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Papers by Hannah Graham

Alternative Criminologies

WIREs Developmental Biology

Acta Sociologica

Hysteresis is a versatile concept for volatile times. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological use recognis... more Hysteresis is a versatile concept for volatile times. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological use recognises hysteresis in times of dislocation and disruption between field and habitus, ‘in particular, when a field undergoes a major crisis and its regularities (even its rules) are profoundly changed’ (Bourdieu, 2000: 160). In considering the issues and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, hysteresis renders visible ‘multi-level, multi-temporal dynamics’ (Strand and Lizardo, 2016: 169). It is attendant to the temporality of work and how workers, workplaces, workforces and fields of work are affected. The COVID-19 crisis may give rise to sudden changes such as no work (e.g. redundancies, mass unemployment), reduced work (e.g. reduced hours, underemployment), suspended work (e.g. going on furlough), or absence from work (e.g. leave and workforce absence rates). The transition to working from home and online, en masse, raises considerations of habitus and taking practice online, with many expe...

Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal

A poem about the enculturated rhetoric, rituals and degradation ceremonies within tabloid news cy... more A poem about the enculturated rhetoric, rituals and degradation ceremonies within tabloid news cycles and consumption, and the costliness of their collateral consequences.

European Journal of Probation

This Special Issue of the European Journal of Probation considers examples and influences of inno... more This Special Issue of the European Journal of Probation considers examples and influences of innovation within criminal justice and community contexts. It offers some timely and insightful contributions from different countries to broader discussions of innovation in this field, a multi-faceted topic that piques significant interest but has perhaps not yet received the level of sustained critical analytical engagement it warrants. This editorial introduction critically reflects on a series of questions and problematisations of innovation and criminal justice. Questions about the forms and functions (‘what’, ‘where’ and ‘how’) of innovation in criminal justice should not be divorced from questions about its architects and beneficiaries, including their intentions and ideologies (‘who’ and ‘why’). Following this, a brief overview of the Special Issue is provided. There is much more yet to be done, as well as celebrated in this area.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.), Jul 31, 2018

The role of Notch signaling in cell-fate decisions has been studied extensively; however, this pa... more The role of Notch signaling in cell-fate decisions has been studied extensively; however, this pathway is also active in adult tissues, including the nervous system. Notch signaling modulates a wide range of behaviors and processes of the nervous system in the nematode , but there is no evidence for Notch signaling directly altering synaptic strength. Here, we demonstrate Notch-mediated regulation of synaptic activity at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). For this, we used aldicarb, an inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, and assessed paralysis rates of animals with altered Notch signaling. Notch receptors LIN-12 and GLP-1 are required for normal NMJ function; they regulate NMJ activity in an opposing fashion. Complete loss of LIN-12 skews the excitation/inhibition balance at the NMJ toward increased activity, whereas partial loss of GLP-1 has the opposite effect. Specific Notch ligands and co-ligands are also required for proper NMJ function. The role of LIN-12 is independe...

European Journal of Probation

Scotland has one of the highest prison population rates in Western Europe, coinciding with a rece... more Scotland has one of the highest prison population rates in Western Europe, coinciding with a recent growth in interest in electronic monitoring (EM) as a potential mechanism for diversion and decarceration. Scotland also has a relatively sophisticated suite of community sanctions and measures-from which court-imposed and prison-imposed EM orders have, for 15 years, been largely kept separate, until now. This article analyses the perspectives of Scottish practitioners and decision-makers regarding current stand-alone uses of electronic monitoring, canvassing relevant Scottish jurisdictional findings from within a larger European comparative research project. It reveals localised, institutional and professional differences in the Scottish criminal justice field. Our analysis demonstrates that Scottish practitioners want more integration in principle, but forewarns that the extent of their support may depend on how and by whom this is done in practice.

Scientific reports, May 31, 2017

Mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. Using inflammation-associate... more Mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. Using inflammation-associated neurogenesis models and a transgenic approach, we aimed to understand the cell-source for new neurons in infectious and inflammatory colitis. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and Citrobacter rodentium colitis (CC) was induced in adult mice and colonic neurons were quantified. Sox2GFP and PLP1GFP mice confirmed the cell-type specificity of these markers. Sox2CreER:YFP and PLP1creER:tdT mice were used to determine the fate of these cells after colitis. Sox2 expression was investigated in colonic neurons of human patients with Clostridium difficile or ulcerative colitis. Both DSS and CC led to increased colonic neurons. Following colitis in adult Sox2CreER:YFP mice, YFP initially expressed predominantly by glia becomes expressed by neurons following colitis, without observable DNA replication. Similarly in PLP1CreER:tdT mice, PLP1 cells that co-express S100b but not RET also give rise to neur...

