Biju Longhinos | APJ Abdul kalam technological university (original) (raw)

Papers by Biju Longhinos

Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Mar 1, 2021

INFLIBNET, Nov 1, 2009

This is to certifij that the thesis entitled "GEOLOGY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SILICA SANDS OF COASTA... more This is to certifij that the thesis entitled "GEOLOGY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SILICA SANDS OF COASTAL PLAIN OF THIRUV ANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENT" is an authentic record of research work carried out by Mr. Biju Longhinos under my supenJision and guidance in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1965

Detailed variations of the carbon isotope ratio have been determined in the limestones of a Penns... more Detailed variations of the carbon isotope ratio have been determined in the limestones of a Pennsylvanian marine basin and the bordering transitional marine zones. It is shown tha.t there is a gen.eral, inverse relationship between average carbon-13 content and proximity to the ancient shorelines and deltam dmtrfl3utarms. I NTRODUCTION An understanding of the depositional history of ancient rock sequences is one of the major goals of the stratigrapher and sedimentologist. Variations in thickness, mineral composition and texture, and faunal content of the sediments are most commonly used as environmental indicators. These variables are frequently of limited application, and the information obtained from a detailed study of these is generally unable to reveal all of the record preserved in the sedimentary strata. Various chemical parameters may also be measured, and the resulting information may be incorporated into a more complete interpretation of the history of the depositional basin. The present study embodies a preliminary attempt to determine the potential usefulness of carbon isotope ratios as an environmental indicator in a marine to restricted marine (brackish) limestone of Pennsylvanian age. Because of the difference in Ct3/C t2 ratios of freshwater and marine bicarbonate ions (Weber and Keith, 1962, Keith and Weber, 1964), which are incorporated in the limestones deposited from these waters, variations in Czs/C tz ratio in a limestone sequence may provide information pertaining to the position and migration of deltaic distributaries and the proximity of shorelines. In general, freshwater is characterized by low salinity and relative enrichment in C l~*, presumably through isotopic fractionatlon of carbon in the photosynthetic mechanism of freshwater and land plants. Seawater, on the other hand, is characterized by high salinity and relative enrichment in C is. Mixing of the two types of water, for example in estuarine environment, results in concurrent changes in both salinity and C ~* to C n ratios. Limestones formed in these environments should preserve relative varia

Using a simple model for internal heat evolution and mass-internal heat relations found for rocky... more Using a simple model for internal heat evolution and mass-internal heat relations found for rocky exo planetary objects in the inner solar system we have inferred the phases of volcanism at earth ( EA) or host star ages (SA) in 52 potentially habitable rocky exo planets. We have also calculated the internal tidal heat contributions and magnetic moments of these exo planets. Based on these results we have inferred the probability of existence of life favouring geophysical conditions in the above exo planets at EA and SA. In M star associated exo planets, occurrences of super flares and long night periods may pose problems for the development of advanced life

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

In this paper we have inferred the magnetic shielding characteristics and space weather hazards o... more In this paper we have inferred the magnetic shielding characteristics and space weather hazards of selected potentially habitable extrasolar planets using a dynamical geophysical model from calculations of internal heat, phases of volcanism and planetary magnetic moments. The space weather hazards on the extrasolar planet Kepler-452b orbiting around a Sun-like star are found to be a minimum which enhances the habitability probability of this planet.

