Mohamad Fadzil Awang | Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka (original) (raw)

Papers by Mohamad Fadzil Awang

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 2009

Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR)... more Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) and dynamic vulcanization were prepared, and the effects of TOR and dynamic vulcanization were investigated. By using WTD of 500-710 mm, five different compositions of PP/WTD blend (i.e. 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 wt%) were prepared in an internal mixer at 180 1C and 50 rpm rotor speed. The results indicate that the incorporation of TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the tensile properties of PP/WTD blends. Chemical and oil resistance of the PP/WTD blends with TOR and dynamic vulcanization was enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces proved that TOR and dynamic vulcanization promoted good adhesion between the PP matrix and WTD. Thermograms support the finding that TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the interaction of PP and WTD and, hence, their compatibility.

Advanced Materials Research, 2012

Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as a... more Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as alternative to replace traditional synthetic fibers. This is due to the increased environmental and sustainability awareness. In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with untreated and treated agro-waste natural fibers Alpinia galanga. Alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide was used to improve the interface adhesion between fibers and polyethylene matrix. Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites were prepared using an injection molding machine at various fiber contents of 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% and characterized. Experimental studies have shown that in general fibers function as filler in polyethylene composites and exhibited tensile strength relatively close to the strength of the unfilled composites. The increasing of Alpinia galanga content decreased elongation at break and increased the Young's modulus of Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites. It was also observed that treated fiber composites showed higher thermal stability than that of untreated fiber composites.

Advanced Materials Research, 2013

Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyeth... more Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The results indicate that agro-waste fibers generally function as potential natural-organic fillers as well as show an attribute of reinforcement in PE-agro-waste composites at a certain fiber loading. Minimally reduced tensile strength from 28 MPa of unfilled PE, addition of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers also resulted in reinforcement of up to 31 MPa at 6 wt% agro-waste fibers loading. Findings also reveal that alkali treatment was effective to impart surface modification of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers and hence improved tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal stability of PE-agro-waste composites.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on proper... more Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on properties, structures and performance of membranes. Flat sheet asymmetric PSf/CAP blend membranes were prepared using an automatic casting machine at different shear rates in the range of 42.0 to 201.0 s-1. Results showed that increasing the shear rate from 42.0 to105 s-1 has increased the molecular orientation and thickness which then reduces the water content, porosity and pure water flux of PSf/CAP blend membranes. However, further increasing the shear rate beyond 105 s-1has resulted in an increase in the water content of PSf/CAP blend membranes.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Evaporation time is one of the important membrane fabrication parameter that can be manipulated i... more Evaporation time is one of the important membrane fabrication parameter that can be manipulated in order to produce the desired membrane morphology in ultrafiltration (UF) separation process. The morphology of UF membrane has a significant effect on structural properties and performance of UF membrane. In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polysulfone/cellulose acetate phthalate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) blend membranes were prepared at different evaporation time in the range of 0 to 20 s to investigate its effect on the morphological structures of the blend membranes. The morphological structure of these blend membranes were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that in the absence of evaporation time, the morphology of blend membrane consits of open finger-like structure and microvoids. Introduction of evaporation time period between 5 to 10 s, produced spongy blend membranes with less finger-like structure. Further increment of evaporation time between 15 to 20s, formed incomplete dense structure with small microvoids PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

ABSTRACT Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect ... more ABSTRACT Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on structural properties and performance of membranes. Flat sheet asymmetric polysulfone/cellulose acetate phthalate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) blend membranes were prepared by using an automatic casting machine at different shear rates in the range of 42.0 to 210.0 s-1. The blend membranes prepared at different shear rate were characterized in terms of its structural properties (molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and average pore size) and performance (proteins separation). The results showed that increasing the shear rate from 42.0 to105 s-1 has decreased MWCO and average pore size of the blend membranes which then reduced protein solution permeate fluxes and increased proteins rejection of PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes. However, further increasing the shear rate to 210.0 s-1 has resulted in an increase in MWCO and average pore size and consequently increased protein solution permeate flux but decreased proteins rejection.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

ABSTRACT It is well known that membrane with hydrophobic property is a fouling membrane. Polysulf... more ABSTRACT It is well known that membrane with hydrophobic property is a fouling membrane. Polysulfone (PSf) membrane has hydrophobic characteristic was blended with a hydrophilic polymer, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) in order to increase hydrophilicity property of pure PSf membrane. In this study, membrane casting solutions containing 17 wt% of polymer was prepared via wet phase inversion process. The pure PSf membrane was coded as PC-0. PSf/CAP blend membranes with blend composition of 95/5, 90/10, 85/15 and 80/20 wt% of total polymer concentration in the membrane casting solutions were marked as PC-5, PC-10, PC-15 and PC-20 respectively. All of the membranes were characterized in terms of pure water flux and permeability coefficient in order to study their hydrophilicity properties. The investigated results shows that increased of CAP composition in PSf blend membranes has increased pure water flux, permeability coefficient and porosity of the blend membrane which in turn formed membrane with anti-fouling property.

