, each 1 metabolic equivalent (MET) higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an 8% (95% CI 6%, 10%) lower RR of type 2 diabetes. The association was linear throughout the examined spectrum of cardiorespiratory fitness. In 39,233 cases and 1,713,468 participants each 1 SD higher muscular strength was associated with a 13% (95% CI 6%, 19%) lower RR of type 2 diabetes. We estimated that 4% to 21% of new annual cases of type 2 diabetes among 45-64-year-olds could be prevented by feasible and plausible population cardiorespiratory fitness changes. Conclusions/interpretation Relatively small increments in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength were associated with clinically meaningful reductions in type 2 diabetes risk with indication of a linear dose-response relationship for cardiorespiratory fitness. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42017064526).

British Journal of Sports Medicine

ObjectivesTo systematically review and analyse studies of high amounts of physical activity and m... more ObjectivesTo systematically review and analyse studies of high amounts of physical activity and mortality risk in the general population.Eligibility criteriaInclusion criteria related to follow-up (minimum 2 years), outcome (mortality from all causes, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary heart disease), exposure (eg, a category of >1000 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) min/week), study design (prospective cohort, nested case control or case-cohort) and reports of cases and person years of exposure categories.Information sourcesSystematic searches were conducted in Embase and Pubmed from database inception to 2 March 2019.Risk of biasThe quality of the studies was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.Included studiesFrom 31 368 studies identified, 48 were included. Two authors independently extracted outcome estimates and assessed study quality.Synthesis of resultsWe estimated hazard ratios (HRs) using random effect restricted cubic spline dose–response meta-anal...

PLOS Medicine

Background Cycling is a recreational activity and mode of commuting with substantial potential to... more Background Cycling is a recreational activity and mode of commuting with substantial potential to improve public health in many countries around the world. The aim of this study was to examine prospective associations between recreational and commuter cycling, changes in cycling habits, and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Danish adults from the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study. Methods and Findings At baseline from 1993 to 1997, 24,623 men and 27,890 women from Denmark, 50-65 y of age and free of T2D and other chronic diseases, underwent a number of assessments, including completing a lifestyle questionnaire also addressing cycling habits. Approximately 5 y later, at a second examination, participants completed a new, updated lifestyle questionnaire. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of incident T2D registered in the Danish National Diabetes Registry, according to recreational and commuter cycling and changes in cycling habits, with adjustment for a priori known T2D risk factors. During 743,245.4 person-years of follow-up (mean follow-up 14.2 y), 6,779 incident cases of T2D were documented. Multivariable adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1, 0.87 (0.82, 0.93), 0.83 (0.77, 0.89), 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) and 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) (p for trend = <0.001) for 0, 1-60, 61-150, 151-300, and >300 min/wk of total cycling (recreational and commuter cycling), respectively. In analysis of seasonal cycling, multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1, 0.88 (0.83, 0.94), and 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) for non-cyclists, seasonal cyclists (those cycling only in summer or winter), and those cycling during both summer and winter,

Bicycling for transportation and recreation is considered an important strategy for prevention of... more Bicycling for transportation and recreation is considered an important strategy for prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in many populations. It is a low-impact type of physical activity that can be used for exercise purposes or incorporated in everyday living without requiring allocation of time to more structured exercise. Although the benefits of nonspecific active transportation and walking on CHD risk have been examined extensively, prospective studies evaluating the relationship between cycling habits and risk of CHD are scarce, and the relationship remains inconclusive. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association among cycling, changes in cycling habits, and risk of incident CHD in a cohort study of Danish men and women. We followed 53 723 Danes (25 329 men and 28 394 women) 50 to 65 years of age at recruitment in 1993 to 1997 from the prospective cohort study, “Diet, Cancer, and Health” for 20 years. The study was approved by the Scientific Ethical...