Kɔnbir (original) (raw)

Kɔnbir anɛ niŋgbiŋ lʋa kanɛ kpiem ka pʋ dammida, di pɛ'ɛs niŋgbiŋ kɔnba zi'esim nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ mɔr nyan'aŋ kɔnbir.[1] Kɔnba sʋŋid niŋbgiŋ la lʋos pamm, ka mɛ lɛn sʋŋid nɛ ziim banɛ dɔlisid Kɔnba ni, suŋid nɛ dinɛ tisid niŋgbiŋ la paŋ, di sʋŋid ka bʋnvʋr wʋsa zi'esim an sʋ'ʋŋa ka mɔr sʋŋiri tisid niŋgbiŋ la ka ba nyaŋidi ken ka wʋmid vuud. Kɔnba mɛ mɔr buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ba ziesim zɛnmisim ka mɛ mɔr yiŋ nɛ pʋʋgin kɔnba ziesim.[2]

Nyina sian'asim anɛ zin'ikanɛ kpi'em, ka nyina tɔ'ɔŋir ka nyina nyaŋi sian' nɛ taaba ka mɔr paŋ. Nyinsian'asima mɔri nyina kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bnvʋlnam. Ban anɛ osteoblasts nɛ osteoclasts (nyina naamʋg nɛ li laafi).[3]

Ninsaal niŋgbiŋ mɔrnɛ kɔnba buudi anu. Ba anɛ banɛ: waꞌam, gim, labis, pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim, nɛ kɔnba banɛ bɛ ziinla pʋʋgʋn.[4]

Kɔnbwaꞌa/waꞌama anɛ banɛ waꞌam ka mɔr dutta, nɛ kɔnba banɛ mɔr yada ka waꞌami gaadi di labisim an si'em, ba sieba zut anɛ gbiliga ka sieba zut naarin kaꞌ gbiligaa. Ba anɛ kɔnb-banɛ kpiꞌem ka saŋa pamm ni, ba mɔr biim fiin ba pʋʋgʋn, bɛɛ ba pʋ mɔr biim ba pʋʋgʋnɛ, ka bɛ zugin nɛ niŋgbiŋ la luosieba ni.[5]

Kɔnba bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ nɔba nɛ nuꞌusin, nwɛnɛ banɛ bɛ nuꞌubibisin nɛ nɔb-bibisin la, anɛ kɔnbwaꞌa/ waꞌama. Banɛ pʋ paasɛ anɛ kɔnba anii banɛ bɛ nuꞌugʋn la, kɔnba ayɔpɔi banɛ bɛ nɔba ni la, nɛ kɔnbkanɛ bɛ dum la ni la (Dum laa). Kɔnbwaꞌa/waꞌama la, nwɛnnɛ kɔnb-banɛ bɛ sʋsunya ni la, mɔr ziꞌesim kɔnɔb-kɔnꞌɔb bɛɛ ba naarin la anɛ kɔnbwaꞌabanɛ gɔnlis.

Kɔnbgima anɛ kɔnb-banɛ an maꞌad-maꞌadi, ka an baanliga, ka laꞌasi bɛ luokanɛ an bʋgʋsʋg pʋʋgʋn. Kɔnbgima tisid ziꞌesim ka mɛ sʋŋid nɛ ken baanlʋg.[6]

Kɔnb-banɛ bɛ nuꞌutitalin nɛ nɔpaŋin la anɛ kɔnb-banɛ an gima.

Kɔnblamma anɛ baanlig ka ba bɛdigʋ an banɛ an kɔngɔlima, ba mɔrnɛ kɔnba ayi banɛ yaꞌad taaba bɛ zinꞌikanɛ bʋg_ʋ_s.

