A case for global democracy? Arms exports and conflicting goals in democracy promotion (original) (raw)

• Abizadeh, Arash. 2007. Cooperation, Pervasive Impact, and Coercion: On the Scope (Not Site) of Distributive Justice. Philosophy & Public Affairs 35 (4): 318–358.
  Article Google Scholar
• Agné, Hans. 2014. Is Successful Democracy Promotion Possible? The Conceptual Problem. Democratization 21 (1): 49–71.
  Article Google Scholar
• Agné, Hans. 2006. A Dogma of Democratic Theory and Globalization: Why Politics Need not Include Everyone it Affects. European Journal of International Relations 12 (3): 433–458.
  Article Google Scholar
• Andersen, Louise, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat. 2007. Introduction: Security Arrangements in Fragile States. In Fragile States and Insecure People?: Violence, Security, and Statehood in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat, 3–20. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Anderson, Richard, Steven M. Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder. 2001. Conclusion: Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy. In Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy, ed. Richard Anderson, Steven M. Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, 152–168. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Angell, Alan. 1996. International Support for the Chilean Opposition 1973–1989: Political Parties and the Role of Exiles. In The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, ed. Laurence Whitehead, 175–200. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Archibugi, Daniele. 2012. From Peace Between Democracies to Global Democracy. In Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives, ed. Daniele Archibugi, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, and Raffaele Marchetti, 254–273. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Archibugi, Daniele. 2008. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Barany, Zoltan D. 2009. Building Democratic Armies. In Is Democracy Exportable?, ed. Zoltan D. Barany, and Robert G. Moser, 178–204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Beaulieu, Emily, and Susan D. Hyde. 2008. In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion: Strategic Manipulation, International Observers, and Election Boycotts. Comparative Political Studies 42 (3): 392–415.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bedard, Paul. 2011. Opposition Mounts To U.N. Gun Control Treaty | US News. http://www.usnews.com/news/washington-whispers/articles/2011/07/26/opposition-mounts-to-un-gun-control-treaty-opposition-mounts-to-un-gun-control-treaty. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• Bellal, Anyssa. 2013. Transfers and International Human Rights Law. In Stuart Casey-Maslen, ed. Weapons Under International Human Rights Law, 448–471. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Belling, Vojtěch. 2014. Zrození suveréna. Pojem suverenity a jeho kritika v moderní politické a právní filosofii – Suverenita a normativní konstrukce reality [_The Birth of the Sovereign. The Concept of Sovereignty and Its Critique in Modern Political and Legal Philosophy_]. Brno: CDK.
• Berman, Sheri. 2011. The Past and Future of Social Democracy and the Consequences for Democracy Promotion. In The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, ed. Milja Hobson, and Christopher Kurki, 68–84. Abingdon: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy. 2010. Democracy Assistance and the Search for Security. In New Challenges to Democratization, ed. Peter J. Burnell, and Richard Youngs, 73–92. London: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy. 2009. Conclusion: Is Democracy Exportable? In Is Democracy Exportable?, ed. Zoltan D. Barany, and Robert G. Moser, 224–263. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. 2000. Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing World: U.S. Rhetoric versus U.S. Arms Exports. American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 123–131.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, Alan. 2016. Norm Antipreneurs and Theorising Resistance to Normative Change. Review of International Studies 42 (2): 310–333.
  Article Google Scholar
• Booth, Ken. 2007. Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Bridoux, Jeff, and Milja Kurki. 2014. Democracy Promotion: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.
  Book Google Scholar
• Bromely, Mark. 2012. The Review of the EU Common Position on Arms Exports: Prospects for Strengthened Controls | SIPRI. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2012/eu-non-proliferation-papers/review-eu-common-position-arms-exports-prospects-strengthened-controls. Accessed 3 November 2016.
• Bromund, Ted and Steven Groves. 2008. The U.N.’s Arms Trade Treaty: A Dangerous Multilateral Mistake in the Making. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/08/the-uns-arms-trade-treaty-a-dangerous-multilateral-mistake-in-the-making. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• Buchanan, Allen E. 2004. Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Burke, Anthony. 2013. Security Cosmopolitanism. Critical Studies on Security 1 (1): 13–28.
