Oliver Carsten | University of Leeds (original) (raw)

Papers by Oliver Carsten

Atmospheric Environment, 2010

In recent years sophisticated technologies have been developed to control vehicle speed based on ... more In recent years sophisticated technologies have been developed to control vehicle speed based on the type of road the vehicle is driven on using Global Positioning Systems and in-car technology that can alter the speed of the vehicle. While reducing the speed of road vehicles is primarily of interest from a safety perspective, vehicle speed is also an important determinant of vehicle emissions and thus these technologies can be expected to have impacts on a range of exhaust emissions. This work analyses the results from a very large, comprehensive field trial that used 20 instrumented vehicles with and without speed control driven almost 500,000 km measuring vehicle speed at 10 Hz. We develop individual vehicle modal emissions models for CO 2 for 30 Euro III and Euro IV cars at a 1-Hz time resolution. Generalized Additive Models were used to describe how emissions from individual vehicles vary depending on their driving conditions, taking account of variable interactions and time-lag effects. We quantify the impact that vehicle speed control has on-vehicle emissions of CO 2 by road type, fuel type and driver behaviour. Savings in CO 2 of z6% were found on average for motorway-type roads when mandatory speed control was used compared with base case conditions. For most other types of road, speed control has very little effect on emissions of CO 2 and in some cases can result in increased emissions for low-speed limit urban roads. We also find that there is on average a 20% difference in CO 2 emission between the lowest and highest emitting driver, which highlights the importance of driver behaviour in general as a means of reducing emissions of CO 2 .

Speeding is a universal road safety problem. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a driver suppo... more Speeding is a universal road safety problem. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a driver support system which brings the speed limit information into the vehicle and the intervention provided by the ISA system has been proven effective in speed reduction and delivering potentially enormous accident reduction benefits. Previous research has reported potential driver resistance against deployment of a non-overridable ISA system. The ISA system developed in the UK ISA project was an overridable system, which provides an opportunity for investigation of drivers' overriding behaviour based on real behaviour instead of opinions. Implications of the analysis results are addressed.

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a system by which the vehicle "knows" the permitt... more Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a system by which the vehicle "knows" the permitted or recommended maximum speed for a road. The standard system uses an in-vehicle digital road map onto which speed limits have been coded, combined with GPS options if desired. ISA can take various forms of interventions, such as advisory, voluntary or mandatory; the speed limit information can be extended in line with prevailing local conditions. Main tasks of the project involved investigating driver behaviour including overtaking; looking at ISA designs for motorcycle and large trucks; investigating costs and benefits of ISA. Core issues of investigation included likelihood of behaviour change over the long term; possibility of some manoeuvres becoming more dangerous with ISA; usage patterns; and practical issues. The report covers all the major aspects of the project work including field trials, on-road trials, test-track trials, simulator study, implementation scenarios examining accident reduction potential and the costs and benefits of ISA.

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

The introduction of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to bring numerous a... more The introduction of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to bring numerous advantages to urban mobility. However, many challenges for road infrastructure need to be overcome before those benefits can be achieved. This study addressed multiple dimensions of the implications of CAV deployment for road infrastructure through a comprehensive survey with 168 experts from different sectors and regions around the world. The issues are grouped into five categories: (1) key challenges of accommodating CAVs in existing urban transport networks; (2) infrastructure improvement required for shared CAV models; (3) maintenance aspects of infrastructure for CAVs; (4) implementation time of infrastructure support for CAVs; and (5) financing infrastructure upgrades to facilitate CAVs on the roads. The outcomes of the research show that there is still no consensus among the stakeholders on what should be considered to maximise CAV benefits for society as a whole. This indicates th...

Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review

Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1987

The UMTRI dataset of Trucks Involved i n Fatal Accidents, 1980-84, provides detaiied descriptions... more The UMTRI dataset of Trucks Involved i n Fatal Accidents, 1980-84, provides detaiied descriptions of a l l medium and heavy (l. e. , w i t h a gross vehicle welght rating greater than 10,000 pounds) trucks involved i n a f a t a l accident i n the continental United S t a~e s , excluding Alaska, during calendar years 1980 through 1984. In p a r t i c u l a r , i t gives information on the vehicle and cargo that i s not contained i n the computerized data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The UMTRI f i l e 1s a combination of telephone surveys, mail surveys, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCSi accident reports matched w i t h FARS cases, and supplementary data coded from police accident reports, Overall, a t o t a l of 5,056 medium and heavy trucks were involved ir, f a t a l accidents i n

This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Invo... more This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1981. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, 87.0% of the FARS medium and heavy trucks were found to be correctly classified. The 5,244 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 1,443 straight trucks and 3,765 tractors. Of the latter, 3,606 were combination vehicles.

12. Sponsoring Agoncy M m o a d AYrea* Motor V e h i c l e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n 32... more 12. Sponsoring Agoncy M m o a d AYrea* Motor V e h i c l e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n 320 New Center B u i l d i n g D e t r o i t , Michigan 48224 IS. Suppl-tory Notes 18. DishiLutim Statemat Unl i m i t e d 19. S.curiv Clnnsif.

The research reported herein was conducted under general research funds provided by the Motor Veh... more The research reported herein was conducted under general research funds provided by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, the Western Highway Institute, and the American Trucking Associations. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the MVMA, WHI, or ATA. iii 3. Roccptml's Cacoloq Me. 5. Rmporc Dete Januar 9 5 pwbmiw oYml a a : m Co& 8. P A y Or0.lrctdion R .) r t No.

This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Invo... more This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1984. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Over 25% of the power units were straight trucks. Tractors with twin trailers accounted for 3.4% of involvements. In nearly 81% of the cases the fatality was not in the truck.

UMTRI Research Review, 1986

... from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with accident data from the Federal Highway Adminis... more ... from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with accident data from the Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, police accident reports, and the results of telephone surveys to produce a comprehensive file called Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA). ...

Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Mar 1, 2005

The relationship between distraction and driving performance: towards a test regime for in-vehicl... more The relationship between distraction and driving performance: towards a test regime for in-vehicle information systems Commonly special issues are prepared on a specific topic, either on the basis of invited papers to cover a certain research area, or they are based on selected papers from a conference. However, occasionally the common accomplished mission and coherence of a multi-partner project warrant a special issue as well. The now completed European project HASTE (Human machine interface And the Safety of Traffic in Europe) aimed to develop methodologies and guidelines for the assessment of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS). To date, there have been several attempts to provide manufacturers and testing authorities with a set of guidelines to assess the likely impacts of IVIS on the driving task, usually in the form of a checklist. Such checklists provide a tool that enables the identification of likely problems but they do not enable the quantification of safety problems. This project is fundamental to the development of a valid, reliable and efficient tool that will aid testing authorities in their safety evaluation of IVIS. The raison dÕêtre of the effort is quite straightforward. Lately, a large number of technological developments have enabled the rapid increase of applications that can be applied for delivering in the vehicle traffic information and other forms of driver support. In the past the main targeted group was professional drivers but more recently there has been an explosion in systems catering to drivers of private cars. Advanced traffic information and support systems and services potentially contribute to a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly traffic flow. Accurate and timely traffic information can decrease travel times and costs, and also momentary workload as the driver does not have to divert his/her attention to other sources of travel information. However, a potential negative side effect from certain aspects of these new methods of traffic information provision arises from the growing amount of information addressed at road-users. Every new information source could add to the information load of drivers, potentially counteracting the potential benefits of decreased workload from the same information. In order to control negative traffic safety effects, it is necessary to adapt traffic information presentation to current traffic situations and road-user requirements. Only if traffic information is easily accessible, carefully timed, understandable and matched to user needs, will information overload on drivers be

This project aimed to identify the most effective, low-cost speed-reducing measures for a selecti... more This project aimed to identify the most effective, low-cost speed-reducing measures for a selection of urban and rural environments. The overall approach consisted of three sequential steps: Stage 1 - a review of previous experience with speed-reduction treatments; Stage 2 - applying expert judgement to the information gathered in Stage 1 to design a range of treatments for each of the problem areas and road types; and Stage 3 - simulator experiments to identify the most promising treatments.

Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1985

This f i l e describes a l l two-vehicle f a t a l accidents involving two medlum o r heavy truck... more This f i l e describes a l l two-vehicle f a t a l accidents involving two medlum o r heavy trucks. In describing the medium o r heavy trucks, t h e f i l e combines t h e coverage of t h e FARS d a t a with t h e d e t a i l of t h e BMCS data. Where no BMCS r e p o r t could be found f o r an appropriate medium o r heavy truck l i s t e d by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview o r by mail, t o o b t a i n t h e desired information on ownership, type of t r i p , vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, a t o t a l of 173 f a t a l accidents involving two medium o r heavy trucks occurred i n

Cognition, Technology & Work, Jul 14, 2022

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), May 1, 2010

Institution of Engineering and Technology eBooks, Sep 6, 2016

Automated driving will provide many kinds of benefits - some direct and some indirect. The benefi... more Automated driving will provide many kinds of benefits - some direct and some indirect. The benefits originate at the individual level, from changes in the behaviour of drivers and travellers with regard to driving and mobility, ending up with benefits at the social level via changes in the whole transport system and society, where many of the current planning and operations paradigms are likely to be transformed by automated driving. There may also be disbenefits, particularly at a social level, for example in intensity of travel which could result in additional congestion and increased use of natural resources. There may also be unintended consequences. For example, we do not know the impacts on public transport: driverless vehicles could provide a means to a lower cost service provision, but the availability of automated cars could lead to more car travel at the expense of collective transport.

his report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI1s file of Trucks Involved ... more his report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI1s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980-84. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information.

Atmospheric Environment, 2010

In recent years sophisticated technologies have been developed to control vehicle speed based on ... more In recent years sophisticated technologies have been developed to control vehicle speed based on the type of road the vehicle is driven on using Global Positioning Systems and in-car technology that can alter the speed of the vehicle. While reducing the speed of road vehicles is primarily of interest from a safety perspective, vehicle speed is also an important determinant of vehicle emissions and thus these technologies can be expected to have impacts on a range of exhaust emissions. This work analyses the results from a very large, comprehensive field trial that used 20 instrumented vehicles with and without speed control driven almost 500,000 km measuring vehicle speed at 10 Hz. We develop individual vehicle modal emissions models for CO 2 for 30 Euro III and Euro IV cars at a 1-Hz time resolution. Generalized Additive Models were used to describe how emissions from individual vehicles vary depending on their driving conditions, taking account of variable interactions and time-lag effects. We quantify the impact that vehicle speed control has on-vehicle emissions of CO 2 by road type, fuel type and driver behaviour. Savings in CO 2 of z6% were found on average for motorway-type roads when mandatory speed control was used compared with base case conditions. For most other types of road, speed control has very little effect on emissions of CO 2 and in some cases can result in increased emissions for low-speed limit urban roads. We also find that there is on average a 20% difference in CO 2 emission between the lowest and highest emitting driver, which highlights the importance of driver behaviour in general as a means of reducing emissions of CO 2 .

Speeding is a universal road safety problem. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a driver suppo... more Speeding is a universal road safety problem. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a driver support system which brings the speed limit information into the vehicle and the intervention provided by the ISA system has been proven effective in speed reduction and delivering potentially enormous accident reduction benefits. Previous research has reported potential driver resistance against deployment of a non-overridable ISA system. The ISA system developed in the UK ISA project was an overridable system, which provides an opportunity for investigation of drivers' overriding behaviour based on real behaviour instead of opinions. Implications of the analysis results are addressed.

