DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibitors (original) (raw)

• Wang JC. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem 1985; 54: 665–697.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang JC. Recent studies of DNA topoisomerases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 909: 1–9.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wang JC. DNA topoisomerases: why so many? J Bio! Chem 1991; 266: 6659–6662.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Gupta M, Fujimori A, Pommier Y. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerases I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1262: 1–14.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Leteurtre F, Fesen M, Fujimori A, Bertrand R, Solary E, Kohlhagen G, Kohn KW. Cellular determinants of sensitivity and resistance to DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. Cancer Invest 1994; 12: 530–542.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y. DNA topoisomerases I and II in cancer chemotherapy: update and perspectives. Cancer Chemother Pharmaco 1993; 32: 103–108.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Watt PM, Hickson ID. Structure and function of type II DNA topoisomerases. Biochem J 1994; 303: 681–695.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Osheroff N, Zechierich EL, Gale KC. Catalytic function of DNA topoisomerase II. BioEssays 1991; 13: 269–275.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Caron PR, Wang JC. DNA topoisomerases as target of therapeutics: a structural overview. In: Andoh T, Ikeda H, Oguro M, eds. Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerases and Its Application to Chemotherapy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 1993: 1–18.
  Google Scholar
• Champoux J. Mechanistic aspects of type-I topoisomerases. In: Wang JC, Cozarelli NR, eds. DNA topology and its biological effects. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1990: 217–242.
  Google Scholar
• Kohn KW, Pommier Y, Kerrigan D, Markovits J, Covey JM. Topoisomerase II as a target of anticancer drug action in mammalian cells. NCI Monographs 1987; 4: 61–71.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Kohn KW. Topoisomerase II inhibition by antitumor intercalators and demethylepipodophyllotoxins. In: Glazer RI, eds. Developments in Cancer Chemotherapy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 1989: 175–196.
  Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Tanizawa A. Mammalian DNA topoisomerase I and its inhibitors. In: Hickman J, Tritton T, eds. Cancer Chemotherapy. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1993: 214–250.
  Google Scholar
• Hsiang YH, Hertzberg R, Hecht S, Liu LF. Camptothecin induces protein-linked DNA breaks via mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:14, 873–14, 878.
  Google Scholar
• Trask DK, Muller MT. Stabilization of type I topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes by actinomycin D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 1417–1421.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wasserman K, Markovits J, Jaxel C, Capranico G, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Effects of morpholinyl doxorubicins, doxorubicin, and actinomycin D on mammalian DNA topoisomerases I and II. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 38: 38–45.
  Google Scholar
• Poddevin B, Riou J-F, Lavelle F, Pommier Y. Dual topoisomerase I and II inhibition by intoplicine (RP-60475) a new antitumor agent in early clinical trials. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 44: 767–774.
  Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Kawada S-Z, Fujii N, Nakano H. Induction of mammalian topoisomerase I and II mediated DNA cleavage by saintopin, a new antitumor agent from fungus. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 5838–5845.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leteurtre F, Fujimori A, Tanizawa A, Chhabra A, Mazumder A, Kohlhagen G, Nakano H, Pommier Y. Saintopin, a dual inhibitor of DNA topoisomerases I and II, as a probe for drug-enzyme interactions. J Bio! Chem 1994; 269:28,702–28,707.
  Google Scholar
• Roca J, Wang JC. DNA transport by a type II DNA topoisomerase: evidence in favor of a two-gate mechanism. Cell 1994; 77: 609–616.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Adachi Y, Luke M, Laemmli UK. Chromosome assembly in vitro: topoisomerase II is required for condensation. Cell 1991; 64: 137–148.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Earnshaw WC, Heck MM. Localization of topoisomerase II in mitotic chromosomes. J Cell Bio 1985; 100: 1716–1725.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gasser SM, Laroche T, Falquet J, Boy de la Tour E, Laemmli UK. Metaphase chromosome structure. Involvement of topoisomerase II. J Mol Biol 1986; 188: 613–629.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hirano T, Mitchison TJ. Topoisomerase II does not play a scaffolding role in the organization of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts. J Cell Bio 1993; 120: 601–612.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• DiNardo S, Voelkel K, Sternglanz R. DNA topoisomerase II mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: topoisomerase II is required for segregation of daughter molecules at the termination of DNA replication. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 2616–2620.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Holm C, Stearns T, Botstein D. DNA topoisomerase II must act at mitosis to prevent nondisjunction and chromosome breakage. Mol Cell Bio 1989; 9: 159–168.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Uemura T, Ohkura H, Adachi Y, Morino K, Shiozaki K, Yanagida M. DNA topoisomerase II is required for condensation and separation of mitotic chromosomes in S. pombe. Cell 1987; 50: 917–925.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rose D, Holm C. Meiosis-specific arrest revealed in DNA topoisomerase II mutants. Mol Cell Bio 1993; 13: 3445–3455.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Moens PB, Earnshaw WC. Anti-topoisomerase II recognizes meiotic chromosome cores. Chromosoma 1990; 98: 317–322.