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2006

Waste tire dust (WTD) of mechanically reclaimed scrap tires was blended with polypropylene (PP) i... more Waste tire dust (WTD) of mechanically reclaimed scrap tires was blended with polypropylene (PP) in five different compositions to prepare PP/WTD blends. Three series of blends with three different sizes of WTD (250-500 lm, 500-710 lm, and 710 lm-1 mm) were prepared in a Haake Rheomix Polydrive R 600/610 at a temperature of 180 C and a rotor speed of 50 rpm for 9 min. The results show that at the same blending composition, the PP/WTD blends with fine WTD size require higher equilibrium torque and exhibit higher values of tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break (E b ) than that of blends with coarser WTD size. The swelling index of the PP/WTD blends reveals that the blends with fine WTD size have better swelling resistance in both oil and toluene than all blends with coarser WTD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicates that the PP/WTD blends with the finest WTD size exhibit better PP/WTD adhesion than blends with coarse WTD sizes.

Polymer Testing, 2008

Attention has been focused on the preparation of latex modified waste tyre dust (WTD ML ) and its... more Attention has been focused on the preparation of latex modified waste tyre dust (WTD ML ) and its effect on tensile properties, swelling resistance and morphology as well as thermal properties of polypropylene (PP)-based blends. It is apparent that tensile properties of polypropylene-latex modified waste tyre dust (PP/WTD ML ) blends were better than those of polypropylene-unmodified waste tyre dust (PP/WTD UM ) blends. The presence of WTD ML enhanced the swelling resistance of the PP/WTD ML blends, indicating an improvement in PP-WTD ML interfacial adhesion. An improved dispersion as well as a size reduction of WTD ML was observed in the micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces. The embedded and encapsulated WTD ML elucidates the improved PP-WTD ML interaction. Moreover, the use of WTD ML did not show any diminution of the blend's thermal properties. r

Polymer Testing, 2007

Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR)... more Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) and dynamic vulcanization were prepared, and the effects of TOR and dynamic vulcanization were investigated. By using WTD of 500-710 mm, five different compositions of PP/WTD blend (i.e. 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 wt%) were prepared in an internal mixer at 180 1C and 50 rpm rotor speed. The results indicate that the incorporation of TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the tensile properties of PP/WTD blends. Chemical and oil resistance of the PP/WTD blends with TOR and dynamic vulcanization was enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces proved that TOR and dynamic vulcanization promoted good adhesion between the PP matrix and WTD. Thermograms support the finding that TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the interaction of PP and WTD and, hence, their compatibility.

Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2008

Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes... more Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes were prepared, compression-molded and cut into dumbbells. The specimens were exposed to natural weathering in the northern part of Malaysia for a period of 6 months. The results show that at the same blend composition, blends with fine WTD size exhibit higher mechanical properties than that of blends with coarse WTD after exposure to natural weathering. Regardless of WTD size, the retention of tensile strength and elongation at break, E b increases with the increase in WTD content. From the exposed surface morphology, it is apparent that the blends with fine WTD and WTD-rich blends were able to withstand weathering better than blends with coarse WTD and PPrich blends. The DSC thermograms suggest that the overall drop in melting temperature (T m ) of the exposed blends decreases as the WTD content increases.

Composites Science and Technology, 2010

Sains Malaysiana, 2009

A study of the Water Quality Index (WQI) has been conducted at Paka River basin, Terengganu. It i... more A study of the Water Quality Index (WQI) has been conducted at Paka River basin, Terengganu. It involved the measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and ammonia at eight ...

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved th... more Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved the addition of eco degradant and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The Alpinia galanga agro waste fibers at 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% were compounded in an internal mixer with the addition of 5 wt% MA-g-PE and eco degradant. The composite specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. The results show that the maximum tensile strength of 33 MPa was obtained for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) & 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) treated fiber composites with eco degradant and MA-g-PE at 15 wt% fiber loading compared to that of pristine HDPE (28 MPa). All the treated composites show an improvement in tensile strength. This indicates that the treatments using NaOH&3-APE and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) with addition of eco degradant and PE-g-MA improved adhesion between Alpinia galanga fiber and HDPE matrix. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs show the presence of a improved interaction between treated Alpinia galanga fibers and HDPE matrix with the addition of eco degradant and MA-g-PE. Thermal stability of composites was also improved for composites with treated fibers.