Journal of anatomy, Jan 24, 2017

The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spat... more The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spatially and temporally correlated manner, but how they influence each other is unknown. In the developing mid-gut of the chick embryo, we find that α-smooth muscle actin expression, indicating early muscle differentiation, occurs after the arrival of migrating enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). In contrast, hindgut smooth muscle develops prior to ENCC arrival. Smooth muscle development is normal in experimentally aganglionic hindguts, suggesting that proper development and patterning of the muscle layers does not rely on the ENS. However, inhibiting early smooth muscle development severely disrupts ENS patterning without affecting ENCC proliferation or apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that early intestinal smooth muscle differentiation is required for patterning the developing ENS.

Pediatric Research, 2017

BACKGROUND-Enteric neural stem/progenitor cells (ENSCs) offer an innovative approach to treating ... more BACKGROUND-Enteric neural stem/progenitor cells (ENSCs) offer an innovative approach to treating Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and other enteric neuropathies. However, postnatal-derived human ENSCs have not been thoroughly characterized and their behavior in the embryonic and postnatal intestinal environment is unknown. METHODS-ENSCs were isolated from the intestines of 25 patients undergoing bowel resection, including 7 children with HSCR. Neuronal differentiation and proliferation of ENSCs from submucosal and myenteric plexuses from patients with and without HSCR were characterized. ENSC migration and differentiation were studied following transplantation into embryonic chick neural crest, embryonic chick hindgut, and postnatal mouse aganglionic colon. RESULTS-The proliferative and neurogenic potential of ENSCs from HSCR intestine is equivalent to that of non-HSCR controls. Similarly, no difference was observed between myenteric-and submucosal-derived ENSCs. Postnatal ENSCs transplanted to embryonic neural crest pathways and to aneural hindgut migrate normally and differentiate into appropriate neural crest-derived cell types. ENSCs in postnatal mouse aganglionic colon differentiate into neurons and glia both ex vivo and in vivo. Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Journal of Surgical Research, 2016

Background: Enteric neurospheres derived from postnatal intestine represent a promising avenue fo... more Background: Enteric neurospheres derived from postnatal intestine represent a promising avenue for cell replacement therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease and other neurointestinal diseases. We describe a simple method to improve the neuronal yield of spontaneously formed gut-derived neurospheres. Materials and methods: Enteric neurospheres were formed from the small and large intestines of mouse and human subjects. Neurosphere size, neural crest cell content, cell migration, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal proliferation in culture were analyzed. The effect of supplemental neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin-3, was also assessed. Results: Mouse small intestineederived neurospheres contained significantly more P75expressing neural crest-derived cells (49.9 AE 15.3% versus 21.6 AE 11.9%, P < 0.05) and gave rise to significantly more Tuj1-expressing neurons than colon-derived neurospheres (69.9 AE 8.6% versus 46.2 AE 15.6%, P < 0.05). A similar pattern was seen in neurospheres isolated from human small and large intestine (32.6 AE 17.5% versus 10.2 AE 8.2% neural crest cells, P < 0.05; 29.7 AE 16.4% versus 16.0 AE 13.5% enteric neurons, P < 0.05). The addition of GDNF to the culture media further improved the neurogenic potential of small intestinal neurospheres (75.9 AE 4.0% versus 67.8 AE 5.8%, P < 0.05) whereas endothelin-3 had no effect. Conclusions: Enteric neurospheres formed from small intestine and supplemented with GDNF yield an enriched population of neural crest-derived progenitor cells and give rise to a high density of enteric neurons.

Journal of pediatric surgery, Jan 9, 2016

Recent evidence suggests that patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) have abnormal neurotransmit... more Recent evidence suggests that patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) have abnormal neurotransmitter expression in the ganglionated proximal colon. These alterations may cause persistent bowel dysfunction even after pullthrough surgery. We sought to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons in the ganglionic colon of HD patients and relate these findings to functional outcome. The proximal resection margin from 17 patients with colonic HD who underwent a pullthrough procedure and colorectal tissue from 4 age-matched controls were immunohistochemically examined to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons. The incidence of constipation, incontinence, and enterocolitis in HD patients was assessed retrospectively and correlated with the proportion of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expressing neurons. Neuronal subtypes in the ganglionic colon of the Edrnb(-/-) mouse model of HD were also studied. Mice with HD had a significantly higher proportion of NOS+ neurons in ganglionic colon t...