  Article Google Scholar
• Shamu CE, Murray AM. Sister chromatid separation in frog egg extracts requires DNA topoisomerase II activity during anaphase. J Cell Bio 1992; 117: 921–934.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wood ER, Earnshaw WC. Mitotic chromatin condensation in vitro using somatic cell extracts and nuclei with variable levels of endogenous topoisomerase II. J Cell Bio 1990; 111: 2839–2850.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Newport J. Nuclear reconstitution in vitro: stages of assembly around protein-free DNA. Cell 1987; 48: 205–217.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Newport J, Spann T. Disassembly of the nucleus in the mitotic extracts: membrane vesiculization, lamin disassembly, and chromosome condensation are independent processes. Cell 1987; 48: 219–230.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Downes CS, Mullinger AM, Johnson RT. Inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II prevent chromatid separation in mammalian cells but do not prevent exit from mitosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 8895–8899.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Swedlow JR, Sedat JW, Agard DA. Multiple chromosomal populations of topoisomerase II detected in vivo by time-lapse, three-dimensional wide-field microscopy. Cell 1993; 73: 97–108.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Heck MMS, Hittelman WN, Earnshaw WC. In vivo phosphorylation of the 170-kDa form of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II. JBiol Chem 1989; 264:15,161–15,164.
  Google Scholar
• Taagepera S, Rao PN, Drake FH, Gorbsky GJ. DNA topoisomerase II-alpha is the major chromosome protein recognized by the mitotic phosphoprotein antibody MPM-2. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8407–8411.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kuang J, Ashorn CL. At least two kinases phosphorylate the MPM-2 epitope during Xenopus oocyte maturation. J Cell Bio 1993; 123: 859–868.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cardenas ME, Dang Q, Glover CVC, Gasser SM. Casein kinase II phosphorylates the eukaryote-specific C-terminal domain of topoisomerase II in vivo. EMBO J 1992; 11: 1785–1796.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bojanowski K, Filhol O, Cochet C, Chambaz EM, Larsen AK. DNA topoisomerase II and casein kinase II associate in a molecular complex that is catalytically active. J Biol Chem 1994; 268:22, 920–22, 926.
  Google Scholar
• Ackerman P, Glover CV, Osheroff N. Phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II in vivo and in total homogenates of Drosophila Kc cells. The role of casein kinsae II. J Bio! Chem 1988; 263:12,653–12,660.
  Google Scholar
• Corbett AH, Fernald AW, Osheroff N. Protein kinase C modulates the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II by enhancing the rate of ATP hydrolysis: evidence for a common mechanism by regulation by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1993; 32: 2090–2097.
  CAS Google Scholar
• De Vore RF, Corbett AH, Osheroff N. Phosphorylation of topoisomerase II by casein kinase II and protein kinase C: effects on enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage/religation and sensitivity to the antineoplastic drugs etoposide and 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino)methane-sulfon-m-anisidide. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2156–2161.
  Google Scholar
• Takano H, Kohno K, Ono M, Uchida Y, Kuwano M. Increased phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II in etoposide-resistant mutants of human KB carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3951–3957.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Drake FH, Hofmann GA, Bartus HF, Mattem MR, Crooke ST, Mirabelli CK. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of p170 and p180 forms of topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 8154–8160.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsutsui K, Tsutsui K, Okada S, Watanabe M, Shohmori T, Seki S, Inoue Y. Molecular cloning of partial cDNAs for rat DNA topoisomerase II isoforms and their differential expression in brain development. J Bio! Chem 1993; 268:19,076–19,083.