Dalam pembangunan Islam, ekonomi merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting untuk membangunkan sebuah ... more Dalam pembangunan Islam, ekonomi merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting untuk membangunkan sebuah negara. Hal ini kerana, ekonomi merupakan tunjang bagi mendapatkan hasil pendapatan yang akan menampung seluruh rakyat di dalam negara itu. Oleh itu, pemimpin perlu bijak dalam merancang pembangunan ekonomi negara melalui nilai-nilai murni yang telah diterapkan dalam Islam. Sebagai contoh, pemimpin mengamalkan sikap yang positif seperti saling membantu antara satu sama lain walaupun dalam kalangan pekerja. Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: "Dan hendaklah kamu bertolong-tolongan untuk membuat kebajikan dan bertakwa, dan janganlah kamu bertolobg-tolongan pada melakukan dosa (maksiat) dan pencerobohan. Dan bertakwalah kepada Allah, kerana sesungguhnya Allah Maha Berat azab seksaNya (bagi sesiapa yang melanggar perintahnya." (Surah Al-Maidah: 2) Melalui pembangunan ekonomi yang berteraskan Islam, sudah semestinya sistem muamalat memainkan peranan yang sangat penting untuk menjaga hal kewangan sesebuah negara. Perkara ini kerana, sistem muamalat merupakan kaedah atau cara yang sempurna yang telah ditetapkan oleh Allah SWT tanpa sebarang kesilapan. Sebagai contoh, perkara asas muamalat ialah berpaksikan kejujuran dan keadilan misalnya dalam jual beli. Sepertimana firman Allah SWT yang mambawa maksud: "Dan betulkanlah cara menimbang itu dengan adil, serta janganlah kamu mengurangi barang yang ditimbang." (Surah Ar-Rahman: 9) 1 2.0 Konsep Muamalat Dari sudut bahasa, muamalat berasal dari perkataan aamala, yuamilu, muamalah yang bermaksud perlakuan atau tindakan terhadap orang lain atau perhubungan yang berkepentingan. Dari sudut istilah, sebarang bentuk peraturan perhubungan dan persetujuan bersama antara manusia untuk menyelesaikan keperluan harian manusia, terutama dalam hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan perdagangan dan perniagaan. Muhammad Yusuf Musa, muamalat ialah peraturan-peraturan Allah SWT yang harus diikuti dan ditaati dalam hidup bermasyarakat untuk menjaga kepentingan seluruh manusia. Secara mudahnya, muamalat adalah segala aturan Allah SWT yang mengatur hubungan dengan manusia dalam memperoleh dan mengembangkan harta benda atau aturan Islam mengenai kegiatan ekonomi yang dilakukan manusia. Secara umumnya, muamalat juga merupakan tatacara atau peraturan dalam perhubungan manusia dengan manusia untuk memenuhi keperluan masing-masing yang berlandaskan kepada Syariat Allah SWT yang melibatkan bidang ekonomi dan sosial Islam. Muamalat juga merangkumi semua hukum Syariat yang bersangkutan dengan urusan dunia seperti urusan jual-beli, tukar-menukar, pinjam-meminjam dan sebagainya. Segala harta yang ada di alam ini sama ada di muka bumi, didasar lautan semuanya adalah milik Allah SWT secara mutlak. Manusia telah diamanahkan untuk memiliki harta yang disediakan oleh Allah SWT melalui ilmu pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang telah dianugerahkan kepadanya. 2 Firman Allah SWT dalam Surah Al-Mulk ayat 15 bermaksud: "Dialah yang menjadikan bumi bagi kamu mudah digunakan,maka berjalanlah di merata-rata ceruk rantau dan makanlah daripada rezeki yang dikurniakan oleh Allah s.w.t dan ingatlah kepada Allah s.w.t jualah (tempat kembali kamu) di bangkitkan (maka hargailah nikmatnya dan takutilah kemurkaannya) 2.1 Tujuan Muamalat Pelaksanaan muamalat dalam pembangunan ekonomi Islam salah satunya bertujuan untuk mencegah dari berlakunya perbuatan-perbuatan yang salah seperti penindasan, penipuan, rampas-merampas dalam pemilikan harta benda. Kemahuan manusia itu sebenarnya tidak terhad, dengan itu peranan tazkiyyah dalam mengawal nafsu daripada terus menguasai kemahuan manusia. Tujuan kedua ialah tidak lain tidak bukan untuk beroleh keredhaan Allah SWT di dunia dan akhirat. Secara umumnya, Allah SWT telah memberi amanah kepada manusia untuk menjadi khalifah di muka bumi untuk menguruskan segala hal di dunia. Oleh itu, setiap perkara yang dilakukan oleh manusia adalah untuk mendapatkan keredhaan Allah SWT termasuklah dalam urusan muamalat. Tujuan ketiga pula ialah menentukan segala peraturan-peraturan untuk manusia dengan menggunakan jalan yang halal dan tidak salah disisi Allah SWT. Setiap perkara yang manusia lakukan seperti jual beli perlulah mengikut aturan-aturan yang telah Allah SWT tetapkan seperti penentuan hukum berkaitan halal haram. 2.2 Prinsip Asas Dalam Muamalat Islam 1. Semua urusan muamalat adalah harus Pada asalnya segala urusan mualamat seperti jual beli hukumnya adalah harus. Tetapi apabila terdapat nas-nas syarak yang mengharamkannya maka urusan tersebut akan menjadi haram dilakukan oleh manusia. Seperti yang disebut dalam Surah Ali-Imran ayat 29 bermaksud: "Dialah (Allah) yang menjadikan untuk kamu segala 3 yang ada di bumi, kemudian Dia menuju dengan kehendakNya ke arah (bahan-bahan) langit, lalu dijadikannya tujuh langit dengan sempurna dan Dia Maha Mengetahui akan tiap-tiap sesuatu." 2. Hak antara manusia dengan manusia lain Hak pertama yang harus dijaga oleh setiap manusia ialah haram memakan harta orang lain yang bukan pada haknya. Sebagai contoh, perbuatan memakan riba adalah haram dalam ajaran Islam sepertimana disebutkan dalam Surah Ali Imran ayat 130 bermaksud: "Hai orangorang yang beriman, janganlah kamu memakan riba dengan berlipat ganda dan bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah supaya kamu mendapat keuntungan". Hak seterusnya adalah haram dalam merampas hak orang lain seperti perbuatan penipuan dalam perniagaan untuk mendapatkan yang bukan pada haknya yang sebenar. Allah SWT telah berfirman dalam Surah al-Baqarah ayat 188 bermaksud: "Dan janganlah sebahagian kamu memakan harta sebahagian yang lain di antara kamu dengan jalan yang batil dan (janganlah) kamu membawa (urusan) harta itu kepada hakim, supaya kamu dapat memakan sebahagian daripada harta benda orang lain itu dengan (jalan berbuat) dosa, padahal kamu mengetahui". Selain itu, haram juga untuk manusia melakukan perbuatan pecah amanah atau mengkhianati orang lain. Sepertimana yang disebutkan dalam Surah al-Anfal ayat 27 bermaksud: "Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Janganlah kamu mengkhianati (amanah) Allah dan RasulNya dan (janganlah) kamu mengkhianati amanah-amanah kamu, sedang kamu mengetahui (salahnya)." Haram juga kepada peniaga memintas jual beli peniaga yang lain. Sebagai contoh, peniaga bandar cuba memintas peniaga desa untuk berniaga di desa. Peniaga bandar tersebut membeli barangan peniaga desa dengan harga yang rendah dan menjual barangan tersebut di 4