"Seismically induced deformations in rocks and sediments, being an interesting geological ph... more "Seismically induced deformations in rocks and sediments, being an interesting geological phenomenon per se, are also indicative of past seismic events of big magnitude. Deformed sediments, or seismites, occur widely in the Arctic and yet wider southward, in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas of north-western part of Russian Plane. Based on the theory of extended glacial sheet development in the Pleistocene, strong earthquakes there were caused in early to middle Holocene by relaxation of the earth crust after retreat of the last glacial sheet. If so, alike environment may be developing now in some islands of the Arctic Ocean due to well-documented melting of ice caps in the course of ongoing general warming. Taking into the account that, for the same very reason of warming, economic activity in the Arctic is expected to flourish in the near decades, the issue of potential seismic response to glacier retreat becomes unignorable and may have geotechnical and infrastructural implications. Moreover, melting permafrost imposed on tectonic movements also creates redistribution of pressure and water in the sediments and may provide an array of structures very similar to seismitic. Yet more interesting, and possibly dangerous for human activity and lives, could be interference of melting and seismic events. Meanwhile, existing classifications of seismitic and related structures are cumbersome, wooly and incomplete, as stated by their authors. They usually fail to incorporate paragenetically related phenomena like slope processes (importantly for the Arctic, including those that require negligible slope angle and can develop on virtually horizontal surface) and in general cannot account for the diversity of scenarios of earthquake and post-earthquake processes in the subsurface and on the surface. However, exactly this issue is of the greatest practical relevance. Obviously, an approach other than bare classification should be tried for conceptualization of the formation of seismites. A promising option is application of an artificial intelligence tool developed specially for the geosciences, the event bush method. The virtue of this approach is not to register each variety of seismically-induced deformation and put in a drawer but, rather, offer a way to qualitatively infer as complex deformation scenario as supposed by field data, including the related slope and environmental processes, from a limited set of theoretically plausible and practically reasonable postulates. This approach will be demonstrated in the presentation, from its methodological foundations to application examples from throughout the world."

EGUGA, May 1, 2014

Radioactive mineral distributions in the crust and mantle have bearings on thermal history of roc... more Radioactive mineral distributions in the crust and mantle have bearings on thermal history of rocky planets. We have compared the radioactive mineral distributions at macroscopic and microscopic level from earth and moon. The results of this study suggests some differences, which can be associated with thermal history of the planetary objects. The possibilities of explaining tectonics in earth and moon will be addressed in this context.

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014

The geological and geophysical complexities in Indian ocean basin, pointed out by many earlier wo... more The geological and geophysical complexities in Indian ocean basin, pointed out by many earlier workers remained unresolved. Instead, taking aid from stop gap arguments, the data has been construed to follow plate tectonicsformat. The concept of large igneous complexes emplaced through crustal drifting ( between the India andMozambique) during later Mesozoic to Recent fail to address geophysical characteristics exhibited here. The geophysical signatures of the sub crustal part of the ocean here resemble to that of continental regions elsewhere. Granites, greenstones and mylonized gabbro, recovered from the western Indian ocean basin, rather give Late Pre- Cambrian and Paleozoic isotopic dates. Under this light, the present paper looks into the ocean bottom characteristics of a region between iles Rodrigues and Chagos- Maldives archipelago. The region has first order curvilienar fractures, with along which the crust has displaced more than 1000 m. The sea-bottom topography of the region has been modeled in Geographical Information System environment using Modified ETOPO5 provided by National Institute of Oceanography. The spatial relationship of topography with gravity and magnetic data area are analysed visually and mathematically. The detail bathymetry, gravity and magnetic data give morphology similar to that of half graben formed on a felsic crust, which later has undergone basification / eclogitization through first order fracture zones.

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014

We found evidence for critical internal heat values during significant geophysical transitions in... more We found evidence for critical internal heat values during significant geophysical transitions in the inner solar system planetary bodies in association with volcanism. From a simple rocky planet thermal evolution model, we could infer critical surface heat flux values during peak phases (~1.2 W/m2) and cessation phases (~ 0.092 W/m2) of major volcanism in Earth, Moon, Mars, Venus and Mercury. The above phases of volcanism are accompanied by significant geophysical transitions like growth and decay of global planetary magnetic fields which is likely to be related to systematic changes in core-mantle boundary heat flux values. The above results suggest the that planets are possibly self-organised physical systems with strong core-mantle-crust coupling . The present study will have implications on the search for habitable extrasolar planets.