  Google Scholar
• Woessner RD, Mattem MR, Mirabelli CK, Johnson RK, Drake FH. Proliferation-and cell cycle-dependent differences in expression of the 170 kilodalton and 180 kilodalton forms of topoisomerase II in NIH-3T3 cells. Cell Growth Differ 1991; 2: 209–214.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Tinelli S, Austin CA, Fisher ML, Zunino F. Different patterns of gene expression of topoisomerase II isoforms in differentiated tissues during murine development. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1132: 43–48.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Negri C, Scovassi AI, Braghetti A, Guano F, Astaldi Ricotti GC. DNA topoisomerase II beta: stability and distribution in different animal cells in comparison to DNA topoisomerase I and II alpha. Exp Cell Res 1993; 206: 128–133.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Petrov P, Drake F, Loranger A, Huang W, Hancock R. Localization of DNA topoisomerase II in chinese hamster fibroblasts by confocal and electron microscopy. Exp Cell Res 1993; 204: 73–81.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Liu LF, Liu AA, Tewey KM, Whang-Peng J, Knutsen T, Huebner K, Croce CM, Wang JC. Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding human DNA topoisomerase II and localization of the gene to chromosome region 17q21–22. Proc Natl. Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 7177–7181.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jenkins JR, Ayton P, Jones T, Davies SL, Simmons DL, Harris AL, Sheer D, Hickson ID. Isolation of cDNA clones encoding the beta isozyme of human DNA topoisomerase II and localisation of the gene to chromosome 3p24. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20: 5587–5592.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Patel S, Fisher LM. Novel HeLa topoisomerase II is the II beta isoform: complete coding sequence and homology with other type II topoisomerases. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 456–463.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tan KB, Dorman TE, Falls KM, Chung TDY, Mirabelli CK, Crooke ST, Mao J-I. Topoisomerase II-alpha and topoisomerase II-beta genes: characterization and mapping to human chromosomes 17 and 3, respectively. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 231–234.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Austin CA, Marsh KL, Wasserman RA, Willmore E, Sayer PJ, Wang JC, Fisher LM. Expression, domain structure, and enzymatic properties of an active recombinant human DNA topoisomerase II beta. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15,739–15,746.
  Google Scholar
• Zechiedrich EL, Osheroff N. Eukaryotic topoisomerases recognize nucleic acid topology by preferentially interacting with DNA crossovers. EMBO J 1990; 9: 4555–4562.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hsieh C-H, Griffith JD. The terminus of SV40 DNA replication and transcription contains a sharp sequence-directed curve. Cell 1988; 52: 535–544.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Howard MT, Lee MP, Hsieh T-S, Griffith JD. Drosophila topoisomerase II-DNA interactions are affected by DNA structure. J Mol Biol 1991; 217: 53–62.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sander M, Hsieh TS. Drosophilia topoisomerase II double-strand DNA cleavage: analysis of DNA sequence homology at the cleavage site. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13: 1057–1072.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Spitzner JR, Muller MT. A consensus sequence for cleavage by vertebrate DNA topoisomerase I. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 5533–5556.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Capranico G, Orr A, Kohn KW. Distribution of topoisomerase II cleavage sites in SV40 DNA and the effects of drugs. J Moi Biol 1991; 222: 909–924.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Capranico G, Orr A, Kohn KW. Local base sequence preferences for DNA cleavage by mammalian topoisomerase II in the presence of amsacrine and teniposide. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 5973–5980.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Kerrigan D, Kohn D. Topological complexes between DNA and topoisomerase II and effects of polyamines. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 995–1002.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Corbett AH, Zechiedrich EL, Osheroff N. A role for the passage helix in the DNA cleavage reaction of eukaryotic topoisomerase II. J Bio! Chem 1992; 267: 683–686.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Roca J, Ishida R, Berger JM, Andoh T, Wang JC. Antitumor bisdioxopiperazines inhibit yeast DNA topoisomerase II by trapping the enzyme in the form of a closed protein clamp. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1781–1785.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Corbett AH, Osheroff N. When good enzymes go bad: conversion of topoisomerase II to a cellular toxin by antineoplastic drugs. Chem Res Toxico 1993; 6: 585–597.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Froelich-Ammon SJ, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase poisons: harnessing the dark side of enzyme mechanism. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21, 429–21, 432.
  Google Scholar
• Kohn KW. Principles and practice of DNA filter elution. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 49: 55–77.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bertrand R, Pommier Y. Assessment of DNA damage in mammalian cells by DNA filtration methods. In: Studzinski G, Ed. Cell Growth and Apoptosis: A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL, Oxford University Press. 1995: 96–117.