1 2.0 Pengertian Judi secara umum Menurut Kamus Dewan Bahasa Melayu, judi didefinisikan suatu per... more 1 2.0 Pengertian Judi secara umum Menurut Kamus Dewan Bahasa Melayu, judi didefinisikan suatu permainan yang melibatkan pertaruhan harta ataupun penaruhan nilai (wang). 1 Dalam perjudian, pihak yang kalah dalam permainan harus membayar sejumlah nilai kepada pihak yang menang. Dari segi bahasa Arab, judi ditafsirkan sebagai al-Maysir ‫مسر(‬ ) membawa maksud tunduk, mudah, senang dan berbagi-bagi. Kata maysir merupakan kata terbitan yang berasal dari kata dasar yasara ‫ر(‬ ‫ر‬ ‫سس‬ ‫يس‬ ). Ulama` juga berselisih pendapat mengenai kata asal perkataan yasara. Pertamanya, kata asal al-Yusr ‫)اليسر(‬ iaitu mudah, kerana si penjudi mengambil atau mendapat harta secara mudah dan senang tanpa perlu bersusah payah. Pendapat kedua, iaitu asal perkataan al-Yasar ‫)اليسار(‬ beerti kesenangan. Hal ini kerana judi dijadikan sebab untuk mendapat kesenangan dan kemewahan si penjudi apabila dia menang. Al-Maysir juga ditakrifkan oleh para Ulama` silam sebagai qimar ‫.)قمار(‬ Dari segi bahasa membawa maksud pertaruhan dan menang. Dari segi istilah, qimar salah seorang pemain mendapat keuntungan dari mainan yang ditaruhkan harta atau nilai. Menurut Muhammad Ali as-Sayis, al-maysir asalnya dari kata taisir taisir yang beerti yang memudahkan, iaitu suatu cara pembahagian yang didasarkan atas kepekatan sebagaimana yang dilakukan pembahagian dalam judi. 2

Umum diketahui seluruh dunia, Malaysia adalah sebuah Negara Islam. Sistem pentadbiran awam dan pe... more Umum diketahui seluruh dunia, Malaysia adalah sebuah Negara Islam. Sistem pentadbiran awam dan pengurusan di Malaysia dar segi sejarahnya lebih banyak dipengaruhi konsep pentadbiran dan pengurusan yang berasaskan kepada kolonial Inggeris. Oleh itu, sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan di Malaysia merupakan waris birokrasi penjajah, maka sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan kelihatan berbau keinggerisan bukan sahaja dari segi struktur juga cara bekerja dalam sesebuah organisasi. Wawasan 2020 telah diperkenalkan oleh Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad pada 28 Februari 1991, sewaktu persidangan Majlis Perdagangan Malaysia dan beliau telah membentangkan satu kertas kerja yang bertajuk "Malaysia-The Way Forward". Matlamat wawasan 2020 ialah untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara maju dari segi ekonomi, politik, sosial, kerohanian, dan kebudayaan menjelang tahun 2020. Sebagai sebuah negara yang dikenali Negara Islam, dalam mencapai wawasan 2020, antara langkah tersebut ialah menjadikan pentadbiran dan pengurusan berteraskan Islam. Maka Malaysia kini dalam proses mengaplikasikan sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan berasaskan ajaran Islam. Beberapa langkah dapat dilihat dalam menjayakan sistem dibawah ajaran Islam ini antaranya kerajaan kini mula menerapkan nilai-nilai Islam dalam pengurusan Negara. Penerapan sebegini adalah langkah awal dalam menjayakan dan mencapai wawasan 2020 disamping menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang mengamalkan konsep Islam sepenuhnya dalam semua aspek politik, ekonomi dan sosial.

