Bacterial Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract (original) (raw)

References

• Alexander, J.W., Gianotti, L., Pyles, T., Carey, M.A., and Babcock, G.F., 1990, Distribution and survival of Escherichia coli translocating from the intestines after thermal injury, Ann. Surg. 213:558–567.
  Article Google Scholar
• Ambrose, M.S., Johnson, M., Burdon, D.W., and Keighley, M.R.B., 1984, Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal serosa during Crohn’s disease surgery, Brit J. Surg. 71:623–625.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Baker, J.W., Deitch, E.A., Berg, R., and Ma, L., 1987, Hemorrhagic shock impairs the mucosal barrier resulting in bacterial translocation from the gut and sepsis, Surg. Forum. 37:73–74.
  Google Scholar
• Baker, J.W., Deitch, E.A., Ma, L., and Berg, R., 1988, Hemorrhagic shock promotes the systemic translocation of bacteria from the gut, J. Trauma. 28:896–906.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R., 1995, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, Trends Microbiol. 3:149–154.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R., 1996, The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora, Trends Microbiol. 4:430–435.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R., 1998, Translocation of microbes from the intestinal tract, In: Medical importance of the normal microflora, Editor: Tannock, G, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 338–370.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R., Berg, M., and Block, E., 1996, Comparison of translocation of Escherichia coli strains from the gastrointestinal tract, In: Germfree life and its ramifications, Editor: Hashimoto, K., et al., XII ISG Publishing Committee, Shiozawa, p. 53–58.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R., Block, E., Berg, M., and Love, J., 1996, Translocation of latex particles from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes, In: Germfree life and its ramifications, Editor: Hashimoto, K., et al., XII ISG Publishing Committee, Shiozawa. p. 47–51.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1980a, Inhibition of Escherichia coli translocation from the gastrointestinal tract by the normal cecal flora in gnotobiotic or antibiotic-decontaminated mice, Infect. Immun. 29:1073–1081.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1980b, Mechanisms confining indigenous bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:2472–2484.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1981a, Factors influencing the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract, In: Recent advances in germfree research, Editors: Sasaki, S., Ozawa, A., and Hashimoto, K., Tokai University Press, Tokyo, p. 411–418.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1981b, Promotion of the translocation of enteric bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice by oral treatment with penicillin, clindamycin, or metronidazole, Infect. Immun. 33:851–861.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1983a, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapeutic agents, Curr. Microbiol. 8:285–292.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1983b, Translocation of indigenous bacteria from the intestinal tract, In: The intestinal microflora in health and disease, Editor: Hentges, D, Academic Press, New York, p. 333–352.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1983c, The immune response to indigenous intestinal bacteria, In: The intestinal microflora in health and disease, Editor: Hentges, D, Academic Press, New York, p. 101–126.
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1985, Bacterial translocation from the intestines, Exp. Animals. 34:1–16.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1992a, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, J. Med. 23:217–244.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1992b, Translocation and the indigenous gut flora, In: Scientific basis of the probiotic concept, Editor: Fuller, R., Chapman & Hall, London, p. 55–85.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., 1992c, Translocation of enteric bacteria in health and disease. In: Gut-derived infectious toxic shock (GITS). A major variant of septic shock, Editor: Cottier, H. and Kraft, R., S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland, p. 44–65.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D. and Garlington, A.W., 1979, Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model, Infect. Immun. 23:403–411.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D. and Itoh, K., 1986, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract-immunologic aspects, Microecol. Therapy. 16:131–145.
  Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D. and Owens, W.E., 1979, Inhibition of translocation of viable Escherichia coli from the gastrointestinal tract of mice by bacterial antagonism, Infect. Immun. 25:820–827.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berg, R.D., Wommack, E., and Deitch, E.A., 1988, Immunosuppression and intestinal bacterial overgrowth synergistically promote bacterial translocation, Arch. Surg. 123:1359–1364.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brathwaite, C., Rose, S., Nagele, R., Mure, A., O’Malley, K., and Garcia-Perez, E, 1993, Bacterial translocation occurs in humans after traumatic injury: evidence using immunofluorescence, J.Trauma. 34:586–590.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carrico, C.J., Meakins, J.L., Marshall, J.C., Fry, D., and Maier, R.V., 1986, Multiple organ failure syndrome, Arch. Surg. 121:196–208.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Deitch, E.A. and Berg, R.D., 1987, Endotoxin but not malnutrition promotes bacterial translocation of the gut flora in burned mice, J. Trauma. 27:161–166.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Deitch, E.A., Bridges, W.R., Ma, L., Berg, R., Specian, R., and Granger, N., 1989a, Role of xanthine oxidase and neutrophil generated oxy radicals in shock-induced bacterial translocation, J. Trauma. 29:1027.
  Article Google Scholar
• Deitch, E.A., Ma, L., Ma, J.W., Grisham, M.N.G., Specian, R., and Berg, R., 1989b, Inhibition of endotoxininduced bacterial translocation in mice, J. Clin. Invest. 84:36–42.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Deitch, E.A., Winterton, J., and Berg, R., 1987, Effect of starvation, malnutrition, and trauma on the GI tract flora and bacterial translocation, Arch. Surg. 122:1019–1025.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Deitch, E.A., Bridges, W., Baker, J., Ma, J.-W., Ma, L., Grisham, M., Granger, N., Specian, R., and Berg, R., 1988, Hemorrhagic shock-induced bacterial translocation is reduced by xanthine oxidase inhibition or inactivation, Surgery. 104:191–198.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Donnenberg, M., Newman, B., Utsalo, S., Trifillis, A., Hebel, I, and Warren, J., 1994, Internalization of Escherichia coli into human kidney epithelial cells: Comparison of fecal and pyelonephritis-associated strains, J. Infect. Dis. 169:831–838.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Feltis, B., Jechorek, R., Erlandsen, S., and Wells, C., 1994, Bacterial translocation and lipopolysaccharideinduced mortality in genetically macrophage-déficient op/op mice, Shock. 2:29–33.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fuller, K.G. and Berg, R.D., 1985, Inhibition of bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract by nonspecific stimulation, In: Microflora control and its application to the biomédical sciences, Editor: Wostmann, B, S, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York., p. 195–198.
  Google Scholar
• Gautreaux, M., Deitch, E., and Berg, R.D., 1994a, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract to various segments of the mesenteric lymph node complex, Infect. Immun. 62:2132–2134.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gautreaux, M., Deitch, E., and Berg, R.D., 1994b, T-cells in the host defense against bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, Infect. Immun. 62:2874–2884.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gautreaux, M.D., Deitch, E.A., and Berg, R.D., 1990, Immunological mechanisms preventing bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, Microecol. Ther. 20:31–34.
  Google Scholar
• Gautreaux, M.D., Deitch, E.A., and Berg, R.D., 1993, T lymphocytes in host defense against bacterial trans-location from the gastrointestinal tract, Infect. Immun. 62:2874–2884.
  Google Scholar
• Krause, W., Matheis, H., and Wulf, K., 1969, Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans, Lancet. 1:598–600.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ma, L., Specian, R.D., Berg, R.D., and Deitch, E.A., 1989, Effects of protein malnutrition and endotoxin on the intestinal mucosal barrier to the translocation of indigenous flora in mice, J. Parenteral Enterai Nutr. 13:572–578.