  Article Google Scholar
• Burnell, Peter J. 2010. New Challenges to Democratization. In New Challenges to Democratization, ed. Peter J. Burnell, and Richard Youngs, 1–22. Abingdon: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Carothers, Thomas. 2010. The Continuing Backlash Against Democracy Promotion. In New Challenges to Democratization, ed. Peter J. Burnell, and Richard Youngs, 59–72. Abingdon: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Carothers, Thomas. 2006. The Backlash Against Democracy Promotion. Foreign Affairs 85 (2): 55–68.
  Article Google Scholar
• Carothers, Thomas. 2002. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy 13 (1): 5–21.
  Article Google Scholar
• Caverley, Jonathan D. 2014. Democratic Militarism: Voting, Wealth, and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Christensen, James. 2015. Weapons, Security, and Oppression: A Normative Study of International Arms Transfers. Journal of Political Philosophy 23 (1): 23–39.
  Article Google Scholar
• Cook, Robin. 2002. Putting Principle into Practice: The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 15 (1): 45–51.
  Article Google Scholar
• Da Silva, Clara. 2009. Creating a Human Rights Standard for the Arms Trade Treaty. Disarmament Forum 1_–_2, 27–35.
• Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  Google Scholar
• De Soysa, Indra, and Paul Midford. 2012. Enter The Dragon! An Empirical Analysis of Chinese versus US Arms Transfers to Autocrats and Violators of Human Rights, 1989–2006. International Studies Quarterly 56 (4): 843–856.
  Article Google Scholar
• Doyle, Michael W. 1983. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Philosophy & Public Affairs 12 (3): 205–235.
  Google Scholar
• Dryzek, John. 2004. Democratic Political Theory. In Handbook of Political Theory, ed. Gerald F. Gaus, and Chandran Kukathas, 143–154. London: SAGE.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Dufek, Pavel. 2013. Why Strong Moral Cosmopolitanism Requires a World-State. International Theory 5 (2): 177–212.
  Article Google Scholar
• Dufek, Pavel, and Jan Holzer. 2013. Democratisation of Democracy? On the Discontinuity Between Empirical and Normative Theories of Democracy. Representation 49 (2): 117–134.
  Article Google Scholar
• Ekklesia. 2012. EU Accused of Hiding Own Report on Arms Trade. http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/16036. Accessed 28 June 2016.
• Erickson, Jennifer. 2013. Market Imperative Meets Normative Power: Human Rights and European Arms Transfer Policy. European Journal of International Relations 19 (2): 209–234.
  Article Google Scholar
• Erickson, Jennifer. 2015. Dangerous Trade: Arms Exports, Human Rights, and International Reputation. New York: Columbia University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Estlund, David M. 2008. Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  Google Scholar
• European Union. 2008. Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 Defining Common Rules Governing Control of Exports of Military Technology and Equipment. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008E0944. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• France24. 2014 France Will Not Halt Russian Warship Sale Despite Ukraine crisis—France 24. http://www.france24.com/en/20140306-french-built-warship-destined-russia-crimea-crisis-mistral-test-run. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• Freedom House. 2016. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/. Accessed 1 February 2016.
• Garcia-Alonso, María, and Paul Levine. 2007. Arms Trade and Arms Races: A Strategic Analysis. In Handbook of Defense Economics, vol. 2, ed. Keith Hartley, and Todd Sandler, 941–971. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  Google Scholar
• Garcia, Denise. 2014. Global Norms on Arms: The Significance of the Arms Trade Treaty for Global Security in World Politics. Global Policy 5 (4): 425–432.
  Article Google Scholar
• Garcia, Denise. 2012. Disarmament Diplomacy and Human Security: Regimes, Norms and Moral Progress in International Relations. London: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Gaskarth, Jamie. 2006. Ethical Policies or Empty Promises? New Labour and Human Rights in British Foreign Policymaking. International Journal of Human Rights 10 (1): 45–60.
  Article Google Scholar
• Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes. Democratization 20 (1): 13–38.
  Article Google Scholar
• Gilby, Nicholas. 2009. The No-nonsense Guide to the Arms Trade. Oxford: New Internationalist.
  Google Scholar
• Goodhart, Michael. 2008. Human Rights and Global Democracy. Ethics & International Affairs 22 (4): 395–420.
  Article Google Scholar
• Goodin, Robert E. 2007. Enfranchising All Affected Interests, and Its Alternatives. Philosophy & Public Affairs 35 (1): 40–68.
  Article Google Scholar
• Goodin, Robert E. 2010. Global Democracy: in the Beginning. International Theory 2 (2): 175–209.