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 2009

Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR)... more Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) and dynamic vulcanization were prepared, and the effects of TOR and dynamic vulcanization were investigated. By using WTD of 500-710 mm, five different compositions of PP/WTD blend (i.e. 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 wt%) were prepared in an internal mixer at 180 1C and 50 rpm rotor speed. The results indicate that the incorporation of TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the tensile properties of PP/WTD blends. Chemical and oil resistance of the PP/WTD blends with TOR and dynamic vulcanization was enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces proved that TOR and dynamic vulcanization promoted good adhesion between the PP matrix and WTD. Thermograms support the finding that TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the interaction of PP and WTD and, hence, their compatibility.

Advanced Materials Research, 2012

Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as a... more Recently there has been a surge of interest in using natural fibers from renewable resources as alternative to replace traditional synthetic fibers. This is due to the increased environmental and sustainability awareness. In this study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with untreated and treated agro-waste natural fibers Alpinia galanga. Alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide was used to improve the interface adhesion between fibers and polyethylene matrix. Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites were prepared using an injection molding machine at various fiber contents of 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% and characterized. Experimental studies have shown that in general fibers function as filler in polyethylene composites and exhibited tensile strength relatively close to the strength of the unfilled composites. The increasing of Alpinia galanga content decreased elongation at break and increased the Young's modulus of Polyethylene-Alpinia galanga composites. It was also observed that treated fiber composites showed higher thermal stability than that of untreated fiber composites.

Advanced Materials Research, 2013

Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyeth... more Utilization of locally abundant agro-waste Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) natural fibers in polyethylene (PE) was investigated. The results indicate that agro-waste fibers generally function as potential natural-organic fillers as well as show an attribute of reinforcement in PE-agro-waste composites at a certain fiber loading. Minimally reduced tensile strength from 28 MPa of unfilled PE, addition of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers also resulted in reinforcement of up to 31 MPa at 6 wt% agro-waste fibers loading. Findings also reveal that alkali treatment was effective to impart surface modification of agro-waste A. galanga natural fibers and hence improved tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal stability of PE-agro-waste composites.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on proper... more Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on properties, structures and performance of membranes. Flat sheet asymmetric PSf/CAP blend membranes were prepared using an automatic casting machine at different shear rates in the range of 42.0 to 201.0 s-1. Results showed that increasing the shear rate from 42.0 to105 s-1 has increased the molecular orientation and thickness which then reduces the water content, porosity and pure water flux of PSf/CAP blend membranes. However, further increasing the shear rate beyond 105 s-1has resulted in an increase in the water content of PSf/CAP blend membranes.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Evaporation time is one of the important membrane fabrication parameter that can be manipulated i... more Evaporation time is one of the important membrane fabrication parameter that can be manipulated in order to produce the desired membrane morphology in ultrafiltration (UF) separation process. The morphology of UF membrane has a significant effect on structural properties and performance of UF membrane. In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polysulfone/cellulose acetate phthalate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) blend membranes were prepared at different evaporation time in the range of 0 to 20 s to investigate its effect on the morphological structures of the blend membranes. The morphological structure of these blend membranes were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that in the absence of evaporation time, the morphology of blend membrane consits of open finger-like structure and microvoids. Introduction of evaporation time period between 5 to 10 s, produced spongy blend membranes with less finger-like structure. Further increment of evaporation time between 15 to 20s, formed incomplete dense structure with small microvoids PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

ABSTRACT Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect ... more ABSTRACT Rheological factor such as shear rate during membrane fabrication process has an effect on structural properties and performance of membranes. Flat sheet asymmetric polysulfone/cellulose acetate phthalate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) blend membranes were prepared by using an automatic casting machine at different shear rates in the range of 42.0 to 210.0 s-1. The blend membranes prepared at different shear rate were characterized in terms of its structural properties (molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and average pore size) and performance (proteins separation). The results showed that increasing the shear rate from 42.0 to105 s-1 has decreased MWCO and average pore size of the blend membranes which then reduced protein solution permeate fluxes and increased proteins rejection of PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes. However, further increasing the shear rate to 210.0 s-1 has resulted in an increase in MWCO and average pore size and consequently increased protein solution permeate flux but decreased proteins rejection.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

ABSTRACT It is well known that membrane with hydrophobic property is a fouling membrane. Polysulf... more ABSTRACT It is well known that membrane with hydrophobic property is a fouling membrane. Polysulfone (PSf) membrane has hydrophobic characteristic was blended with a hydrophilic polymer, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) in order to increase hydrophilicity property of pure PSf membrane. In this study, membrane casting solutions containing 17 wt% of polymer was prepared via wet phase inversion process. The pure PSf membrane was coded as PC-0. PSf/CAP blend membranes with blend composition of 95/5, 90/10, 85/15 and 80/20 wt% of total polymer concentration in the membrane casting solutions were marked as PC-5, PC-10, PC-15 and PC-20 respectively. All of the membranes were characterized in terms of pure water flux and permeability coefficient in order to study their hydrophilicity properties. The investigated results shows that increased of CAP composition in PSf blend membranes has increased pure water flux, permeability coefficient and porosity of the blend membrane which in turn formed membrane with anti-fouling property.