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a system by which the vehicle "knows" the permitt... more Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is a system by which the vehicle "knows" the permitted or recommended maximum speed for a road. The standard system uses an in-vehicle digital road map onto which speed limits have been coded, combined with GPS options if desired. ISA can take various forms of interventions, such as advisory, voluntary or mandatory; the speed limit information can be extended in line with prevailing local conditions. Main tasks of the project involved investigating driver behaviour including overtaking; looking at ISA designs for motorcycle and large trucks; investigating costs and benefits of ISA. Core issues of investigation included likelihood of behaviour change over the long term; possibility of some manoeuvres becoming more dangerous with ISA; usage patterns; and practical issues. The report covers all the major aspects of the project work including field trials, on-road trials, test-track trials, simulator study, implementation scenarios examining accident reduction potential and the costs and benefits of ISA.

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

The introduction of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to bring numerous a... more The introduction of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to bring numerous advantages to urban mobility. However, many challenges for road infrastructure need to be overcome before those benefits can be achieved. This study addressed multiple dimensions of the implications of CAV deployment for road infrastructure through a comprehensive survey with 168 experts from different sectors and regions around the world. The issues are grouped into five categories: (1) key challenges of accommodating CAVs in existing urban transport networks; (2) infrastructure improvement required for shared CAV models; (3) maintenance aspects of infrastructure for CAVs; (4) implementation time of infrastructure support for CAVs; and (5) financing infrastructure upgrades to facilitate CAVs on the roads. The outcomes of the research show that there is still no consensus among the stakeholders on what should be considered to maximise CAV benefits for society as a whole. This indicates th...

Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review

Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1987

The UMTRI dataset of Trucks Involved i n Fatal Accidents, 1980-84, provides detaiied descriptions... more The UMTRI dataset of Trucks Involved i n Fatal Accidents, 1980-84, provides detaiied descriptions of a l l medium and heavy (l. e. , w i t h a gross vehicle welght rating greater than 10,000 pounds) trucks involved i n a f a t a l accident i n the continental United S t a~e s , excluding Alaska, during calendar years 1980 through 1984. In p a r t i c u l a r , i t gives information on the vehicle and cargo that i s not contained i n the computerized data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The UMTRI f i l e 1s a combination of telephone surveys, mail surveys, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCSi accident reports matched w i t h FARS cases, and supplementary data coded from police accident reports, Overall, a t o t a l of 5,056 medium and heavy trucks were involved ir, f a t a l accidents i n

This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Invo... more This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1981. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, 87.0% of the FARS medium and heavy trucks were found to be correctly classified. The 5,244 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 1,443 straight trucks and 3,765 tractors. Of the latter, 3,606 were combination vehicles.

12. Sponsoring Agoncy M m o a d AYrea* Motor V e h i c l e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n 32... more 12. Sponsoring Agoncy M m o a d AYrea* Motor V e h i c l e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n 320 New Center B u i l d i n g D e t r o i t , Michigan 48224 IS. Suppl-tory Notes 18. DishiLutim Statemat Unl i m i t e d 19. S.curiv Clnnsif.

The research reported herein was conducted under general research funds provided by the Motor Veh... more The research reported herein was conducted under general research funds provided by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, the Western Highway Institute, and the American Trucking Associations. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the MVMA, WHI, or ATA. iii 3. Roccptml's Cacoloq Me. 5. Rmporc Dete Januar 9 5 pwbmiw oYml a a : m Co& 8. P A y Or0.lrctdion R .) r t No.

This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Invo... more This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1984. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Over 25% of the power units were straight trucks. Tractors with twin trailers accounted for 3.4% of involvements. In nearly 81% of the cases the fatality was not in the truck.

UMTRI Research Review, 1986

... from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with accident data from the Federal Highway Adminis... more ... from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with accident data from the Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, police accident reports, and the results of telephone surveys to produce a comprehensive file called Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA). ...

Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Mar 1, 2005

The relationship between distraction and driving performance: towards a test regime for in-vehicl... more The relationship between distraction and driving performance: towards a test regime for in-vehicle information systems Commonly special issues are prepared on a specific topic, either on the basis of invited papers to cover a certain research area, or they are based on selected papers from a conference. However, occasionally the common accomplished mission and coherence of a multi-partner project warrant a special issue as well. The now completed European project HASTE (Human machine interface And the Safety of Traffic in Europe) aimed to develop methodologies and guidelines for the assessment of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS). To date, there have been several attempts to provide manufacturers and testing authorities with a set of guidelines to assess the likely impacts of IVIS on the driving task, usually in the form of a checklist. Such checklists provide a tool that enables the identification of likely problems but they do not enable the quantification of safety problems. This project is fundamental to the development of a valid, reliable and efficient tool that will aid testing authorities in their safety evaluation of IVIS. The raison dÕêtre of the effort is quite straightforward. Lately, a large number of technological developments have enabled the rapid increase of applications that can be applied for delivering in the vehicle traffic information and other forms of driver support. In the past the main targeted group was professional drivers but more recently there has been an explosion in systems catering to drivers of private cars. Advanced traffic information and support systems and services potentially contribute to a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly traffic flow. Accurate and timely traffic information can decrease travel times and costs, and also momentary workload as the driver does not have to divert his/her attention to other sources of travel information. However, a potential negative side effect from certain aspects of these new methods of traffic information provision arises from the growing amount of information addressed at road-users. Every new information source could add to the information load of drivers, potentially counteracting the potential benefits of decreased workload from the same information. In order to control negative traffic safety effects, it is necessary to adapt traffic information presentation to current traffic situations and road-user requirements. Only if traffic information is easily accessible, carefully timed, understandable and matched to user needs, will information overload on drivers be

This project aimed to identify the most effective, low-cost speed-reducing measures for a selecti... more This project aimed to identify the most effective, low-cost speed-reducing measures for a selection of urban and rural environments. The overall approach consisted of three sequential steps: Stage 1 - a review of previous experience with speed-reduction treatments; Stage 2 - applying expert judgement to the information gathered in Stage 1 to design a range of treatments for each of the problem areas and road types; and Stage 3 - simulator experiments to identify the most promising treatments.

Deep Blue (University of Michigan), 1985

This f i l e describes a l l two-vehicle f a t a l accidents involving two medlum o r heavy truck... more This f i l e describes a l l two-vehicle f a t a l accidents involving two medlum o r heavy trucks. In describing the medium o r heavy trucks, t h e f i l e combines t h e coverage of t h e FARS d a t a with t h e d e t a i l of t h e BMCS data. Where no BMCS r e p o r t could be found f o r an appropriate medium o r heavy truck l i s t e d by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview o r by mail, t o o b t a i n t h e desired information on ownership, type of t r i p , vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, a t o t a l of 173 f a t a l accidents involving two medium o r heavy trucks occurred i n

Cognition, Technology & Work, Jul 14, 2022

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), May 1, 2010

Institution of Engineering and Technology eBooks, Sep 6, 2016

Automated driving will provide many kinds of benefits - some direct and some indirect. The benefi... more Automated driving will provide many kinds of benefits - some direct and some indirect. The benefits originate at the individual level, from changes in the behaviour of drivers and travellers with regard to driving and mobility, ending up with benefits at the social level via changes in the whole transport system and society, where many of the current planning and operations paradigms are likely to be transformed by automated driving. There may also be disbenefits, particularly at a social level, for example in intensity of travel which could result in additional congestion and increased use of natural resources. There may also be unintended consequences. For example, we do not know the impacts on public transport: driverless vehicles could provide a means to a lower cost service provision, but the availability of automated cars could lead to more car travel at the expense of collective transport.

his report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI1s file of Trucks Involved ... more his report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI1s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980-84. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information.