  Article Google Scholar
• Grimm, Sonja, and Julia Leininger. 2012. Not All Good Things Go Together: Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion. Democratization 19 (3): 391–414.
  Article Google Scholar
• Group of Governmental Experts on a Comprehensive, Legally Binding Instrument Establishing Common International Standards for the Import, Export and Transfer of Conventional Arms. 2008. Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing Common International Standards for the Import, Export and Transfer of Conventional Arms: Note/by the Secretary-General. http://repository.un.org/handle/11176/172033. Accessed 19 September 2016.
• Habermas, Jürgen. 2002. On Legitimation Trough Human Rights. In Pablo De Greiff and Ciaran Cronin, ed. Global Justice, and Transnational Politics, 197–214. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  Google Scholar
• Hancock, Jan. 2007. Human Rights and US Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Hansen, Susanne. 2016. Taking Ambiguity Seriously: Explaining the Indeterminacy of the European Union Conventional Arms Export Control Regime. European Journal of International Relations 22 (1): 192–216.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hansen, Susanne T, and Nicholas Marsh. 2015. Normative Power and Organized Hypocrisy: European Union Member States’ Arms Export to Libya. European Security 24 (2): 264–286.
• Harte, Julia and Jeffrey Smith. 2010. Investigators find Islamic State used ammo made in 21 countries, including America | Center for Public Integrity. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/10/05/15827/investigators-find-islamic-state-used-ammo-made-21-countries-including-america. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• Held, David. 2010. Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities. Oxford: Polity Press.
  Google Scholar
• Hobson, Christopher. 2012. Liberal Democracy and Beyond: Extending the Sequencing Debate. International Political Science Review 33 (4): 441–454.
  Article Google Scholar
• Hobson, Christopher, and Milja Kurki. 2011. Introduction: the Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion. In The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, ed. Christopher Hobson, and Milja Kurki, 1–15. Abingdon: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Holtom, Paul. 2011. The Arms Trade Treaty: Challenges Ahead, Stockholm. http://www.nonproliferation.eu/web/documents/activities/consultative-meetings/01/holtom.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.
• Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Hurrell, Andrew. 2007. On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. 2010. Changing Mass Priorities: The Link Between Modernization and Democracy. Perspectives on Politics 8 (2): 551–567.
  Article Google Scholar
• International Committee of the Red Cross. 1907. Project of an International Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs of War, Adopted by the Conference of Brussels, August 27, 1874. American Journal of International Law 1 (2): 96–103.
  Article Google Scholar
• Jarstad, Anna, and Timothy D. Sisk. 2008. From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Johnson, Joel L. 1994. Financing the Arms Trade. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 535: 110–121.
  Article Google Scholar
• Krasner, Stephen. 2004. The Hole in the Whole: Sovereignty, Shared Sovereignty, and International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law 25 (3): 1075–1101.
  Google Scholar
• Krause, Keith. 2011. Leashing the Dogs of War: Arms Control from Sovereignty to Governmentality. Contemporary Security Policy 32 (1): 20–39.
  Article Google Scholar
• Krause, Keith, and Jennifer Milliken. 2009. Introduction: The Challenge of Non-State Armed Groups. Contemporary Security Policy 30 (2): 202–220.
  Article Google Scholar
• Kurki, Milja. 2013. Democratic Futures: Revisioning Democracy Promotion. New York: Routledge.
  Book Google Scholar
• Laurance, Edward J., Siemon T. Wezeman and Herbert Wulf. 1993. Arms Watch: SIPRI Report on the First Year of the UN Register of Conventional Arms. SIPRI Research Report No. 6, Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
• Little, Adrian, and Kate MacDonald. 2013. Pathways to Global Democracy? Escaping the Statist Imaginary. Review of International Studies 39 (4): 789–813.
  Article Google Scholar
• Mann, Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack L. Snyder. 2005. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Manzo, Kate. 2003. Africa in the Rise of Rights-based Development. Geoforum 34 (4): 437–456.
  Article Google Scholar
• Maoz, Zeev, and Belgin San-Akca. 2012. Rivalry and State Support of Non-State Armed Groups (NAGs), 1946-2001. International Studies Quarterly 56 (4): 720–734.
  Article Google Scholar
• Marchetti, Raffaele. 2008. Global Democracy: for and Against. Ethical Theory, Institutional Design, and Social Struggle. London: Routledge.