Kɔnba banɛ bɛ zunwaŋin la bɛdigʋ anɛ kɔnblamma, nwɛnnɛ banɛ bɛ nyɔꞌɔgin la.[7]

Kɔnb-banɛ tɔꞌɔŋ nɛ giinla anɛ banɛ bɛ giinla ni. Ban zanl giinla la yi sunꞌula la ni la, di sʋŋid ka giinla la paasid. Ba tituunli anɛ dumlaa la nɛ kɔnbbil kanɛ bɛ nuꞌusunꞌulin la.[8]

Kɔnb-banɛ pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim pʋ paas banɛ digi agɔl la. Ba anɛ kɔnb-baanlis banɛ laꞌasi bɛ zinꞌibanɛ bʋgʋs. Nwɛnnɛ ba yʋꞌʋr la an siꞌem la, ba pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim ka ba bɛllim aan di kɔnꞌ. dinɛ taꞌas ka ba pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim la anɛ ban tɔꞌɔŋ zinꞌis kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb la zug bɛɛ di anɛ ban mɔr kɔnbsieba ka di tɔꞌɔŋi ba la zug.

Kɔn-banɛ bɛ nyaꞌaŋ kɔnbdaagin la, sien, nɛ zunwaŋ la kɔnsieba anɛ kɔnb-banɛ pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim.[9]

Kɔnba mɔr tʋʋma kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb banɛ ka ba tʋmmi bɛ niŋgbiiŋ la ni. Kɔnba la an siꞌem wʋsa laꞌasi tis niŋgbiŋ la di ziꞌesim. Ba tis niŋgbiŋ la di ziꞌesim ka sʋŋid niŋgbiŋ la ka di ziꞌe din nar siꞌem. Di sʋŋid giinla, sunꞌula, nɛ luos banɛ kpɛla ka di ziid laꞌasieba ken niŋgbiŋ la luos wʋsa ka di nyaŋidi tʋmmi di tʋʋma din nar siꞌem.

Kɔnba guꞌud luos banɛ bɛ pʋʋgʋn la, nwɛnnɛ zunwaŋ la guꞌud zupʋd la, bɛɛ sapiri la gʋꞌʋd susunf la nɛ sɔnfulinfuud la. Kɔnba la an siꞌem la zug, di mɔr paŋ kanɛ na an nwɛnɛ 170 MPa (1,700 kgf/cm2),[10] banɛ paŋi pʋ zuꞌoe wala nwɛnɛ 104–121 MPa, nɛ dinɛ pʋ mɔr paŋ baa biꞌelaa (51.6 MPa).[11][12] Nɛꞌ paꞌal ye kɔnba nyaŋidi ziꞌenid tuusʋg sʋꞌʋŋa, ziꞌenid tɛɛgir biꞌela.

Kɔnba mɛ lɛn mɔr tʋʋma ninsaal wʋmʋg pʋʋgʋn. Kɔnb-baansieba atanꞌ bɛ tʋba la ni sʋŋid ka ninsaal wʋm o tiraan yaꞌa pianꞌ bɛɛ siꞌel yaꞌa dam.

Kɔnba la pʋʋgʋn mɔr biim. Biim la mɔr ziim dinɛ sʋŋ ka bʋnvʋr la an nyain.[13] Ziim bʋnvʋya kanɛ yi kɔnba biim la ni anɛ WBC, RBC nɛ piletilɛt nam.[14][15][16] Kɔnba bʋnvʋya la ɛɛnti maligim nɔbigi paasi bɛnɛ kɔnba biim la ni.[17] Daar wʋsa zi bʋnvʋya bɛnɛ an zɛnꞌɛs la nwɛnɛ banɛ gaad biliyɔŋ ayiꞌ nɛ pʋsʋg (2.5 billion) nɛ 50–100 billion granulocytes.[18]

Di kaꞌ di maanɛ bʋnvʋya maꞌanɛɛ, ziim biim la mɛ an zinꞌikanɛ ka bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ ziimin la yaꞌa sanꞌam, ani ka di na sanꞌam.[18]

Kɔnba la an zinꞌikanɛ suꞌad niŋgbiŋ la biim nam bɛdigʋ di kas-kas anɛ kalsiyom nɛ fɔsfɔrɔs.[19][20][21]

Kɔnba bʋnvɔya anɛ ban piinɛ anu kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn (15%), ka paꞌan bʋnkɔnbʋgʋ an buusiꞌa, di yʋma, nɛ kɔnbkanɛ buudi ka di mɔr.[22]

