Report for: Modern Anesthetics (original) (raw)
| Chapter title | Ketamine. |
|---|---|
| Chapter number | 15 |
| Book title | Modern Anesthetics |
| Published in | Handbook of experimental pharmacology, December 2007 |
| DOI | 10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |
| Pubmed ID | 18175098 |
| Book ISBNs | 978-3-54-072813-9, 978-3-54-074806-9 |
| Authors | B. Sinner, B. M. Graf, Sinner, B., Graf, B. M. |
| Abstract | There are two optical isomers of the 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone ketamine: S(+) ketamine and R(-) ketamine. Effects of this drug are mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), opioid, muscarinic and different voltage-gated receptors. Clinically, the anaesthetic potency of the S(+)-isomer is approximately three to four times that of the R(-)-isomer, which is attributable to the higher affinity of the S(+)-isomer to the phencyclidine binding sites on the NMDA receptors. Ketamine is water- and lipid-soluble, allowing it to be administered conveniently via various routes and providing extensive distribution in the body. Ketamine metabolism is mediated by hepatic microsomal enzymes. It causes bronchodilation and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular system. In clinics, ketamine and particularly S(+)-ketamine are used for premedication, sedation, and induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, which is than termed "dissociative anaesthesia". Ketamine and its S(+)-isomer are ideal anaesthetic agents for trauma victims, patients with hypovolemic and septic shock and patients with pulmonary diseases. Even subanaesthetic doses of this drug have analgesic effects, so ketamine is also recommended for post-operative analgesia and sedation. The combination of ketamine with midazolam or propofol can be extremely useful and safe for sedation and pain relief in intensive care patients, especially during sepsis and cardiovascular instability. In the treatment of chronic pain ketamine is effective as a potent analgesic or substitute together with other potent analgesics, whereby it can be added by different methods. There are some important patient side-effects, however, that limit its use, whereby psycho-mimetic side-effects are most common. |
Timeline X Demographics
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Canada | 2 | <1% |
| Unknown | 224 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 47 | 21% |
| Student > Master | 26 | 12% |
| Researcher | 23 | 10% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 17 | 8% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 10 | 4% |
| Other | 26 | 12% |
| Unknown | 77 | 34% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 48 | 21% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 22 | 10% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 12 | 5% |
| Psychology | 12 | 5% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 12 | 5% |
| Other | 31 | 14% |
| Unknown | 89 | 39% |
Attention Score in Context
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 4. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 16 November 2024.
All research outputs
#8,158,001
of 25,837,817 outputs
Outputs from Handbook of experimental pharmacology
#248
of 701 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#42,939
of 171,657 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Handbook of experimental pharmacology
#9
of 16 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,837,817 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 67th percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 701 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 10.2. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 63% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 171,657 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 73% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 16 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 43rd percentile – i.e., 43% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.