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2006

Waste tire dust (WTD) of mechanically reclaimed scrap tires was blended with polypropylene (PP) i... more Waste tire dust (WTD) of mechanically reclaimed scrap tires was blended with polypropylene (PP) in five different compositions to prepare PP/WTD blends. Three series of blends with three different sizes of WTD (250-500 lm, 500-710 lm, and 710 lm-1 mm) were prepared in a Haake Rheomix Polydrive R 600/610 at a temperature of 180 C and a rotor speed of 50 rpm for 9 min. The results show that at the same blending composition, the PP/WTD blends with fine WTD size require higher equilibrium torque and exhibit higher values of tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break (E b ) than that of blends with coarser WTD size. The swelling index of the PP/WTD blends reveals that the blends with fine WTD size have better swelling resistance in both oil and toluene than all blends with coarser WTD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicates that the PP/WTD blends with the finest WTD size exhibit better PP/WTD adhesion than blends with coarse WTD sizes.

Polymer Testing, 2008

Attention has been focused on the preparation of latex modified waste tyre dust (WTD ML ) and its... more Attention has been focused on the preparation of latex modified waste tyre dust (WTD ML ) and its effect on tensile properties, swelling resistance and morphology as well as thermal properties of polypropylene (PP)-based blends. It is apparent that tensile properties of polypropylene-latex modified waste tyre dust (PP/WTD ML ) blends were better than those of polypropylene-unmodified waste tyre dust (PP/WTD UM ) blends. The presence of WTD ML enhanced the swelling resistance of the PP/WTD ML blends, indicating an improvement in PP-WTD ML interfacial adhesion. An improved dispersion as well as a size reduction of WTD ML was observed in the micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces. The embedded and encapsulated WTD ML elucidates the improved PP-WTD ML interaction. Moreover, the use of WTD ML did not show any diminution of the blend's thermal properties. r

Polymer Testing, 2007

Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR)... more Blends of polypropylene/waste tire dust (PP/WTD) with and without trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) and dynamic vulcanization were prepared, and the effects of TOR and dynamic vulcanization were investigated. By using WTD of 500-710 mm, five different compositions of PP/WTD blend (i.e. 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 wt%) were prepared in an internal mixer at 180 1C and 50 rpm rotor speed. The results indicate that the incorporation of TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the tensile properties of PP/WTD blends. Chemical and oil resistance of the PP/WTD blends with TOR and dynamic vulcanization was enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces proved that TOR and dynamic vulcanization promoted good adhesion between the PP matrix and WTD. Thermograms support the finding that TOR and dynamic vulcanization improved the interaction of PP and WTD and, hence, their compatibility.

Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2008

Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes... more Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes were prepared, compression-molded and cut into dumbbells. The specimens were exposed to natural weathering in the northern part of Malaysia for a period of 6 months. The results show that at the same blend composition, blends with fine WTD size exhibit higher mechanical properties than that of blends with coarse WTD after exposure to natural weathering. Regardless of WTD size, the retention of tensile strength and elongation at break, E b increases with the increase in WTD content. From the exposed surface morphology, it is apparent that the blends with fine WTD and WTD-rich blends were able to withstand weathering better than blends with coarse WTD and PPrich blends. The DSC thermograms suggest that the overall drop in melting temperature (T m ) of the exposed blends decreases as the WTD content increases.

Composites Science and Technology, 2010

Sains Malaysiana, 2009

A study of the Water Quality Index (WQI) has been conducted at Paka River basin, Terengganu. It i... more A study of the Water Quality Index (WQI) has been conducted at Paka River basin, Terengganu. It involved the measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and ammonia at eight ...

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved th... more Preparation of Alpinia galanga agro waste-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites involved the addition of eco degradant and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The Alpinia galanga agro waste fibers at 3, 6, 10 and 15 wt% were compounded in an internal mixer with the addition of 5 wt% MA-g-PE and eco degradant. The composite specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. The results show that the maximum tensile strength of 33 MPa was obtained for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) & 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) treated fiber composites with eco degradant and MA-g-PE at 15 wt% fiber loading compared to that of pristine HDPE (28 MPa). All the treated composites show an improvement in tensile strength. This indicates that the treatments using NaOH&3-APE and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) with addition of eco degradant and PE-g-MA improved adhesion between Alpinia galanga fiber and HDPE matrix. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs show the presence of a improved interaction between treated Alpinia galanga fibers and HDPE matrix with the addition of eco degradant and MA-g-PE. Thermal stability of composites was also improved for composites with treated fibers.