Kpaam suꞌab zinꞌig- marrow adipose tissue (MAT) an zinꞌikanɛ ka fatty acids bɛ.[23]

Asidnɛ bes zɛmmisim – kɔnba la guꞌud ka ziim la ka di pʋ dʋtti tʋʋgida, dɔlisid din kɛt ka pH la tiasid ka found bɛɛ yisid yaarim kanɛ kaꞌ tʋʋma niŋgbiŋin la.[24]

Yisid – Kɔnba la na nyaŋi zanl kuntnam nɛ laꞌabanɛ pʋ mɔr tʋʋma niŋgbiŋin la, ka yiis ba ziimin la, ka bʋkki ba ka ba kʋ nyaŋi sanꞌam siꞌel niŋgbiŋin la ka yʋꞌʋn yisi ba biꞌel-biꞌel nɛ ban na ti naae.[25][26][27]

Di kaꞌ kɔnba anɛ dinɛ kpiꞌem wʋsa, amaa di mɔr bʋgʋsʋm pistanꞌ kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (30%) nɛ laꞌad kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb pisyɔpɔi kɔniga pʋʋgʋn (70%), banɛ laꞌas taaba tʋm niŋgbiŋn la ni. Ban dɔlis siꞌem maal la zug kɛ ka ba kpiꞌem ka mɔr paŋ, ka lɛɛ pʋ tɛbisa. Kɔnb-banɛ ka naꞌasaanam buon ye matrix anɛ din yi piswai paae piswai nɛ anu kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (90-95%) an dinɛ ka ba buon ye ossein,[28] ka dinɛ kpɛlim la anɛ titan.[29] Dinɛ kpiꞌem la kɛ ka di pʋ sanꞌamid naꞌanaꞌa.[10] Biim sieba kɛ ka kɔnba la kpiꞌem wala la.[30][31]

Kɔnba nɔbigid siꞌem biilim saŋa anɛ nimmua hali, bɔzugɔ, ba nɔbigir sankanɛ kɛt ka kɔnba banꞌas pʋ tɔnꞌɔ ba. Biisi mɛ zɔti diꞌemid la kɛt ka ba kɔnba kpɛꞌɛŋid, ka li kɛt ka ba yaꞌa ti nɔbig ka ba kɔnba pʋ kpɛrigida. Ninsaali na wisig o ningbina maan siꞌel na nyaŋi kɛ ka kɔnba la kpiꞌem. Vɛɛnsig paꞌal ye fʋ yaꞌa wisigi fʋ kɔnba tʋm tʋʋma, li kɛt ka kɔnba la kpɛꞌɛŋid.[32] Fʋ yaꞌa dit diib banɛ tisid laafi sʋŋid kɔnba, amaa nidi na wisig o mɛŋi tienꞌ o kɔnba na nyaŋi kɛ ka kɔnba la mɔr laafi.[32] Fʋ yaꞌa ziid laꞌatɛbisa wisigidi fʋ kɔnba na nyaŋi kɛ ka kɔnba biim la paas. Biilim diꞌema wan wʋʋ ban na zɔti fɛntid, iand, nɛ zɔɔg nyaŋidi sʋŋid biis ka ba kɔnba nɔbigid ba pʋꞌasatim bɛɛ naꞌakimnim saŋa.[33] Banɛ zɔti nwɛꞌɛd bɔɔl kɔnꞌɔb kɔnꞌɔb la mɔr sʋŋiri tisi ba kɔnba, li kɛt ka kɔnba la biim paasid ka mɛ kɛt ka ba kpiꞌem.[33] Biisi na zɔti iand ka diꞌemid sʋŋidi maani ba kɔnba ka ba yaꞌa nɔbig ka yela kaꞌasigɛ.[34] Biis banɛ paas niŋwisigir diꞌema ni ka wisigidi ba ningbina saŋa wʋsa li sʋŋidi ba kɔnba bɛɛg sa, ka li kɛt ka kɔnba banꞌa pʋ paadi baa.[34]