• Markoff, John, and Amy White. 2009. The Global Wave of Democratization. In Democratization, ed. Christian Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart, and Christian Welzel, 55–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Martin, Daniel. 2011. David Cameron: It’s Not Wrong to Sell Arms to the Middle East | Daily Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1359712/David-Cameron-Its-wrong-sell-arms-Middle-East.html. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• Milliken, Jennifer, and Keith Krause. 2002. State Failure, State Collapse, and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies. Development and Change 33 (5): 753–774.
  Article Google Scholar
• Müller, Harald, Marco Fey, and Carsten Rauch. 2013. Winds of Change: Exogenous Events and Trends as Norm Triggers (or Norm Killers). In Norm Dynamics in Multilateral Arms Control: Interests, Conflicts, and Justice, ed. Harald Müller, and Carmen Wunderlich, 141–160. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  Google Scholar
• Nagel, Thomas. 2005. The Problem of Global Justice. Philosophy & Public Affairs 33 (2): 113–147.
  Article Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, Guillermo A. 2010. Democracy, Agency, and the State: Theory with Comparative Intent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Olsen, Gorm Rye. 2000. Promotion of Democracy as a Foreign Policy Instrument of “Europe”: Limits to International Idealism. Democratization 7 (2): 142–167.
  Article Google Scholar
• Patomäaki, Heikki. 2011. Democracy promotion: neoliberal vs social democratic telos. In Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, ed. Christopher Hobson, and Milja Kurki, 85–99. Abingdon: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Perkins, Richard, and Eric Neumayer. 2010. The Organized Hypocrisy of Ethical Foreign Policy: Human Rights, Democracy and Western Arms Sales. Geoforum 41 (2): 247–256.
  Article Google Scholar
• Phillips, Anne. 2003. Democracy and Difference. Some Problems for Feminist Theory. In Philosophy and Democracy: An Anthology, ed. Thomas Christiano, 309–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Piazza, James A. 2007. Draining the Swamp: Democracy Promotion, State Failure, and Terrorism in 19 Middle Eastern Countries. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30 (6): 521–539.
  Article Google Scholar
• Pogge, Thomas. 1992. Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty. Ethics 103 (1): 48–75.
  Article Google Scholar
• Pogge, Thomas. 2002. World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms. Cambridge: Polity.
  Google Scholar
• Pogge, Thomas. 2005. A Cosmopolitan Perspective on the Global Economic Order. In The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism, ed. Gillian Brock, and Harry Brighouse, 92–109. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Poppe, Annika E., and Jonas Wolff. 2013. The Normative Challenge of Interaction: Justice Conflicts in Democracy Promotion. Global Constitutionalism 2 (3): 373–406.
  Article Google Scholar
• Price, Richard. 2008. Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics. International Organization 62 (2): 191–220.
  Article Google Scholar
• Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Russett, Bruce M. 1995. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  Google Scholar
• Saunders, Ben. 2012. Defining the Demos. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 11 (3): 280–301.
  Article Google Scholar
• Saward, Michael. 2003. Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
  Google Scholar
• Schedler, Andreas. 2013. The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Schedler, Andreas. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers.
  Google Scholar
• Schedler, Andreas. 2002. The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 36–50.
  Article Google Scholar
• Scheuerman, William E. 2014. Cosmopolitanism and the World State. Review of International Studies 40 (3): 419–441.
  Article Google Scholar
• Scheye, Eric, and Louise Andersen. 2007. Conclusion: Toward a Multilayered Approach to Security. In Fragile States and Insecure People?: Violence, Security, and Statehood in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat, 227–246. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Schneider, Carsten Q. 2009. The Consolidation of Democracy: Comparing Europe and Latin America. New York: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Scholte, Jan Aart. 2014. Reinventing Global Democracy. European Journal of International Relations 20 (1): 3–28.
  Article Google Scholar
• Schraeder, Peter J. 2003. The State of the Art in International Democracy Promotion: Results of a Joint European-North American Research Network. Democratization 10 (2): 21–44.
  Article Google Scholar
• Sekerák, Marián. 2016. Towards a Worldwide (Deliberative) Democracy? Catholic Social Teaching and the Idea of Global Governance. Italian Political Science Review 46 (3): 291–311.
  Google Scholar
• Sidel, Victor W. 1995. The International Arms Trade and Its Impact on Health. British Medical Journal 311: 1677–1680.
  Article Google Scholar
• SIPRI. 2016. SIPRI National Reports Database. SIPRI National Reports Database. http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/controlling/research/armaments/transfers/transparency/national_reports/sipri-national-reports-database. Accessed 17 June 2016.
