Ozan Hetto | Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi (original) (raw)

Papers by Ozan Hetto

26. ORTA ÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI KİTABI, 2024

Abstract Rescue excavations carried out between 2018 and 2021 in Kendale Hecala, which is loca... more Abstract
Rescue excavations carried out between 2018 and 2021 in Kendale
Hecala, which is located in the area that will be affected by the irrigation dam
built on Ambar Stream within the provincial borders of Diyarbakır, were
terminated due to the start of the dam water filling up. The Pottery Neolithic
(Period III) and Early Chalcolithic (Period II) and Medieval (Period I) layers
were unearthed in the mound. Among the simple architectural remains
unearthed in the medieval layers, which were heavily damaged by modern
machine agriculture, the pottery tombs in which children were buried are
noteworthy. In the small finds that give information about the demographic
structure of the people living in this settlement during the Middle Ages,
especially religious liturgical crosses, skates, etc. items reveal the belief
culture of the settlement in the early and middle Byzantine period. In
addition, although the medieval architecture that can be identified has not
survived, medical instruments, various objects used in military and weaving
activities were found, which revealed the existence of a certain organization
in the settlement. Apart from all these, Late Antique and Medieval ceramic
samples produced for daily use also provide important data for understanding
the daily life in the settlement in terms of many features. Rural finds, which
differ from known typical examples, are a lesser-known type of material in
this context. Due to the fact that the medieval layers are often the subject of
publications in excavations carried out in ancient cities, palaces or around a
building, limited information is obtained about the rural materials, since the
medieval finds in the mounds containing the Prehistoric and Protohistoric
periods do not take up much space in the publications. The Kendale Hecala
finds are capable of providing an understanding of the medieval rural life
in the Upper Tigris basin. In this study, it is aimed to present important
data about rural life by revealing the properties and usage purposes of the
materials used in the rural area in the Middle Ages

Sinop - Balatlar Kazısı ve Buluntular I

Balatlar during the different years of the Church excavations, finds made of mother of pearl were... more Balatlar during the different years of the Church excavations, finds made of mother of pearl were found in different parts of the excavation site. The earliest of these is a crucifix pendulum dated to the 13th century and was found as a grave find. Other mother of pearl finds have also been found in graves dated to the 19th century and in various parts of the excavation site. The majority of these are buttons. Notable examples are two pendulum crosses and mother of pearl plates belonging to a large ceremonial cross with a medallion pendulum depicting the Mother of God, Mary. There are figures, patterns and inscriptions on the Quadrangular plates, most of which belong to the ceremonial or consecrated cross, on which the scene of the crucifixion of Jesus is engraved. Apart from these, in the tomb of the bishop, buried in ceremonial clothes, there are mother of pearl medallions placed in a silver frame and decorated with a dove on the side of the clasp joined together with a hook on the belt of mother of pearl, which was unearthed in solid condition at the waist of the individual. The use of mother of pearl material, which symbolizes purity and purity in Christianity, therefore represents Mary and Jesus, and which has different meanings in many cultures, increased especially in Anatolia during the Ottoman Empire. In this study, excavation finds made of mother of pearl material, some of which were brought from different places at the northern end of Anatolia, were introduced.

Sinop - Balatlar Kazısı ve Buluntular I, 2023

The subject of this study is the bone artifacts unearthed during the 2010-2015 excavation seasons... more The subject of this study is the bone artifacts unearthed during the 2010-2015 excavation seasons at the Balatlar Church Excavation. These objects, which include Late Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman period finds, are categorized into three classes according to their intended use: ornamental pieces, daily use items and play materials. The quality and usage areas of the finds are important in terms of showing the intensity of the use of bone raw material according to the periods. As it is known, bone, which is an easily available and renewable resource in nature, is a raw material that has been used in the production of various objects in human life since very early times. Therefore, we witness the use of bone material in human life from the most primitive ages to the present day. When we look at the materials produced from bone material since the early ages, it is seen that there has been a simultaneous development with the industrial skills and artistic understanding of the period. At this point, the bone finds from the Balatlar Church excavation provide important data on the use of bone during the Roman, Byzantine and Late Ottoman periods. In this study, unknown examples of materials belonging to a well-known material group are introduced.