Dindii banꞌa na nyaŋi gbanꞌae kɔnba dɔlis giinla nam ni, wiim bɛdigʋ bɛ mɛ gbanꞌad kɔnba.[35] Dindii banꞌa kanɛ gbanꞌad kɔnba la pʋ taa gbanꞌad nidib wala.[35] Dindiis banꞌas bɛdigʋ bɛ gbanꞌad ninsaal mɛn, ka banɛ diꞌe yʋꞌʋr an binꞌisir banꞌa, lana ni banꞌa, siyanini banꞌas, kɔkɔya ni banꞌas nɛ sɔɔnr banꞌa.[35]

Type 1 diabetes anɛ sikir banꞌa kanɛ gbanꞌad sɔnfʋlinfʋʋd la ka kɛt ka li pʋ nyaŋidi maan kuom kanɛ bɛɛ li na la lin nar siꞌem.[36] Amaa type 2 diabetes kɛt nɛ ka li maan kuom la sʋꞌʋŋa ka saŋa na ti paae ka li pʋ lɛn mɔr sʋŋiri tis ningbiŋ la yaꞌasɛ.[36]

Biis banɛ ka Type 1 Diabetes da gbanꞌa ba America da anɛ pisnii nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, ka li paꞌal ye banɛ ka banꞌas la da gbanꞌa ba da paas nɛ pisi nɛ ayiꞌ kɔbiga pʋdigir pʋʋgin[37] nwadis pisi nɛ anaasi pʋʋgin, COVID-19 banꞌas saŋa la

Kɔnba diib banꞌa la anɛ banꞌa kanɛ paad ninsaal ka li yit nɛ o kɔnba biim la na kwie, li na nyaŋi kɛ ka kɔnbir kpɛrig.[44]