  Google Scholar
• Trask DK, DiDonato JA, Muller MT. Rapid detection and isolation of covalent DNA/protein complexes: application to topoisomerase I and II. EMBO J 1984; 3: 671–676.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rowe TC, Chen GL, Hsiang YH, Liu LF. DNA damage by antitumor acridines mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 2021–2026.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu LF. DNA topoisomerase poisons as antitumor drugs. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 351–375.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Robinson MJ, Martin BA, Gootz TD, McGuirk PR, Moynihan M, Sutcliffe JA, Osheroff N. Effects of quinolone derivatives on eukaryotic topoisomerase II. A novel mechanism for enhancement of enzyme mediated DNA cleavage. J Bio! Chem 1991; 266:14,585–14,592.
  Google Scholar
• Robinson MJ, Corbett AH, Osheroff N. Effects of topoisomerase II-targeted drugs on enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage and ATP hydrolysis: evidence for distinct drug interaction domains on topoisomerase H. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 3638–3643.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Robinson MJ, Osheroff N. Effects of antineoplastic drugs on the post-strand passage DNA cleavage/religation equilibrium of topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 1807–1813.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Hinds M, Chan D, Mayes J, Sie KL, Parder E, Silberman L, Radcliffe A, Beran M, Blick M. Characterization of an amsacrine-resistant line of human leukemia cells. J Bio! Chem 1989; 264:16,411–16,420.
  Google Scholar
• Mayes J, Hinds M, Soares L, Altschuler E, Kim P, Zwelling LA. Further characterization of an amsacrine-resistant line of HL-60 human leukemia cells and its topoisomerase II. Biochem. Pharmacol 1993; 46: 599–607.
  Article Google Scholar
• Huff AC, Ward RE, Kreuzer KN. Mutational alterations of the breakage/resealing subunits of bacteriophage T4 DNA topoisomerase confers resistance to antitumor agent m-AMSA. Mol Gen Genet 1990; 221: 27–32.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huff AC, Kreuzer KN. Evidence for a common mechanism of action of antitumor and antibacterial agents that inhibit type II DNA topoisomerases. J Bio! Chem 1990; 265:20,496–20,505.
  Google Scholar
• Crenshaw DG, Hsieh T-S. Function of the hydrophilic carboxyl terminus of type II DNA topoisomerase from Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 1993; 28:21,328–21,334.
  Google Scholar
• Harker WG, Slade DL, Parr RL, Holguin MH. Selective use of an alternative stop codon and polyadenylation signal within intron sequences leads to a truncated topoisomerase IIa messenger RNA and protein in human HL-60 leukemai cells selected for resistance to mitoxantrone. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4962–4971.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mirski SEL, Cole SPC. Cytoplasmic localization of a mutant Mr 160,000 topoisomerase II alpha is associated with the loss of putative bipartite nuclear localization signals in a drug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2129–2134.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Capranico G, Kohn KW. Local DNA sequence requirements for topoisomerase II-induced DNA cleavage produced by amsacrine and teniposide. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1991; 32: 335.
  Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Kohn KW, Capranico G, Jaxel C. Base sequence selectivity of topoisomerase inhibitors suggests a common model for drug action. In: Andoh T, Ikeda H, Oguro M, eds. Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerase and Its Application to Chemotherapy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 1993: 215–227.
  Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Local sequence requirements for DNA cleavage by mammalian topoisomerase II in the presence of doxorubicin. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18: 6611–6619.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Tinelli S, Zunino F, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Effects of base mutations on topoisomerase II DNA cleavage stimulated by mAMSA in short DNA oligomers. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 145–152.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Capranico G, De Isabella T, Tinelli S, Bigioni S, Zunino F. Similar sequence specificity of mitoxantrone and VM-26 stimulation of in vitro DNA cleavage by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 3032–3048.
  Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Palumbo M, Tinelli S, Zunino F. Unique sequence specificity by topoisomerase II DNA cleavage stimulation and DNA binding mode of streptonigrin. J Biol Chem 1994; 40:25, 004–25, 009.
  Google Scholar
• Leteurtre F, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y. Streptonigrin-induced topoisomerase II sites exhibit base preference in the middle of the enzyme stagger. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 203: 1259–1267.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fosse P, Rene B, Le Bret M, Paoletti C, Saucier J-M. Sequence requirements for mammalian topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage stimulated by an ellipticine derivative. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 2861–2868.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Freudenreich CH, Kreuzer KN. Mutational analysis of a type II topoisomerase cleavage site: distinct requirements for enzyme and inhibitors. EMBO J 1993; 12: 2085–2097.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Freudenreich CH, Kreuzer KN. Localization of an aminoacridine antitumor agent in a type II topoisomerase-DNA complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:11, 007–11, 011.