Sinop-Balatlar Kazısı ve Buluntuları I, 2023

Journal of Mosaic Research , 2023

Bu çalışmanın konusunu Sinop Balatlar Kilisesi Kazısında açığa çıkarılan adak mozaiklerinde görül... more Bu çalışmanın konusunu Sinop Balatlar Kilisesi Kazısında açığa çıkarılan adak mozaiklerinde görülen kuş
figürleri ve ikonografileri oluşturmaktadır. 2016-2021 yılları arasında yürütülen kazı çalışmaları sonucunda
açığa çıkarılan 10 farklı panodan oluşan Balatlar mozaikleri Yunanca yazıtlarından da anlaşıldığı üzere
belli kişilerin adakları için yapılmıştır. Bulunduğu mekan ve yapılış gayesi bu mozaiklerin ikonografilerinin
şekillenmesinde en önemli kilit noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Paganizm etkilerinden sıyrılarak Hristiyan bir kimlik
kazanmayı hedefleyen erken Bizans mozaik sanatının tümünde olduğu gibi Balatlar Kilisesi mozaiklerinde de
sadeleşme ve geometrik formlar içerisinde sınırlandırılmış alanlarda figürlerin tasvir edildiği görülmektedir.
Kuş figürü dışında herhangi bir figüratif süsleme ile karşılaşılmayan Balatlar mozaik örneklerinde 10 farklı
cinsten 42 kuş figürünün tasvir edildiği görülür. Kartal, güvercin, keklik, horoz/tavuk, kumru, papağan, leylek,
ördek ve çeşitli ötücü kuşların yer aldığı mozaiklerde bu figürlerin tek başlarına ya da birlikte tasvir edildikleri
kompozisyona göre çeşitli ikonografik anlamlara geldikleri görülmektedir.
Bilindiği üzere dünya sanat tarihi içerisinde pek çok farklı anlam ile özdeşleştirilen kuş figürleri her dönemde
olduğu gibi Hristiyan sanatında da farklı kimi özellikleri doğrultusunda çeşitli anlamlar kazanmış sembolik
figürlerdir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı Balatlar Kilisesi Mozaiklerinde karşımıza çıkan kuş figürlerinin
cinslerini tayin ederek ikonografilerini tarihsel gelişimle birleştirerek Tevrat ve İncil temelli ikonografik
yorumlarını tespit etmektir.

Halime HüryIlmaz’a Armağan Ege’nin Ruhunu Yaşamak, 2023

The subject of this study is the Pelagia mosaic unearthed in the Balatlar Church excavation in 20... more The subject of this study is the Pelagia mosaic unearthed in the Balatlar Church excavation in 2016 and 2017. Pelagia mosaic, which is one of ten different mosaic panels in the Frigidarium space of Balatlar, which was converted from a bath to a church at the beginning of the 5th century during the transition from paganism to Christianity, differs from other examples in that it was made for the dedication of an aristocratic woman. In this study, the place and patronage of women in the Byzantine world, especially in the Balatlar mosaic, were evaluated and their contributions to the samples produced and the specific features of the Pelagia mosaic were introduced. In this context, the contribution of the artist and the patron of the Balatlar sample from the early Byzantine period was evaluated and its place in Byzantine art was tried to be determined.

Ülker Ardıçoğlu'na Armağan Muzeciliğe ve Kültüre Adanmış Bir Ömür Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi ve Tarih Yazıları, 2023

25.ULUSLARARASI ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI, 2022

Since the primitive times of humans, fire and flame have been the solution to the lighting prob... more Since the primitive times of humans, fire and flame have been the
solution to the lighting problem as well as many different basic needs.
Oil lamps, which emerged as a practical solution for controlling fire, have
been produced from different materials in different forms and shapes
over time. The first oil lamps were obtained by carving the stones and
collecting animal shells from the environment. Afterwards, it is seen
that the production of materials with a certain form started after the fire
was made portable. Many oil lamps produced in different societies and
cultures both serve the needs of the society and reflect some of their
cultural characteristics during this production process. The form and
ornamental details of the lamps allow a unique iconographic idea to
emerge in each period.
The Islamic period terracotta oil lamps in the Ayse Mina Esen Collection
of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, which we will examine within
the scope of this paper, are also included in cultural development as
a product of this taste and understanding. The collection contains
examples of oil lamps from many different periods and cultures, starting
from the Hellenistic period until the end of the Ottoman period. In this
context, 12 terracotta Islamic period oil lamps in the collection will be
evaluated in terms of material, decoration and form. Comparisons and
dating will be made in the work group, which includes examples of oil
lamp groups with closed and open chambers.
The purpose of our paper is to introduce the unpublished oil lamp
samples from the Seljuk, Principalities and Ottoman periods, which
are called the Islamic period, in the Ayse Mina Esen Collection to the
scientific world.

Seleucia XII, 2022

It is possible to see the effects of the geography that it dominates in the music culture, as in ... more It is possible to see the effects of the geography that it dominates in the music culture, as in all areas of the Byzantine empire, which hosted a synthesis culture between the east and the west. Few information and documents, mostly religious music, have reached the present day about Byzantine music, which can be divided into various groups as religious, military and entertainment music. It is seen that the transmission of this religious music is ensured, especially due to the liturgies that have been stereotyped since the 8th century and the liturgical system that has been going on in Orthodox churches in different geographies until today. In this context, the music performed in the Byzantine church has been evaluated, based on the information and documents as well as the data that have survived to the present day. It would be right to add auditory arts, apart from visual arts, to the different faith effects that have been tried to be removed from religion and the art that has been tried to be simplified since the early Christian period. In Byzantine art, in which all kinds of visual data that will distract believers during worship are simplified, a church music that creates an otherworldly effect is seen in the foreground of the melody and the words. In this study, this music culture, which is the subject of research with different aspects, has been evaluated within the framework of Art History and Musicology disciplines.