  Article Google Scholar
• Maejima, K., Deitch, E.A., and Berg, R.D., 1984a, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of rats receiving thermal injury, Infect. Immun. 43:6–10.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Maejima, K., Deitch, E.A., and Berg, R.D., 1984b, Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice, Arch. Surg. 119:166–172.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Maejima, K., Shimoda, K., and Berg, R.D., 1984, Assessment of mouse strain on bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, Exp. Animals. 33:345–349.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Michetti, P., Mahan, M., Slauch, J., Mekalanos, J., and Neutra, M., 1992, Monoclonal secretory immunoglobulin A protects mice against oral challenge with the invasive pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, Infect. Immun. 60:1786–1792.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moore, F., Moore, E., Poggetti, R., and Read, R., 1992, Postinjury shock and early bacteremia, Arch. Surg. 127:893–898.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moore, F.A., Moore, E.E., Poggetti, R., McAnena, O.J., Peterson, V.M., Abernathy, CM., and Parsons, P.E., 1991, Gut bacterial translocation via the portal vein: A clinical perspective with major torso trauma, J. Trauma. 31:629–638.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morehouse, J., Specian, R., Stewart, J., and Berg, R.D., 1986, Promotion of the translocation of indigenous bacteria of mice from the GI tract by oral ricinoleic acid, Gastroenterology. 91:673–682.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nolan, J., 1981, Endotoxin, reticuloendothelial function, and liver injury, Hepatology. 1:458–465.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Owens, W.E. and Berg, R.D., 1980, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of athymic (nu/nu) mice, Infect. Immun. 27:461–467.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Owens, W.E. and Berg, R.D., 1982, Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tracts of thymectomized mice, Curr. Microbiol. 7:169–174.
  Article Google Scholar
• Parks, D.A., Bulkley, G.B., Granger, D.N., Hamilton, S.R., and McCord, J.M., 1982, Ischémic injury in the cat small intestine: Role of Superoxide radicals, Gastroenterology. 82:9–15.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Peitzman, A.B., Udekwu, A.O., Ochoa, J., and Smith, S., 1991, Bacterial translocation in trauma patients, J. Trauma. 31:1083–1087.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Penn, R.L., Maca, R.D., and Berg, R.D., 1986, Leukemia promotes the translocation of indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph node and other organs, Microecol. Ther. 15:85–91.
  Google Scholar
• Ravin, H.A. and Fine, J., 1962, Biological implications of intestinal endotoxaemia, Fed. Proc. 21:65–68.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Reed, L., Martin, M., Manglano, R., Newson, B., Kocka, F., and Barrett, J., 1994, Bacterial translocation following abdominal trauma in humans, Cir. Shock. 42:1–6.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Rush, B.F., Sori, A.J., Murphy, T.F., Smith, S., Flanagan, J.J., and Machiedo, G.W., 1988, Endotoxemia and bacteremia during hemorrhagic shock: the link between trauma and sepsis?, Ann. Surg. 207:549–554.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sedman, P., Macfie, J., Sagar, P., Mitchell, C., May, J., Mancey-Jones, B., and Johnstone, D., 1994, The prevalence of gut translocation in humans, Gastroenterology. 107:643–649.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Steffen, E.K. and Berg, R.D., 1983, Relationship between cecal population levels of indigenous bacteria and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes., Infect. Immun. 39:1252–1259.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Steffen, E.K., Berg, R.D., and Deitch, E.A., 1988, Comparison of the translocation rates of various indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes, J. Infect. Dis. 157:-1032–1037.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tancrede, C.H. and Andremont, A.O., 1985, Bacterial translocation and gram-negative bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies, J. Infect. Dis. 152:99–103.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vincent, P., Colombel, XE, Lescut, D., Fournier, L., Savage, C., Cortot, A., Quandalle, P., Vankemmel, M., and Leclerc, H., 1988, Bacterial translocation in patients with colorectal cancer, J. Infect. Dis. 158:-1395–1396.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wells, C., Ferrieri, P., Weisdorf, D., and Rhame, F., 1987, (I do not have) The importance of surveillance stool cultures during episodes of severe neutropenia, Infect. Control. 8:317–319.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wells, C.L., Maddus, M.A., and Simmons, R.L., 1987, The role of the macrophage in the translocation of intestinal bacteria, Arch. Surg. 122:48–53.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Winner, L., III, Mack, J., Weltzin, R., Mekalanos, J., Kraehenbuhl, X-P, and Neutra, M., 1991, New model for analysis of mucosal immunity: Intestinal secretion of specific monoclonal immunoglobulin A from hybridoma tumors protects against Vibrio cholerae infection, Infect. Immun. 59:977–982.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar

Download references