Dynamic Knowledge Representation in Scientific Domains, 2018

The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it... more The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it-first to suggest or select and then to verify our hypotheses of the geological history, present day, and future of the region in question. So far, this job has been done either intuitively, or on the contrary, by quantitative modeling. Still, the former looks insufficient, especially if the case is contemporary tectonics or other potentially hazardous processes, and the latter gives reliable result only if involves abundant data-and still gives no warranty that is adequate enough to the modeled issue. Therefore, an intermediate solution is desired for regional geology, able to give a reliable result based on available data. The information modeling by means of the event bush method looks promising. In this chapter, the method of event bush is applied to verify the wrench tectonics hypothesis for the neo-and contemporary tectonic regime of the Gulf of Mannar region in the southernmost part of the Hindustan peninsula.

The Proterozoic granulites of Wynad, host gold bearing quartz veins. But granulites seldom form t... more The Proterozoic granulites of Wynad, host gold bearing quartz veins. But granulites seldom form the source of gold. Recent studies on geochemistry of the mineralization point that the sulphides associated to gold bear magmatic character. Since no igneous intrusions are seen in the vicinity, their presence as hidden bodies is scrutinized from the available geophysical data in and around the region.

Abstract. Geotectonics, being one of the main geological disciplines, encoun-ters conceptual diff... more Abstract. Geotectonics, being one of the main geological disciplines, encoun-ters conceptual difficulties that likely can be resolved by application of methods of knowledge engineering. However, a strategy of their application is needed. The role of ontologies in the knowledge-engineering process is to facilitate the construction of a domain model. This model can be either static, i.e., address only the observed geological structures and landforms, or dynamic, accounting for processes that operate in and below the earthcrust. Both types of model are required to overcome the conceptual problems of geotectonics, but while the former is more or less present in the literature, the latter represents complete terra incognita. Meanwhile, exactly the dynamic knowledge modeling is the most important for a field like geotectonics.

Earth attracts objects toward its surface through the gravitational force and keeps everything in... more Earth attracts objects toward its surface through the gravitational force and keeps everything in place. In the case of a slope, this gravitational force may cause the materials to move along it causing what is known as landslides. This study mainly focuses on analyzing the landslide susceptibility in Sastha valley of Periyar river basin, Idukki district, Kerala. The study area shows some paleo-landslide movements indicated by sparse tea plantations and sharp meandering of the river flowing through the valley. This motivated to analyze the stability of the slopes through an extensive field investigation in the area. The stability analysis is carried out under both steady and transient states using SLOPE/W and SEEP/W software. A factor of safety map of the study area is also prepared from the GIS-TISSA model. Finally, a landslide susceptibility map of the area is generated by leveraging the results from both field study and GIS model.

The number of active volcanoes and its latitudinal extent is likely to be related to the magnitud... more The number of active volcanoes and its latitudinal extent is likely to be related to the magnitude of internal heat in rocky planets. A critical value of internal heat may require in these planets to sustain volcanic activity and the decline of volcanic activity since their formation of these planets is inferred to be governed by radioactive decay laws. We find that major volcanic activity in Mars, Moon, Mercury and Venus has ceased when their respective surface heat flux values are within ten percentage of the current surface heat flux value of Earth. The reduction in spatial extent of recent volcanic activity in Venus compared to the geological past is inferred to be part of significant reduction in volcanic activity in this twin planet of Earth. We suggest that the volcanic activity in Earth is also declining significantly since the period of mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. It may cease completely within a time span between 19 to 65 million years from now with ...

Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Mar 1, 2021

INFLIBNET, Nov 1, 2009

This is to certifij that the thesis entitled "GEOLOGY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SILICA SANDS OF COASTA... more This is to certifij that the thesis entitled "GEOLOGY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SILICA SANDS OF COASTAL PLAIN OF THIRUV ANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENT" is an authentic record of research work carried out by Mr. Biju Longhinos under my supenJision and guidance in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1965

Detailed variations of the carbon isotope ratio have been determined in the limestones of a Penns... more Detailed variations of the carbon isotope ratio have been determined in the limestones of a Pennsylvanian marine basin and the bordering transitional marine zones. It is shown tha.t there is a gen.eral, inverse relationship between average carbon-13 content and proximity to the ancient shorelines and deltam dmtrfl3utarms. I NTRODUCTION An understanding of the depositional history of ancient rock sequences is one of the major goals of the stratigrapher and sedimentologist. Variations in thickness, mineral composition and texture, and faunal content of the sediments are most commonly used as environmental indicators. These variables are frequently of limited application, and the information obtained from a detailed study of these is generally unable to reveal all of the record preserved in the sedimentary strata. Various chemical parameters may also be measured, and the resulting information may be incorporated into a more complete interpretation of the history of the depositional basin. The present study embodies a preliminary attempt to determine the potential usefulness of carbon isotope ratios as an environmental indicator in a marine to restricted marine (brackish) limestone of Pennsylvanian age. Because of the difference in Ct3/C t2 ratios of freshwater and marine bicarbonate ions (Weber and Keith, 1962, Keith and Weber, 1964), which are incorporated in the limestones deposited from these waters, variations in Czs/C tz ratio in a limestone sequence may provide information pertaining to the position and migration of deltaic distributaries and the proximity of shorelines. In general, freshwater is characterized by low salinity and relative enrichment in C l~*, presumably through isotopic fractionatlon of carbon in the photosynthetic mechanism of freshwater and land plants. Seawater, on the other hand, is characterized by high salinity and relative enrichment in C is. Mixing of the two types of water, for example in estuarine environment, results in concurrent changes in both salinity and C ~* to C n ratios. Limestones formed in these environments should preserve relative varia

Using a simple model for internal heat evolution and mass-internal heat relations found for rocky... more Using a simple model for internal heat evolution and mass-internal heat relations found for rocky exo planetary objects in the inner solar system we have inferred the phases of volcanism at earth ( EA) or host star ages (SA) in 52 potentially habitable rocky exo planets. We have also calculated the internal tidal heat contributions and magnetic moments of these exo planets. Based on these results we have inferred the probability of existence of life favouring geophysical conditions in the above exo planets at EA and SA. In M star associated exo planets, occurrences of super flares and long night periods may pose problems for the development of advanced life

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

In this paper we have inferred the magnetic shielding characteristics and space weather hazards o... more In this paper we have inferred the magnetic shielding characteristics and space weather hazards of selected potentially habitable extrasolar planets using a dynamical geophysical model from calculations of internal heat, phases of volcanism and planetary magnetic moments. The space weather hazards on the extrasolar planet Kepler-452b orbiting around a Sun-like star are found to be a minimum which enhances the habitability probability of this planet.