Reflexivity in Criminological Research, 2014

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Feb 17, 2015

Alternative Criminologies

WIREs Developmental Biology

Acta Sociologica

Hysteresis is a versatile concept for volatile times. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological use recognis... more Hysteresis is a versatile concept for volatile times. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological use recognises hysteresis in times of dislocation and disruption between field and habitus, ‘in particular, when a field undergoes a major crisis and its regularities (even its rules) are profoundly changed’ (Bourdieu, 2000: 160). In considering the issues and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, hysteresis renders visible ‘multi-level, multi-temporal dynamics’ (Strand and Lizardo, 2016: 169). It is attendant to the temporality of work and how workers, workplaces, workforces and fields of work are affected. The COVID-19 crisis may give rise to sudden changes such as no work (e.g. redundancies, mass unemployment), reduced work (e.g. reduced hours, underemployment), suspended work (e.g. going on furlough), or absence from work (e.g. leave and workforce absence rates). The transition to working from home and online, en masse, raises considerations of habitus and taking practice online, with many expe...

Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal

A poem about the enculturated rhetoric, rituals and degradation ceremonies within tabloid news cy... more A poem about the enculturated rhetoric, rituals and degradation ceremonies within tabloid news cycles and consumption, and the costliness of their collateral consequences.

European Journal of Probation

This Special Issue of the European Journal of Probation considers examples and influences of inno... more This Special Issue of the European Journal of Probation considers examples and influences of innovation within criminal justice and community contexts. It offers some timely and insightful contributions from different countries to broader discussions of innovation in this field, a multi-faceted topic that piques significant interest but has perhaps not yet received the level of sustained critical analytical engagement it warrants. This editorial introduction critically reflects on a series of questions and problematisations of innovation and criminal justice. Questions about the forms and functions (‘what’, ‘where’ and ‘how’) of innovation in criminal justice should not be divorced from questions about its architects and beneficiaries, including their intentions and ideologies (‘who’ and ‘why’). Following this, a brief overview of the Special Issue is provided. There is much more yet to be done, as well as celebrated in this area.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.), Jul 31, 2018

The role of Notch signaling in cell-fate decisions has been studied extensively; however, this pa... more The role of Notch signaling in cell-fate decisions has been studied extensively; however, this pathway is also active in adult tissues, including the nervous system. Notch signaling modulates a wide range of behaviors and processes of the nervous system in the nematode , but there is no evidence for Notch signaling directly altering synaptic strength. Here, we demonstrate Notch-mediated regulation of synaptic activity at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). For this, we used aldicarb, an inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, and assessed paralysis rates of animals with altered Notch signaling. Notch receptors LIN-12 and GLP-1 are required for normal NMJ function; they regulate NMJ activity in an opposing fashion. Complete loss of LIN-12 skews the excitation/inhibition balance at the NMJ toward increased activity, whereas partial loss of GLP-1 has the opposite effect. Specific Notch ligands and co-ligands are also required for proper NMJ function. The role of LIN-12 is independe...

European Journal of Probation

Scotland has one of the highest prison population rates in Western Europe, coinciding with a rece... more Scotland has one of the highest prison population rates in Western Europe, coinciding with a recent growth in interest in electronic monitoring (EM) as a potential mechanism for diversion and decarceration. Scotland also has a relatively sophisticated suite of community sanctions and measures-from which court-imposed and prison-imposed EM orders have, for 15 years, been largely kept separate, until now. This article analyses the perspectives of Scottish practitioners and decision-makers regarding current stand-alone uses of electronic monitoring, canvassing relevant Scottish jurisdictional findings from within a larger European comparative research project. It reveals localised, institutional and professional differences in the Scottish criminal justice field. Our analysis demonstrates that Scottish practitioners want more integration in principle, but forewarns that the extent of their support may depend on how and by whom this is done in practice.

Scientific reports, May 31, 2017

Mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. Using inflammation-associate... more Mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. Using inflammation-associated neurogenesis models and a transgenic approach, we aimed to understand the cell-source for new neurons in infectious and inflammatory colitis. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and Citrobacter rodentium colitis (CC) was induced in adult mice and colonic neurons were quantified. Sox2GFP and PLP1GFP mice confirmed the cell-type specificity of these markers. Sox2CreER:YFP and PLP1creER:tdT mice were used to determine the fate of these cells after colitis. Sox2 expression was investigated in colonic neurons of human patients with Clostridium difficile or ulcerative colitis. Both DSS and CC led to increased colonic neurons. Following colitis in adult Sox2CreER:YFP mice, YFP initially expressed predominantly by glia becomes expressed by neurons following colitis, without observable DNA replication. Similarly in PLP1CreER:tdT mice, PLP1 cells that co-express S100b but not RET also give rise to neur...

