Peter H . Sawyer | University of Leeds (original) (raw)
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Papers by Peter H . Sawyer
Die Wikinger, Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer, 2008
English version of article in Die Wikinger, 2008
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. R. Bjork
Trade and Commerce, Northwest European. Commerce in the northern parts of the Roman Empire was di... more Trade and Commerce, Northwest European. Commerce in the northern parts of the Roman Empire was disrupted in the 5 th century. Britain and northern Gaul were most severely affected and there were few contacts across the Channel and little, if any, trade. Some continued outside this central region. From c. 475 to c. 550 ships sailed from the east Mediterranean to the Irish Sea, probably to obtain tin, and in the east furs from Scandinavia were exported to the Mediterannean across central Europe until the 7 th century when Lombards, Avars and Slavs hindered this traffic. The revival of northern trade in the 7 th century was due mainly to the Franks, under whom Gaul recovered rapidly in the 6 th century. Very large quantities of food, raw materials and treasure were then changing hands in Francia in various non-commercial ways, but references by Gregory of Tours to merchants and markets show that there was also some internal trade. There may have been some trade with the Anglo-Saxons, as there certainly was in the 7 th century. The Anglo-Saxons could offer slaves, tin, lead, and hunting dogs, but their main exports were woollen cloth and garments. By 700 traders, many of them Frisian, were frequently crossing the Channel using former Roman harbours at Rouen, London and York, and new ones at Quentovic, Domburg on Walcheren, and Dorestad, and in England, Ipswich, Fordwich (the port of Canterbury), and Hamwic (later Southampton). A remarkable indication of the new importance of the market economy in England and Francia was the replacement of the earlier gold currency with one exclusively of silver, providing a currency that was more convenient for commerce.
Originally we wrote this in preparation for other publications (2002); as the article stands now ... more Originally we wrote this in preparation for other publications (2002); as the article stands now (2015), it has not been published in English before
Unfortunately I cannot upload this article but can only refer to the book!
(with A.T. Thacker) + a translation of the Text (of the Cheshire Domesday), ibidem, pp. 342-370
Die Wikinger, Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer, 2008
English version of article in Die Wikinger, 2008
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. R. Bjork
Trade and Commerce, Northwest European. Commerce in the northern parts of the Roman Empire was di... more Trade and Commerce, Northwest European. Commerce in the northern parts of the Roman Empire was disrupted in the 5 th century. Britain and northern Gaul were most severely affected and there were few contacts across the Channel and little, if any, trade. Some continued outside this central region. From c. 475 to c. 550 ships sailed from the east Mediterranean to the Irish Sea, probably to obtain tin, and in the east furs from Scandinavia were exported to the Mediterannean across central Europe until the 7 th century when Lombards, Avars and Slavs hindered this traffic. The revival of northern trade in the 7 th century was due mainly to the Franks, under whom Gaul recovered rapidly in the 6 th century. Very large quantities of food, raw materials and treasure were then changing hands in Francia in various non-commercial ways, but references by Gregory of Tours to merchants and markets show that there was also some internal trade. There may have been some trade with the Anglo-Saxons, as there certainly was in the 7 th century. The Anglo-Saxons could offer slaves, tin, lead, and hunting dogs, but their main exports were woollen cloth and garments. By 700 traders, many of them Frisian, were frequently crossing the Channel using former Roman harbours at Rouen, London and York, and new ones at Quentovic, Domburg on Walcheren, and Dorestad, and in England, Ipswich, Fordwich (the port of Canterbury), and Hamwic (later Southampton). A remarkable indication of the new importance of the market economy in England and Francia was the replacement of the earlier gold currency with one exclusively of silver, providing a currency that was more convenient for commerce.
Originally we wrote this in preparation for other publications (2002); as the article stands now ... more Originally we wrote this in preparation for other publications (2002); as the article stands now (2015), it has not been published in English before
Unfortunately I cannot upload this article but can only refer to the book!
(with A.T. Thacker) + a translation of the Text (of the Cheshire Domesday), ibidem, pp. 342-370
together with Birgit Sawyer
Please avoid the second edition!
(Cover text:) Vom 8. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert spielten Skandinavier, meist Dänen und Norweger, in ... more (Cover text:)
Vom 8. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert spielten Skandinavier, meist Dänen und Norweger, in der Geschichte Westeuropas als Räuber, Eroberer und Kolonisatoren eine herausragende Rolle. Ihre Raubzüge führten sie auf die Britischen Inseln, ins Frankenreich, sogar auf die Iberische Halbinsel und nach Nordafrika. Im 9. Jahrhundert eroberten sie einen Großteil Englands und errichteten Stützpunkte an der irischen Küste, von denen aus sie Angriffe gegen das Landesinnere sowie über die Irische See hinweg führten. Andere Skandinaver drangen nach Osteuropa vor, wo es weder Kirchen noch befestigte Städte gab, die man plündern konnte, aber Naturschätze und Menschen, die man sich dienstbar machen konnte.
Die Deutschen und die Wikinger - dieses Verhältnis war Teil eines größeren Prozesses, an dem Skandinavier in vielen Teilen Ost- wie Westeuropas beteiligt waren. Die längste Zeit während des Mittelalters waren Skandinavier Piraten, die manche Zeitgenossen Wikinger nannten. Das Wort hat heute ein größeres Bedeutungsspektrum. Es bezeichnet Dynastien auf den Britischen Inseln, in der Normandie und in Russland, aber auch Siedler auf Island und den atlantischen Inseln. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den deutschen Missionaren bei der Christianisierung Skandinaviens geschenkt, den Erzbistümern von Hamburg und Bremen. Der Leser erfährt von den Grundlagen skandinavischer Geschichtsschreibung, von der Edda und den ersten deutschen Gesetzetexten, vom 12 Jahrhundert, als di Übergriffe der Wikinger aufs westliche Europa endeten und die drei mittelalterliche skandinavischen Königtümer sich fest etablierten. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Deutschen und ihren skandinavischen Nachbarn intensivierten sich vor allem durch Handel und Wandel, die Hanse, in deren Städten sich die spuren einer engen Nachbarschaft von Deutschen und Skandinaviern bis heute finden.
(Umschlaggestaltung. Nina Rothfos und Patrick Gabler, Hamburg)