"Seismically induced deformations in rocks and sediments, being an interesting geological ph... more "Seismically induced deformations in rocks and sediments, being an interesting geological phenomenon per se, are also indicative of past seismic events of big magnitude. Deformed sediments, or seismites, occur widely in the Arctic and yet wider southward, in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas of north-western part of Russian Plane. Based on the theory of extended glacial sheet development in the Pleistocene, strong earthquakes there were caused in early to middle Holocene by relaxation of the earth crust after retreat of the last glacial sheet. If so, alike environment may be developing now in some islands of the Arctic Ocean due to well-documented melting of ice caps in the course of ongoing general warming. Taking into the account that, for the same very reason of warming, economic activity in the Arctic is expected to flourish in the near decades, the issue of potential seismic response to glacier retreat becomes unignorable and may have geotechnical and infrastructural implications. Moreover, melting permafrost imposed on tectonic movements also creates redistribution of pressure and water in the sediments and may provide an array of structures very similar to seismitic. Yet more interesting, and possibly dangerous for human activity and lives, could be interference of melting and seismic events. Meanwhile, existing classifications of seismitic and related structures are cumbersome, wooly and incomplete, as stated by their authors. They usually fail to incorporate paragenetically related phenomena like slope processes (importantly for the Arctic, including those that require negligible slope angle and can develop on virtually horizontal surface) and in general cannot account for the diversity of scenarios of earthquake and post-earthquake processes in the subsurface and on the surface. However, exactly this issue is of the greatest practical relevance. Obviously, an approach other than bare classification should be tried for conceptualization of the formation of seismites. A promising option is application of an artificial intelligence tool developed specially for the geosciences, the event bush method. The virtue of this approach is not to register each variety of seismically-induced deformation and put in a drawer but, rather, offer a way to qualitatively infer as complex deformation scenario as supposed by field data, including the related slope and environmental processes, from a limited set of theoretically plausible and practically reasonable postulates. This approach will be demonstrated in the presentation, from its methodological foundations to application examples from throughout the world."

EGUGA, May 1, 2014

Radioactive mineral distributions in the crust and mantle have bearings on thermal history of roc... more Radioactive mineral distributions in the crust and mantle have bearings on thermal history of rocky planets. We have compared the radioactive mineral distributions at macroscopic and microscopic level from earth and moon. The results of this study suggests some differences, which can be associated with thermal history of the planetary objects. The possibilities of explaining tectonics in earth and moon will be addressed in this context.

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014

The geological and geophysical complexities in Indian ocean basin, pointed out by many earlier wo... more The geological and geophysical complexities in Indian ocean basin, pointed out by many earlier workers remained unresolved. Instead, taking aid from stop gap arguments, the data has been construed to follow plate tectonicsformat. The concept of large igneous complexes emplaced through crustal drifting ( between the India andMozambique) during later Mesozoic to Recent fail to address geophysical characteristics exhibited here. The geophysical signatures of the sub crustal part of the ocean here resemble to that of continental regions elsewhere. Granites, greenstones and mylonized gabbro, recovered from the western Indian ocean basin, rather give Late Pre- Cambrian and Paleozoic isotopic dates. Under this light, the present paper looks into the ocean bottom characteristics of a region between iles Rodrigues and Chagos- Maldives archipelago. The region has first order curvilienar fractures, with along which the crust has displaced more than 1000 m. The sea-bottom topography of the region has been modeled in Geographical Information System environment using Modified ETOPO5 provided by National Institute of Oceanography. The spatial relationship of topography with gravity and magnetic data area are analysed visually and mathematically. The detail bathymetry, gravity and magnetic data give morphology similar to that of half graben formed on a felsic crust, which later has undergone basification / eclogitization through first order fracture zones.

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, May 1, 2014

We found evidence for critical internal heat values during significant geophysical transitions in... more We found evidence for critical internal heat values during significant geophysical transitions in the inner solar system planetary bodies in association with volcanism. From a simple rocky planet thermal evolution model, we could infer critical surface heat flux values during peak phases (~1.2 W/m2) and cessation phases (~ 0.092 W/m2) of major volcanism in Earth, Moon, Mars, Venus and Mercury. The above phases of volcanism are accompanied by significant geophysical transitions like growth and decay of global planetary magnetic fields which is likely to be related to systematic changes in core-mantle boundary heat flux values. The above results suggest the that planets are possibly self-organised physical systems with strong core-mantle-crust coupling . The present study will have implications on the search for habitable extrasolar planets.