  Google Scholar
• Jaxel C, Capranico G, Kerrigan D, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Effect of local DNA sequence on topoisomerase I cleavage in the presence or absence of camptothecin. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 20, 418–20, 423.
  Google Scholar
• Tanizawa A, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Induction of cleavage in topoisomerase I cDNA by topoisomerase I enzymes from calf thymus and wheat germ in the presence and absence of camptothecin. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21: 5157–5166.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Kohlhagen G, Kohn F, Leteurtre F, Wani MC, Wall ME. Interaction of an alkylating camptothecin derivative with a DNA base at topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage sites. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 8861–8865.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Beck WT, Danks MK. Mechanisms of resistance to drugs that inhibit DNA topoisomerases. Semin Cancer Bio 1991; 2: 235–244.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Granzen B, Graves DE, Baguley BC, Danks MK, Beck WT. Structure-activity studies of amsacrine analogs in drug resistant human leukemia cell lines expressing either altered DNA topoisomerase II or P-glycoprotein. Onco! Res 1993; 4: 489–496.
  Google Scholar
• Marquardt D, McCrone S, Center MS. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in HL60 cells: detection of resistance-associated proteins with antibodies against synthetic peptides that correspond to the deduced sequence of P-glycoprotein. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 1426–1430.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Barrand MA, Heppell-Parton AC, Wright KA, Rabbitts PH, Twentyman PR. A 190-kilodalton protein overexpressed in non-P-glycoprotein-containing multidrug-resistant cells and its relationship to the MRP gene. J Nat! Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 110–117.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, Mackie JE, Grant CE, Almquist KC, Stewart AJ, Kurz EU, Duncan AM, Deeley RG. Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line (see comments). Science (Washington, DC) 1992; 258: 1650–1654.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Schneider E, Horton JK, Yang CH, Nakagawa M, Cowan KH. Multidrug resistance-associated protein gene overexpression and reduced drug sensitivity of topoisomerase II in a human breast carcinoma MCF7 cell line selected for etoposide resistance. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 152–158.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Binaschi M, Supino R, Gambetta RA, Giaccone G, Prosperi E, Capranico G, Cataldo I, Zunino F. MRP gene overexpression in a human doxorubicin-resistant SCLC cell line: alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and in pattern of cross-resistance. hit J Cancer 1995; 62: 84–89.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Cragg G, Suffness M. Metabolism of plant-derived anticancer agents. Pharmaco! Ther 1988; 37: 425–461.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bendixen C, Thomsen B, Alsner J, Westergaard O. Camptothecin-stabilized topoisomerase I-DNA adducts cause premature termination of transcription. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 5613–5619.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Been MD, Burgess RR, Champoux JJ. Nucleotide sequence preference at rat liver and wheat germ type 1 DNA topoisomerase breakage sites in duplex SV40 DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12: 3097–3114.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Loike JD, Brewer CF, Sternlicht H, Gensler WJ, Horwitz SB. Structure-activity study of the inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro by podophyllotoxin and its congeners. Cancer Res 1978; 38: 2688–2693.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Long BH, Musial ST, Brattain MG. Comparison of cytotoxicity and DNA breakage activity of congeners of podophyllotoxin including VP16–213 and VM26: a quantitative structure-activity relationship. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 1183–1188.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sinha BK, Polita PM, Eliot HM, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y. Structure-activity relations, cytotoxicity and topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage induced by pendulum ring analogues of etoposide. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 590–593.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen GL, Yang L, Rowe TC, Halligan BD, Tewey KM, Liu LF. Nonintercalative antitumor drugs interfere with the breakage-reunion reaction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:13, 560–13, 566.