Dalam pembangunan Islam, ekonomi merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting untuk membangunkan sebuah ... more Dalam pembangunan Islam, ekonomi merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting untuk membangunkan sebuah negara. Hal ini kerana, ekonomi merupakan tunjang bagi mendapatkan hasil pendapatan yang akan menampung seluruh rakyat di dalam negara itu. Oleh itu, pemimpin perlu bijak dalam merancang pembangunan ekonomi negara melalui nilai-nilai murni yang telah diterapkan dalam Islam. Sebagai contoh, pemimpin mengamalkan sikap yang positif seperti saling membantu antara satu sama lain walaupun dalam kalangan pekerja. Firman Allah SWT yang bermaksud: "Dan hendaklah kamu bertolong-tolongan untuk membuat kebajikan dan bertakwa, dan janganlah kamu bertolobg-tolongan pada melakukan dosa (maksiat) dan pencerobohan. Dan bertakwalah kepada Allah, kerana sesungguhnya Allah Maha Berat azab seksaNya (bagi sesiapa yang melanggar perintahnya." (Surah Al-Maidah: 2) Melalui pembangunan ekonomi yang berteraskan Islam, sudah semestinya sistem muamalat memainkan peranan yang sangat penting untuk menjaga hal kewangan sesebuah negara. Perkara ini kerana, sistem muamalat merupakan kaedah atau cara yang sempurna yang telah ditetapkan oleh Allah SWT tanpa sebarang kesilapan. Sebagai contoh, perkara asas muamalat ialah berpaksikan kejujuran dan keadilan misalnya dalam jual beli. Sepertimana firman Allah SWT yang mambawa maksud: "Dan betulkanlah cara menimbang itu dengan adil, serta janganlah kamu mengurangi barang yang ditimbang." (Surah Ar-Rahman: 9) 1 2.0 Konsep Muamalat Dari sudut bahasa, muamalat berasal dari perkataan aamala, yuamilu, muamalah yang bermaksud perlakuan atau tindakan terhadap orang lain atau perhubungan yang berkepentingan. Dari sudut istilah, sebarang bentuk peraturan perhubungan dan persetujuan bersama antara manusia untuk menyelesaikan keperluan harian manusia, terutama dalam hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan perdagangan dan perniagaan. Muhammad Yusuf Musa, muamalat ialah peraturan-peraturan Allah SWT yang harus diikuti dan ditaati dalam hidup bermasyarakat untuk menjaga kepentingan seluruh manusia. Secara mudahnya, muamalat adalah segala aturan Allah SWT yang mengatur hubungan dengan manusia dalam memperoleh dan mengembangkan harta benda atau aturan Islam mengenai kegiatan ekonomi yang dilakukan manusia. Secara umumnya, muamalat juga merupakan tatacara atau peraturan dalam perhubungan manusia dengan manusia untuk memenuhi keperluan masing-masing yang berlandaskan kepada Syariat Allah SWT yang melibatkan bidang ekonomi dan sosial Islam. Muamalat juga merangkumi semua hukum Syariat yang bersangkutan dengan urusan dunia seperti urusan jual-beli, tukar-menukar, pinjam-meminjam dan sebagainya. Segala harta yang ada di alam ini sama ada di muka bumi, didasar lautan semuanya adalah milik Allah SWT secara mutlak. Manusia telah diamanahkan untuk memiliki harta yang disediakan oleh Allah SWT melalui ilmu pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang telah dianugerahkan kepadanya. 2 Firman Allah SWT dalam Surah Al-Mulk ayat 15 bermaksud: "Dialah yang menjadikan bumi bagi kamu mudah digunakan,maka berjalanlah di merata-rata ceruk rantau dan makanlah daripada rezeki yang dikurniakan oleh Allah s.w.t dan ingatlah kepada Allah s.w.t jualah (tempat kembali kamu) di bangkitkan (maka hargailah nikmatnya dan takutilah kemurkaannya) 2.1 Tujuan Muamalat Pelaksanaan muamalat dalam pembangunan ekonomi Islam salah satunya bertujuan untuk mencegah dari berlakunya perbuatan-perbuatan yang salah seperti penindasan, penipuan, rampas-merampas dalam pemilikan harta benda. Kemahuan manusia itu sebenarnya tidak terhad, dengan itu peranan tazkiyyah dalam mengawal nafsu daripada terus menguasai kemahuan manusia. Tujuan kedua ialah tidak lain tidak bukan untuk beroleh keredhaan Allah SWT di dunia dan akhirat. Secara umumnya, Allah SWT telah memberi amanah kepada manusia untuk menjadi khalifah di muka bumi untuk menguruskan segala hal di dunia. Oleh itu, setiap perkara yang dilakukan oleh manusia adalah untuk mendapatkan keredhaan Allah SWT termasuklah dalam urusan muamalat. Tujuan ketiga pula ialah menentukan segala peraturan-peraturan untuk manusia dengan menggunakan jalan yang halal dan tidak salah disisi Allah SWT. Setiap perkara yang manusia lakukan seperti jual beli perlulah mengikut aturan-aturan yang telah Allah SWT tetapkan seperti penentuan hukum berkaitan halal haram. 2.2 Prinsip Asas Dalam Muamalat Islam 1. Semua urusan muamalat adalah harus Pada asalnya segala urusan mualamat seperti jual beli hukumnya adalah harus. Tetapi apabila terdapat nas-nas syarak yang mengharamkannya maka urusan tersebut akan menjadi haram dilakukan oleh manusia. Seperti yang disebut dalam Surah Ali-Imran ayat 29 bermaksud: "Dialah (Allah) yang menjadikan untuk kamu segala 3 yang ada di bumi, kemudian Dia menuju dengan kehendakNya ke arah (bahan-bahan) langit, lalu dijadikannya tujuh langit dengan sempurna dan Dia Maha Mengetahui akan tiap-tiap sesuatu." 2. Hak antara manusia dengan manusia lain Hak pertama yang harus dijaga oleh setiap manusia ialah haram memakan harta orang lain yang bukan pada haknya. Sebagai contoh, perbuatan memakan riba adalah haram dalam ajaran Islam sepertimana disebutkan dalam Surah Ali Imran ayat 130 bermaksud: "Hai orangorang yang beriman, janganlah kamu memakan riba dengan berlipat ganda dan bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah supaya kamu mendapat keuntungan". Hak seterusnya adalah haram dalam merampas hak orang lain seperti perbuatan penipuan dalam perniagaan untuk mendapatkan yang bukan pada haknya yang sebenar. Allah SWT telah berfirman dalam Surah al-Baqarah ayat 188 bermaksud: "Dan janganlah sebahagian kamu memakan harta sebahagian yang lain di antara kamu dengan jalan yang batil dan (janganlah) kamu membawa (urusan) harta itu kepada hakim, supaya kamu dapat memakan sebahagian daripada harta benda orang lain itu dengan (jalan berbuat) dosa, padahal kamu mengetahui". Selain itu, haram juga untuk manusia melakukan perbuatan pecah amanah atau mengkhianati orang lain. Sepertimana yang disebutkan dalam Surah al-Anfal ayat 27 bermaksud: "Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Janganlah kamu mengkhianati (amanah) Allah dan RasulNya dan (janganlah) kamu mengkhianati amanah-amanah kamu, sedang kamu mengetahui (salahnya)." Haram juga kepada peniaga memintas jual beli peniaga yang lain. Sebagai contoh, peniaga bandar cuba memintas peniaga desa untuk berniaga di desa. Peniaga bandar tersebut membeli barangan peniaga desa dengan harga yang rendah dan menjual barangan tersebut di 4