SİNOP KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLER KİTABI CİLT-I, 2022

Since 2010 with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Balatlar Church excavations, conduc... more Since 2010 with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Balatlar Church excavations, conducted under the direction of Professor Gülgün Köroğlu, completed its twelfth year as of 2021. The historical building, known as the Balatlar Church among the public and in the international literature, is important in terms of being the only structure in the city of Sinop whose phases and function can be clearly determined. According to the data that can be found in the Balatlar Church, it is understood that it was built as an Roman baths in the 2nd century AD. The building, which was converted into a church after the liberation of Christianity in the Roman lands in the 4th century AD, was used as a monastery church and cemetery from this date until 1924. The fact that the building was converted into a church and the data unearthed during the excavations reveal the opinion that it was a pilgrimage center associated with important religious identities. Particularly, the reliquary fragment and the votive mosaics dating to the early Byzantine Period in the building revealed that the Balatlar Church was an important structure both for the city and in terms of beliefs. In our study, the past and present of the excavations carried out in the Balatlar Church, which is the only structure in Sinop whose phases have been clearly determined, will be evaluated and new findings will be introduced, its location in the city and its contribution to urban tourism will be emphasized.

Art-Sanat Dergisi, 2022

Balatlar Church, whose identity and usage phases can be determined with the excavations that star... more Balatlar Church, whose identity and usage phases can be determined with the excavations that started in 2010, is the
only structure in Sinop city history whose purpose of the use is known. The mosaic finds unearthed in the frigidarium
space of the building, which is known in the literature as the Balatlar Church and whose first establishment is understoodto be the Roman Imperial Bath, is a unique material that differs in style and iconography from the mosaics
unearthed in Sinop and its surroundings. Mosaics made in the opus tesselatum technique, which can be dated
to the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5th century, as a result of the data and stylistic analyzes
obtained in the studies, have an important position in Byzantine art and Christian iconography with their unique
composition schemes. One of the most striking examples of these mosaic finds unearthed during the Balatlar
Church Excavation is the mosaic panels numbered 3 and 6, which contain scenes on the “refrigerium”. As it is
known, refrigerium, which means relief, is a scene that has been frequently depicted in Byzantine art for many
years as a preview of paradise. Especially in the Early Byzantine period, different types of refrigerium scenes,
which were spread over a wide geography, were depicted on works of art made of different materials. In the
study, the examples of the Balatlar Church will be evaluated and the place and importance of the refrigerium,
which is one of the most frequently encountered themed scenes in Byzantine art, will be determined.

In this study, the iconography of the early Byzantine period mosaics unearthed during the Excava... more In this study, the iconography of the early Byzantine period mosaics unearthed
during the Excavation of Sinop Balatlar Church was discussed. Apart from the Bible
and Torah scenes known in Christian iconography and Byzantine art, the unique
iconography and stylistic features of Balatlar Church mosaics were influential in
determining the limitations of the thesis.
The preferred composition order and subjects in the flooring mosaics of Balatlar
Church, made in the technique of Opus Tesselatum, present the life of faith and thought
in the early Byzantine period. In this context, it is possible to see the simplification
movement traces in art, which emerged as a product of the activities carried out to get
rid of pagan influences in religion and art from the early Christian period, and also in
mosaic art. In the mosaics of the Balatlar Church, this simplification and early
Byzantine art style, which can be called almost primitive, are found. The mosaic
findings that existed on the floor of the place, which was used as burial function
between the 4th and 6th centuries and had iconographically parallelism with the burial
function at the excavation site, show an iconography shaped by death, the afterlife, and
religious symbolisms.
With this study, the depictions seen in the mosaics of Balatlar Church were
grounded on Torah and Bible texts and their iconography was revealed. In addition to
iconography studies, mosaics were compared with similar examples in the region and
periods in terms of material, style, motive repertoire, and some issues related to
changes, constructor, and production were tried to be enlightened.