  1. ↑ Lee C (January 2001). The Bone Organ System: Form and Function. Academic Press. pp. 3–20. doi:10.1016/B978-012470862-4/50002-7. ISBN 978-0-12-470862-4. Retrieved 30 January 2022 – via Science Direct.
  2. ↑ de Buffrénil V, de Ricqlès AJ, Zylberberg L, Padian K, Laurin M, Quilhac A (2021). Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology (First ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. xii + 825. ISBN 978-1-351-18957-6.
  3. ↑ Langley, Natalie, Tersigni-Terrant, Maria-Teresa, eds. (2017). Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Approach (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-315-30003-0.
  4. ↑ "Types of bone". mananatomy.com. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "DoITPoMS – TLP Library Structure of bone and implant materials – Structure and composition of bone". Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS). Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge.
  6. ↑ Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson JE, Korol O, Kruse D, et al. (8 June 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 6.2 Bone classification. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
  7. ↑ Clarke B (2008), "Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology", Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3 (Suppl 3): S131 – S139, doi:10.2215/CJN.04151206, PMC 3152283, PMID 18988698
  8. ↑ Jerez A, Mangione S, Abdala V (2010), "Occurrence and distribution of sesamoid bones in squamates: a comparative approach", Acta Zoologica, 91 (3): 295–305, doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00408.x, hdl:11336/74304
  9. ↑ Pratt R. "Bone as an Organ". AnatomyOne. Amirsys, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  10. 1 2 Schmidt-Nielsen K (1984). Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-31987-4.
  11. ↑ Vincent K. "Topic 3: Structure and Mechanical Properties of Bone". BENG 112A Biomechanics, Winter Quarter, 2013. Department of Bioengineering, University of California. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Turner CH, Wang T, Burr DB (December 2001). "Shear strength and fatigue properties of human cortical bone determined from pure shear tests". Calcified Tissue International. 69 (6): 373–378. doi:10.1007/s00223-001-1006-1. PMID 11800235. S2CID 30348345.
  13. ↑ Fernández KS, de Alarcón PA (December 2013). "Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (6): 1273–1289. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.002. PMID 24237971.
  14. ↑ Young 2006, pp. 60–61.
  15. ↑ Young 2006, p. 60.
  16. ↑ Young 2006, p. 57.
  17. ↑ Young 2006, p. 46.
  18. 1 2 Young 2006, p. 58.
  19. ↑ Doyle ME, Jan de Beur SM (December 2008). "The skeleton: endocrine regulator of phosphate homeostasis". Current Osteoporosis Reports. 6 (4): 134–141. doi:10.1007/s11914-008-0024-6. PMID 19032923. S2CID 23298442.
  20. ↑ "Bone Health In Depth". Linus Pauling Institute. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  21. ↑ Walker K. "Bone". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  22. ↑ Hauschka PV, Chen TL, Mavrakos AE (1988). "Polypeptide Growth Factors in Bone Matrix". Ciba Foundation Symposium 136 - Cell and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Hard Tissues. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 136. pp. 207–225. doi:10.1002/9780470513637.ch13. ISBN 978-0-470-51363-7. PMID 3068010.
  23. ↑ Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, et al. (August 2017). "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through β-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 32 (8): 1692–1702. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3159. PMC 5550355. PMID 28436105.
  24. ↑ Fogelman I, Gnanasegaran G, van der Wall H (2013). Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-02400-9.
  25. ↑ Lerro E (2007). "Bone". flipper.diff.org
  26. ↑ Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. (August 2007). "Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton". Cell. 130 (3): 456–469. Bibcode:2007Cell..130..456L. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047. PMC 2013746. PMID 17693256.
  27. ↑ Wilkin D, Gray-Wilson N (8 February 2024). "Bones". CK-12 Foundation.
  28. ↑ "Ossein". The Free Dictionary.
  29. ↑ Hall J (2011). Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 957–960. ISBN 978-08089-2400-5.
  30. ↑ Wopenka B, Pasteris JD (2005). "A mineralogical perspective on the apatite in bone". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 25 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.008.
  31. ↑ Wang B, Zhang Z, Pan H (February 2023). "Bone Apatite Nanocrystal: Crystalline Structure, Chemical Composition, and Architecture". Biomimetics. 8 (1): 90. doi:10.3390/biomimetics8010090. PMC 10046636. PMID 36975320.
  32. 1 2 Layne JE, Nelson ME (January 1999). "The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 31 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1097/00005768-199901000-00006. PMID 9927006.
  33. 1 2 López-García R, Cruz-Castruita R, Morales-Corral P, Banda-Sauceda N, Lagunés-Carrasco J (16 December 2019). "Evaluación del mineral óseo con la dexa en futbolistas juveniles". Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. 19 (76): 617–626. doi:10.15366/rimcafd2019.76.004 (inactive 4 September 2025). hdl:10486/689625. ISSN 1577-0354.
  34. 1 2 Van Langendonck L, Lefevre J, Claessens AL, Thomis M, Philippaerts R, Delvaux K, et al. (September 2003). "Influence of participation in high-impact sports during adolescence and adulthood on bone mineral density in middle-aged men: a 27-year follow-up study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 158 (6): 525–533. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg170. PMID 12965878.
  35. 1 2 3 Davidson 2010, p. 1125.
  36. 1 2 Ndisang JF, Vannacci A, Rastogi S (2017). "Insulin Resistance, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, and Related Complications 2017". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017 1478294. doi:10.1155/2017/1478294. PMC 5723935. PMID 29279853.
  37. ↑ Kamrath C, Holl RW, Rosenbauer J (June 2023). "Elucidating the Underlying Mechanisms of the Marked Increase in Childhood Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic-The Diabetes Pandemic". JAMA Network Open. 6 (6): e2321231. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21231. PMID 37389881.
  38. ↑ "Osteomyelitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  39. ↑ "Osteomalacia and Rickets". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "Osteogenesis Imperfecta". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  41. ↑ "Osteochondritis Dissecans". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  42. ↑ "Ankylosing Spondylitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  43. ↑ Whitford GM (June 1994). "Intake and metabolism of fluoride". Advances in Dental Research. 8 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1177/08959374940080011001. PMID 7993560. S2CID 21763028.
  44. ↑ Davidson 2010, pp. 1116–1121.