1 2.0 Pengertian Judi secara umum Menurut Kamus Dewan Bahasa Melayu, judi didefinisikan suatu per... more 1 2.0 Pengertian Judi secara umum Menurut Kamus Dewan Bahasa Melayu, judi didefinisikan suatu permainan yang melibatkan pertaruhan harta ataupun penaruhan nilai (wang). 1 Dalam perjudian, pihak yang kalah dalam permainan harus membayar sejumlah nilai kepada pihak yang menang. Dari segi bahasa Arab, judi ditafsirkan sebagai al-Maysir ‫مسر(‬ ) membawa maksud tunduk, mudah, senang dan berbagi-bagi. Kata maysir merupakan kata terbitan yang berasal dari kata dasar yasara ‫ر(‬ ‫ر‬ ‫سس‬ ‫يس‬ ). Ulama` juga berselisih pendapat mengenai kata asal perkataan yasara. Pertamanya, kata asal al-Yusr ‫)اليسر(‬ iaitu mudah, kerana si penjudi mengambil atau mendapat harta secara mudah dan senang tanpa perlu bersusah payah. Pendapat kedua, iaitu asal perkataan al-Yasar ‫)اليسار(‬ beerti kesenangan. Hal ini kerana judi dijadikan sebab untuk mendapat kesenangan dan kemewahan si penjudi apabila dia menang. Al-Maysir juga ditakrifkan oleh para Ulama` silam sebagai qimar ‫.)قمار(‬ Dari segi bahasa membawa maksud pertaruhan dan menang. Dari segi istilah, qimar salah seorang pemain mendapat keuntungan dari mainan yang ditaruhkan harta atau nilai. Menurut Muhammad Ali as-Sayis, al-maysir asalnya dari kata taisir taisir yang beerti yang memudahkan, iaitu suatu cara pembahagian yang didasarkan atas kepekatan sebagaimana yang dilakukan pembahagian dalam judi. 2

Umum diketahui seluruh dunia, Malaysia adalah sebuah Negara Islam. Sistem pentadbiran awam dan pe... more Umum diketahui seluruh dunia, Malaysia adalah sebuah Negara Islam. Sistem pentadbiran awam dan pengurusan di Malaysia dar segi sejarahnya lebih banyak dipengaruhi konsep pentadbiran dan pengurusan yang berasaskan kepada kolonial Inggeris. Oleh itu, sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan di Malaysia merupakan waris birokrasi penjajah, maka sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan kelihatan berbau keinggerisan bukan sahaja dari segi struktur juga cara bekerja dalam sesebuah organisasi. Wawasan 2020 telah diperkenalkan oleh Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad pada 28 Februari 1991, sewaktu persidangan Majlis Perdagangan Malaysia dan beliau telah membentangkan satu kertas kerja yang bertajuk "Malaysia-The Way Forward". Matlamat wawasan 2020 ialah untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara maju dari segi ekonomi, politik, sosial, kerohanian, dan kebudayaan menjelang tahun 2020. Sebagai sebuah negara yang dikenali Negara Islam, dalam mencapai wawasan 2020, antara langkah tersebut ialah menjadikan pentadbiran dan pengurusan berteraskan Islam. Maka Malaysia kini dalam proses mengaplikasikan sistem pentadbiran dan pengurusan berasaskan ajaran Islam. Beberapa langkah dapat dilihat dalam menjayakan sistem dibawah ajaran Islam ini antaranya kerajaan kini mula menerapkan nilai-nilai Islam dalam pengurusan Negara. Penerapan sebegini adalah langkah awal dalam menjayakan dan mencapai wawasan 2020 disamping menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang mengamalkan konsep Islam sepenuhnya dalam semua aspek politik, ekonomi dan sosial.