Journal of anatomy, Jan 24, 2017

The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spat... more The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spatially and temporally correlated manner, but how they influence each other is unknown. In the developing mid-gut of the chick embryo, we find that α-smooth muscle actin expression, indicating early muscle differentiation, occurs after the arrival of migrating enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). In contrast, hindgut smooth muscle develops prior to ENCC arrival. Smooth muscle development is normal in experimentally aganglionic hindguts, suggesting that proper development and patterning of the muscle layers does not rely on the ENS. However, inhibiting early smooth muscle development severely disrupts ENS patterning without affecting ENCC proliferation or apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that early intestinal smooth muscle differentiation is required for patterning the developing ENS.

Pediatric Research, 2017

BACKGROUND-Enteric neural stem/progenitor cells (ENSCs) offer an innovative approach to treating ... more BACKGROUND-Enteric neural stem/progenitor cells (ENSCs) offer an innovative approach to treating Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and other enteric neuropathies. However, postnatal-derived human ENSCs have not been thoroughly characterized and their behavior in the embryonic and postnatal intestinal environment is unknown. METHODS-ENSCs were isolated from the intestines of 25 patients undergoing bowel resection, including 7 children with HSCR. Neuronal differentiation and proliferation of ENSCs from submucosal and myenteric plexuses from patients with and without HSCR were characterized. ENSC migration and differentiation were studied following transplantation into embryonic chick neural crest, embryonic chick hindgut, and postnatal mouse aganglionic colon. RESULTS-The proliferative and neurogenic potential of ENSCs from HSCR intestine is equivalent to that of non-HSCR controls. Similarly, no difference was observed between myenteric-and submucosal-derived ENSCs. Postnatal ENSCs transplanted to embryonic neural crest pathways and to aneural hindgut migrate normally and differentiate into appropriate neural crest-derived cell types. ENSCs in postnatal mouse aganglionic colon differentiate into neurons and glia both ex vivo and in vivo. Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Journal of Surgical Research, 2016

Background: Enteric neurospheres derived from postnatal intestine represent a promising avenue fo... more Background: Enteric neurospheres derived from postnatal intestine represent a promising avenue for cell replacement therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease and other neurointestinal diseases. We describe a simple method to improve the neuronal yield of spontaneously formed gut-derived neurospheres. Materials and methods: Enteric neurospheres were formed from the small and large intestines of mouse and human subjects. Neurosphere size, neural crest cell content, cell migration, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal proliferation in culture were analyzed. The effect of supplemental neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin-3, was also assessed. Results: Mouse small intestineederived neurospheres contained significantly more P75expressing neural crest-derived cells (49.9 AE 15.3% versus 21.6 AE 11.9%, P < 0.05) and gave rise to significantly more Tuj1-expressing neurons than colon-derived neurospheres (69.9 AE 8.6% versus 46.2 AE 15.6%, P < 0.05). A similar pattern was seen in neurospheres isolated from human small and large intestine (32.6 AE 17.5% versus 10.2 AE 8.2% neural crest cells, P < 0.05; 29.7 AE 16.4% versus 16.0 AE 13.5% enteric neurons, P < 0.05). The addition of GDNF to the culture media further improved the neurogenic potential of small intestinal neurospheres (75.9 AE 4.0% versus 67.8 AE 5.8%, P < 0.05) whereas endothelin-3 had no effect. Conclusions: Enteric neurospheres formed from small intestine and supplemented with GDNF yield an enriched population of neural crest-derived progenitor cells and give rise to a high density of enteric neurons.

Journal of pediatric surgery, Jan 9, 2016

Recent evidence suggests that patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) have abnormal neurotransmit... more Recent evidence suggests that patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) have abnormal neurotransmitter expression in the ganglionated proximal colon. These alterations may cause persistent bowel dysfunction even after pullthrough surgery. We sought to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons in the ganglionic colon of HD patients and relate these findings to functional outcome. The proximal resection margin from 17 patients with colonic HD who underwent a pullthrough procedure and colorectal tissue from 4 age-matched controls were immunohistochemically examined to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons. The incidence of constipation, incontinence, and enterocolitis in HD patients was assessed retrospectively and correlated with the proportion of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expressing neurons. Neuronal subtypes in the ganglionic colon of the Edrnb(-/-) mouse model of HD were also studied. Mice with HD had a significantly higher proportion of NOS+ neurons in ganglionic colon t...

Reflexivity in Criminological Research, 2014

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Feb 17, 2015