• SIPRI. 2017. Military Expenditure. https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/arms-transfers-and-military-spending/military-expenditure. Accessed 17 January 2017.
• Small Arms Survey. 2012. Small Arms Survey 2012. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html. Accessed 11 September 2017.
• Smith, Ron, and Bernard Udis. 2003. New Challenges to Arms Exports: Whither Wasenaar? In Arms Trade, Security and Conflict, ed. Paul Levine, and Ron Smith, 94–110. London: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Staniland, Paul. 2012. States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders. Perspectives on Politics 10 (2): 243–264.
  Article Google Scholar
• Stavrianakis, Anna. 2011. Small Arms Control and the Reproduction of Imperial Relations. Contemporary Security Policy 32 (1): 193–214.
  Article Google Scholar
• Stavrianakis, Anna. 2012. Missing the Target: NGOs, Global Civil Society and the Arms Trade. Journal of International Relations and Development 15 (2): 224–249.
  Article Google Scholar
• Stavrianakis, Anna. 2016. Legitimising Liberal Militarism: Politics, Law and War in the Arms Trade Treaty. Third World Quarterly 37 (5): 840–865.
  Article Google Scholar
• Steffek, Jens. 2015. The Output Legitimacy of International Organizations and the Global Public Interest. International Theory 7 (2): 263–293.
  Article Google Scholar
• Stohl, Rachel J., and Suzette Grillot. 2009. The International Arms Trade. Cambridge: Polity.
  Google Scholar
• Stohl, Rachel J., Matt Schroeder, and Dan Smith. 2007. The Small Arms Trade: A Beginner’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld.
  Google Scholar
• Stroschein, Sherrill. 2008. Making or Breaking Kosovo: Applications of Dispersed State Control. Perspectives on Politics 6 (4): 655–674.
  Article Google Scholar
• Thomas, Daniel C. 2001. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Tilly, Charles. 2007. Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Book Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1994. The Profession and Vocation of Politics. In Weber: Political Writings, ed. Peter Lassman, and Ronald Speirs, 309–369. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Wendt, Alexander. 1992. Anarchy is What States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization 46 (2): 391–425.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wezeman, Pieter and Siemon Wezeman. 2015. Trends in International Arms Transfers 2014, Stockholm. http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1503.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2017.
• Whitehead, Laurence. 2010. State Sovereignty and Democracy: An Awkward Coupling. In New Challenges to Democratization, ed. Peter J. Burnell, and Richard Youngs, 23–41. London: Routledge.
  Google Scholar
• Wisotzki, Simone. 2013. Humanitarian Arms Control: The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty, the Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons, and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. In Norm Dynamics in Multilateral Arms Control: Interests, Conflicts, and Justice, ed. Harald Müller, and Carmen Wunderlich, 82–106. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  Google Scholar
• Wolff, Jonas. 2012. Democracy Promotion, Empowerment, and Self-determination: Conflicting Objectives in US and German Policies Towards Bolivia. Democratization 19 (3): 415–437.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wolff, Jonas, and Lisbeth Zimmermann. 2016. Between Banyans and Battle Scenes: Liberal Norms, Contestation, and the Limits of Critique. Review of International Studies 42 (3): 513–534.
  Article Google Scholar
• Wunderlich, Carmen. 2013. Theoretical Approaches in Norm Dynamics. In Norm Dynamics in Multilateral Arms Control, ed. Harald Müller, and Carmen Wunderlich, 20–47. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  Google Scholar
• Youngs, Richard. 2009. Democracy Promotion as External Governance? Journal of European Public Policy 16 (6): 895–915.
  Article Google Scholar
• Zulueta-Fülscher, Kimana. 2014. Democracy-Support Effectiveness in “Fragile States”: A Review. International Studies Review 16 (1): 29–49.
  Article Google Scholar
• Zürcher, Christoph. 2011. Building Democracy While Building Peace. Journal of Democracy 22 (1): 81–95.
  Google Scholar
• Zürcher, Christoph, Nora Roehner, and Sarah Riese. 2009. External Democracy Promotion in Post-Conflict Zones A Comparative-Analytical Framework. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 5 (1): 1–26.
  Google Scholar
• Zürcher, Christoph, et al. 2013. Costly Democracy: Peacebuilding and Democratization After War. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  Google Scholar