  Google Scholar
• Leteurtre F, Madalengoitia J, Orr A, Guzi TJ, Lehnert E, Macdonald T, Pommier Y. Rational design and molecular effects of a new topoisomerase II inhibitor, azatoxin. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4478–4483.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Orr A, Kohn KW, Riou JF. Differential effects of amsacrine and epipodophyllotoxins on topoisomerase II cleavage in the human c-myc proto-oncogene. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3125–3130.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kerrigan D, Pommier Y, Kohn KW. Protein-linked DNA strand breaks produced by etoposide and teniposide in mouse L1210 and human VA-13 and HT-29 cell lines: relationship to cytotoxicity. NCI Monographs 1987; 4: 117–121.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Long BH, Musial ST, Brattain MG. Single-and double-strand DNA breakage and repair in human lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to etoposide and teniposide. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 3106–3112.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Zunino F, Kohn KW, Pommier Y. Sequence-selective topoisomerase II inhibition by anthracycline derivatives in SV40 DNA: relationship with DNA affinity and cytotoxicity. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 562–569.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bachur NR, Johnson R, Yu F, Hickey R, Applegreen N, Malkas L. Antihelicase activity of DNA-binding anticancer agents: relationship to guanosine-cytidine intercalator binding. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 44: 1064–1069.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zunino F, Capranico G. DNA topoisomerase II as the primary target of anti-tumor anthracyclines. Anticancer Drug Design 1990; 5: 307–317.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y. DNA topoisomerases and their inhibition by anthracyclines. In: Priebe W, eds. Antracycline Antibiotics. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. 1995: 183–203.
  Google Scholar
• Solary E, Ling Y-H, Perez-Soler R, Priebe W, Pommier Y. Hydroxyrubicin, a deaminated derivative of doxorubicin, inhibits mammalian DNA topoisomerase II and partially circumvents multidrug resistance. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 1–10.
  Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Butelli E, Zunino F. Change of the sequence specificity of daunorubicinstimulated topoisomerase II DNA cleavage by epimerization of the amino group of the sugar moiety. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 312–317.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Tewey KM, Rowe TC, Yang L, Halligan BD, Liu LF. Adriamycin-induced DNA damage mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Science 1984; 226: 466–468.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Kerrigan D, Michaels S. Cytotoxicity and DNA strand breaks by 5-iminodaunorubicin in mouse leukemia L1210 cells: comparison with adriamycin and 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Cancer Res 1982; 42: 2687–2691.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Michaels S, Erickson LC, Ungerleider RS, Nichols M, Kohn KW. Protein-associated deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks in L1210 cells treated with the deoxyribonucleic acid intercalating agents 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide and adriamycin. Biochemistry 1981; 20: 6553–6563.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Capolongo L, Belvedere G, D’Incalci M. DNA damage and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistant human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 25: 430–434.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Neidle S, Jenkins TC. Molecular modeling to study DNA intercalation by antitumor drugs. Methods Enzymol 1991; 203: 433–458.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Smith PJ, Morgan SA, Fox ME, Watson JV. Mitoxantrone-DNA binding and the induction of topoisomerase II associated DNA damage in multi-drug resistant small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40: 2069–2078.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leteurtre F, Kohlhagen G, Paull KD, Pommier Y. Topoisomerase II inhibition by anthrapyrazoles, DuP 937 and DuP 941 (Losoxanthrone) and cytotoxicity in the NCI cell screen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1239–1244.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• De Isabella P, Capranico G, Palumbo M, Sissi C, Krapcho AP, Zunino F. Sequence selectivity of topoisomerase II DNA cleavage stimulated by mitoxantrone derivatives: relationship to drug DNA binding and cellular effects. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 43: 715–721.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Capranico G, Palumbo M, Tinelli S, Mabilia M, Pozzan A, Zunino F. Conformational drug determinants of the sequence specificity of drug-stimulated topoisomerase II DNA cleavage. J Mol Biol 1994; 235: 1218–1230.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harker WG, Slade DL, Drake FH, Parr RL. Mitoxantrone resistance in HL-60 leukemia cells: reduced nuclear topoisomerase II catalytic actvity and drug-induced DNA cleavage in association with reduced expression of the topoisomerase IIb iso form. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 9953–9961.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kamath N, Grabowski D, Ford J, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y, Ganapathi R. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein and alterations in topoisomerase II in P388 mouse leukemia cells selected in vivo for resistance to mitoxantrone. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 937–945.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yang C-HJ, Horton JK, Cowan KH, Schneider E. Cross-resistance to camptothecin analogues in mitoxantrone-resistant human breast carcinoma cell line is not due to DNA topoisomerase I alterations. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4004–4009.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harker WG, Slade KL, Parr RL, Feldhoff PW, Sullivan DM, Holguin MH. Alterations in the topoisomerase IIa gene, messenger RNA, and subcellular protein distribution as well as reduced expression of the DNA topoisomerase II6 enzyme in a mitoxantrone-resistant HL-60 human leukemia cell line. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1707–1716.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cain BF, Atwell GJ. The experimental antitumor properties of three congeners of the acridylmethanesulphonanisilide(AMSA)series. Eur J Cancer 1974; 10: 539–549.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hayat M, Ostronoff M, Gilles G, Zambon E, Baume D, Moran A. Carde P, Droz J, Pico J. Salvage therapy with methyl-gag,high-dose ara-C,m-amsa, and ifosfamide(MAMI) for recurrent or refractory lymphoma. Cancer Invest 1990; 8: 1–5.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Louie AC, Issel BF. Amsacrine (AMSA)-a clinical review. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3:562–592.