24. ULUSLARARASI ORTAÇAĞ ve TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI ve SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI KİTABI, 2021

Bu bildirinin konusunu İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri’ne bağlı özel bir koleksiyon olan Ayşe Mina Es... more Bu bildirinin konusunu İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri’ne bağlı özel bir koleksiyon olan Ayşe Mina Esen Koleksiyonu’nda bulunan Geç Roma ve Erken Bizans Dönemine ait kandiller oluşturmaktadır. Koleksiyonda Arkaik dönemden, Osmanlı imparatorluğunun sonuna kadar geçen uzun sürece tarihlendirilen çok sayıda kandil olmasına rağmen Geç Roma, Erken Bizans dönemlerinde kullanılmış olan pişmiş toprak, bakır alaşımı ve cam kandiller değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında koleksiyonda yer alan 14 adet bakır alaşımı kandil, 5 adet pişmiş toprak kandil ve 1 adet cam kandil incelenmiştir. Bakır alaşımı kandillerde üretim tekniği (kalıba döküm), biçim özellikleri ve süsleme elemanları (haç, yaprak, deniz kabuğu gibi figür ve desenler) üzerinde durulmuştur. Pişmiş toprak kandillerin hamur özellikleri, üretim teknolojisi (kalıp ya da çark yapımı ), biçim ve süsleme özellikleri (figür ve desen) incelenmiştir. Aydınlatma araç gereçlerinin tipleri, günlük ve dinsel yaşamdaki kullanım alanları, Hristiyan inançla birlikte ışığın İsa’nın simgesi haline dönüşüp kutsallaşması, mezarlarda bulunmasının pratik ve mistik anlamları, büyü amaçlı kullanılması gibi kandile yüklenmiş anlamlara da değinilmiştir. Geç Antik dönem bakır alaşımı ve pişmiş toprak kandillerinin bezemesinde kullanılan haç ve benzeri Hristiyan inancıyla ilişkili anlamlar içeren desenler kandillerin Bizans İmparatorluğuna ait olduğunu gösterir. Yapılan çalışma ile koleksiyon içerisinde bulunan kandil örneklerinin bilim dünyasına kazandırılması ve ikonografik özelliklerinin tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır.
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The subject of this statement is the oil lamps of the late Roman and early Byzantine periods found in the Ayşe Mina Esen collection, which is affiliated with the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Although there are many lamps in the collection dated from the Archaic period to the long period leading to the end of the Ottoman Empire, terracotta, bronze and glass lamps used in the late Roman and early Byzantine periods were tried to be evaluated. 14 copper alloy oil lamps, 5 terracotta oil lamps, and 1 conical glass oil lamp in the collection were examined within the scope of this study. In copper alloy oil lamps, production technique (casting into mold), form characteristics and ornamental elements (figures and patterns such as crosses, leaves, seashells) were focused on. The dough properties, production technology (mold or wheel making), form and ornamental features (figure and pattern) of terracotta oil lamps were examined. The types of illumination tools, their usage in daily and religious life, the turning of light into Christ’s symbol and sanctifying with the Christian belief, the practical and mystical meanings of its presence in the tombs, and the meanings attributed to the candle a as its use for magic are mentioned. The cross and similar patterns used in the decoration of the Late Antique copper alloy and terracotta lamps indicate that the lamps belong to the Byzantine Empire. With this study, it is aimed to bring the oil lamps in the collection to the scientific world and to introduce their iconographic features.

3.Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam Metin E-Kitabı USBİK 2020, 2020

Although it is not known when and for what purpose the jewelry, which is almost as old as history... more Although it is not known when and for what purpose the jewelry, which is almost as old as history of humanity
was first appeared, it is likely to have been used for magical or religious purposes. With the following years,
the use of jewelry for the purposes of such as adornment, protection, religious belief, power, rulership and
status had increased. The use of various jewelry in different parts of the human body is likely to have different
purposes and meanings. For example, belts are used both to support clothes and to look beautiful. The crowns,
on the other hand, are symbolic jewelry, often adorned with precious metals and stones, worn on the upper
part of the head as an indicator of nobility, rulership, power or sovereignty. It was compulsory for people
with certain powers in every culture to wear a crown. It is seen that the head ornaments, which are known to
date back to the third millennium BC in Anatolia as a result of the archaeological researches, have not
survived only as findings. Crowns, which have symbolic meanings and have found its place in many branches
of the art of depiction, have become a special type of jewelry that have been used until today with the changes
in various periods. The head ornaments, which are called diadem in the form of a series of leaves or a metal
stripe and seen as a continuation of the ancient tradition in the Roman Empire, were used for a while in the
early Byzantine period. After the 5th century crowns began to change in the Byzantine Empire, which
maintained its artistic understanding by placing some interactions from the cultures of the lands that it
possessed on its ancient tradition. Today, there are not many crowns belonging to the Byzantine period. Two
of the Byzantine crowns belonging to the middle Byzantine period are in Budapest and one in Venice. The
crown examples belonging to Byzantine emperors, empresses and other nobles are mostly recognized from
their images on murals, manuscripts and other small arts.

Conference Presentations by Ozan Hetto

Sinan Sertel Bizans Materyal Kültürü Webinar Etkinliği , 2020