Dynamic Knowledge Representation in Scientific Domains, 2018

The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it... more The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it-first to suggest or select and then to verify our hypotheses of the geological history, present day, and future of the region in question. So far, this job has been done either intuitively, or on the contrary, by quantitative modeling. Still, the former looks insufficient, especially if the case is contemporary tectonics or other potentially hazardous processes, and the latter gives reliable result only if involves abundant data-and still gives no warranty that is adequate enough to the modeled issue. Therefore, an intermediate solution is desired for regional geology, able to give a reliable result based on available data. The information modeling by means of the event bush method looks promising. In this chapter, the method of event bush is applied to verify the wrench tectonics hypothesis for the neo-and contemporary tectonic regime of the Gulf of Mannar region in the southernmost part of the Hindustan peninsula.

The Proterozoic granulites of Wynad, host gold bearing quartz veins. But granulites seldom form t... more The Proterozoic granulites of Wynad, host gold bearing quartz veins. But granulites seldom form the source of gold. Recent studies on geochemistry of the mineralization point that the sulphides associated to gold bear magmatic character. Since no igneous intrusions are seen in the vicinity, their presence as hidden bodies is scrutinized from the available geophysical data in and around the region.

Abstract. Geotectonics, being one of the main geological disciplines, encoun-ters conceptual diff... more Abstract. Geotectonics, being one of the main geological disciplines, encoun-ters conceptual difficulties that likely can be resolved by application of methods of knowledge engineering. However, a strategy of their application is needed. The role of ontologies in the knowledge-engineering process is to facilitate the construction of a domain model. This model can be either static, i.e., address only the observed geological structures and landforms, or dynamic, accounting for processes that operate in and below the earthcrust. Both types of model are required to overcome the conceptual problems of geotectonics, but while the former is more or less present in the literature, the latter represents complete terra incognita. Meanwhile, exactly the dynamic knowledge modeling is the most important for a field like geotectonics.

Earth attracts objects toward its surface through the gravitational force and keeps everything in... more Earth attracts objects toward its surface through the gravitational force and keeps everything in place. In the case of a slope, this gravitational force may cause the materials to move along it causing what is known as landslides. This study mainly focuses on analyzing the landslide susceptibility in Sastha valley of Periyar river basin, Idukki district, Kerala. The study area shows some paleo-landslide movements indicated by sparse tea plantations and sharp meandering of the river flowing through the valley. This motivated to analyze the stability of the slopes through an extensive field investigation in the area. The stability analysis is carried out under both steady and transient states using SLOPE/W and SEEP/W software. A factor of safety map of the study area is also prepared from the GIS-TISSA model. Finally, a landslide susceptibility map of the area is generated by leveraging the results from both field study and GIS model.

The number of active volcanoes and its latitudinal extent is likely to be related to the magnitud... more The number of active volcanoes and its latitudinal extent is likely to be related to the magnitude of internal heat in rocky planets. A critical value of internal heat may require in these planets to sustain volcanic activity and the decline of volcanic activity since their formation of these planets is inferred to be governed by radioactive decay laws. We find that major volcanic activity in Mars, Moon, Mercury and Venus has ceased when their respective surface heat flux values are within ten percentage of the current surface heat flux value of Earth. The reduction in spatial extent of recent volcanic activity in Venus compared to the geological past is inferred to be part of significant reduction in volcanic activity in this twin planet of Earth. We suggest that the volcanic activity in Earth is also declining significantly since the period of mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. It may cease completely within a time span between 19 to 65 million years from now with ...

The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it... more The geological record is never completely available for observation. However, we have to query it – first to suggest or select and then to verify our hypotheses of the geological history, present day, and future of the region in question. So far, this job has been done either intuitively, or on the contrary, by quantitative modeling. Still, the former looks insufficient, especially if the case is contemporary tectonics or other potentially hazardous processes, and the latter gives reliable result only if involves abundant data – and still gives no warranty that is adequate enough to the modeled issue. Therefore, an intermediate solution is desired for regional geology, able to give a reliable result based on available data. The information modeling by means of the event bush method looks promising. In this chapter, the method of event bush is applied to verify the wrench tectonics hypothesis for the neo-and contemporary tectonic regime of the Gulf of Mannar region in the southernmost part of the Hindustan peninsula.