  Google Scholar
• Covey JM, Kohn KW, Kerrigan D, Tilchen EJ, Pommier Y. Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA damage produced by 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and related acridines in L1210 cells and isolated nuclei: relation to cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 860–865.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Mitchell MJ, Satitpunwaycha P, Mayes J, Altschuler E, Hinds M, Baguley BC. Relative activity of structural analogues of amsacrine against human leukemia cell lines containing amsacrine-sensitive or -resistant forms of topoisomerase II: use of computer simulation in new drug development. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 209–217.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Harvey VJ, Hardy JR, Smith S, Grove W, Baguley BC. Phase III study of the amsacrine analogue CI-921(NSC343499) in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1617–1620.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sklarin NT, Wiernik PH, Grove WR, Benson L. A phase II trial of CI-921 in advanced malignancies. Invest New Drugs 1992; 10: 309–312.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y. Covey JM, Kerrigan D, Markovits J, Pham R. DNA unwinding and inhibition of mouse leukemia L1210 DNA topoisomerase I by intercalators. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15: 6713–6731.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Minford JK, Schwartz RE, Zwelling LA, Kohn KW. Effects of the DNA intercalators 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium on topoisomerase II mediated DNA strand cleavage and strand passage. Biochemistry 1985; 24: 6410–6416.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nelson EM, Tewey KM, Liu LF. Mechanism of antitumor drug action: poisoning of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II on DNA by 4 ’-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 1361–1365.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Minford J, Pommier Y, Filipski J, Kohn KW, Kerrigan D, Mattem M, Michaels S, Schwartz R, Zwelling LA. Isolation of intercalator-dependent protein-linked DNA strand cleavage activity for cell nuclei and identification as topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 9–16.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Covey J, Kerrigan D, Mattes W, Markovits J, Kohn KW. Role of DNA intercalation in the inhibition of purified mouse leukemia (L1210) DNA topoisomerase II by 9-aminoacridines. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36: 3477–3486.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Darkin S, Ralph RK. Transport of AMSA drugs into cells. FEBS Lett 1985; 190: 349–353.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Kerrigan D, Michaels S, Kohn KW. Cooperative sequestration of m-AMSA in L1210 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31: 3269–3277.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Paoletti C, Le Pecq JB, Dat Xuong N, Juret P, Gamier H, Amiel JL, Rouessé J. Antitumor activity, pharmacology, and toxicity of ellipticines, ellipticinium and 9-hydroxy-derivatives: preliminary clinical trials of 2-methyl-9-hydroxy-ellipticinium(NSC-264–137). Recent Res Cancer Res 1980; 74: 107–123.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tewey KM, Chen GL, Nelson EM, Liu LF. Intercalative antitumor drugs interfere with the breakage-reunion reaction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. J Bio! Chem 1984; 259: 9182–9187.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Schwartz RE, Zwelling LA, Kohn KW. Effects of DNA intercalating agents on topoisomerase II induced DNA strand cleavage in isolated mammalian cell nuclei. Biochemistry 1985; 24: 6406–6410.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zwelling LA, Michaels S, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y, Kohn KW. Protein-associated deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks produced in mouse leukemia L1210 cells by ellipticine and 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium. Biochem Pharmaco 1982; 31: 3261–3267.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Schwartz RE, Kohn KW, Zwelling LA. Formation and rejoining of deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand breaks induced in isolated cell nuclei by antineoplastic intercalating agents. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 3194–3201.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Kerrigan D, Schwartz RE, Swack JA, McCurdy A. Altered DNA topoisomerase II activity in Chinese hamster cells resistant to topoisomerase II inhibitors. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 3075–3081.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pommier Y, Schwartz RE, Zwelling LA, Kerrigan D, Mattem MR, Charcosset JY, JacqueminSablon A, Kohn KW. Reduced formation of protein-associated DNA strand breaks in Chinese hamster cells resistant to topoisomerase II inhibitors. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 611–616.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Andersson BS, Beran M, Bakic M, Silberman LE, Newman RA, Zwelling LA. In vitro toxicity and DNA cleaving capacity of benzisoquinolinedione (nafidimide; NSC 308847) in human leukemia. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 1040–1044.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hsiang Y-H, Jiang JB, Liu LF. Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage by amonafide and structural analogs. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 36: 371–376.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Earnshaw WC, Honda BM, Laskey RA, Thomas JO. Assembly of nucleosomes: the reaction involving X. laevis nucleoplasmin. Cell 1980; 21: 373–383.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• De Isabella P, Zunino F, Capranico G. Base sequence determinants of amonafide stimulation of topoisomerase II DNA cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23: 223–229.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Markovits J, Linassier C, Fosse P, Couprie J, Pierre J, Jacquemin-Sablon A, Saucier J-M, Le Pecq JB, Larsen AK. Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5111–5117.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Austin CA, Patel S, Ono K, Nakane H, Fisher LM. Site-specific DNA cleavage by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II induced by novel flavone and catechin derivatives. Biochem J 1992; 282: 883–889.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Kawada S-Z, Nakano H. Induction of mammalian topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage by nonintercalative flavonoids, genistein and orobol. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39: 737–744.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sorensen BS, Jensen PS, Andersen AH, Christiansen K, Alsner J, Thomsen B, Westergaard O. Stimulation of topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage at specific sequence elements by the 2-nitroimidazole Ro 15–0216. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 9507–9515.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Juang J-K, Huang HW, Chen C-M, Liu HJ. A new compound, withangulatin A, promotes type II DNA topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159: 1128–1134.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Saitoh Y, Ando K, Takahashi K, Ohno H, Nakano H. Saintopin, a new antitumor antibiotic with topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage activity, from Paecilomyces. JAntibiotics 1990; 43: 1344–1346.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kawada S-Z, Yamashita Y, Fujii N, Nakano H. Induction of heat-stable topoisomerase II-DNA cleavable complex by nonintercalative terpenoides, terpentecin and clerocidin. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2922–2925.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kawada S-Z, Yamashita Y, Uosaki Y, Gomi K, Iwasaki T, Takiguchi T, Nakano H. UCT48, a new antitumor antibiotic with topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage activity from streptomyces sp. J Antibiot 1992; 45: 1182–1184.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Leteurtre F, Sackett DL, Madalengoitia J, Kohlhagen G, Macdonald T, Hamel E, Paull KD, Pommier Y. Azatoxin derivatives with potent and selective action on topoisomerase II. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49: 1283–1290.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Solary E, Leteurtre F, Paull KD, Scudiero D, Hamel E, Pommier Y. Dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and tubulin polymerization by azatoxin, a novel cytotoxic agent. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45: 2449–2456.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yamasahita Y, Ashizawa T, Marimoto M, Hosomi J, Nakano H. Antitumor quinolones with mammalian topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage activity. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2818–2822.
  Google Scholar
• Elsea SH, Osheroff N, Nitiss JL. Cytotoxicity of Quinolones toward eukaryotic cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:13, 150–13, 153.
  Google Scholar
• Froelich-Ammon SJ, McGuirk PR, Gootz TD, Jefson MR, Osheroff N. Novel 1–8-bridged chiral quinolones with activity against topoisomerase II: stereospecificity of the eukaryotic enzyme. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 1993; 37: 646–651.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yoshinari T, Mano E, Arakawa H, Kurama M, Iguchi T, Nakagawa S, Tanaka N, Okura A. Stereo(C7)-dependent topoisomerase II inhibition and tumor growth suppression by a new quinolone, BO-2367. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84: 800–806.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kong XB, Rubin L, Chen LI, Ciszewska G, Watanabe KA, Tong WP, Sirotnak FM, Chou TC. Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage activity and irreversibility of cleavable complex formation induced by DNA intercalator with alkylating capability. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41: 237–244.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ono K, Ikegami Y, Nishizawa M, Andoh T. Menogaril, an anthracycline derivative, inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by stabilizing cleavable complexes. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83: 1018–1023.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fujii N, Yamashita Y, Arima Y, Nagashima M, Nakano H. Induction of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage by the plant naphthoquinones plumbagin and shikonin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 2589–2594.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fujii N, Yamashita Y, Chiba S, Uosaki Y, Saitoh Y, Tuji Y, Nakano H. UCE6, a new antitumor antibiotic with topoisomerase I mediated DNA cleavage activity, from actinomycetes (letter). J Antibiot 1993; 46: 1173, 1174.
  Google Scholar
• Gupta M, Abdel-Megeed M, Hoki Y, Kohlhagen G. Paull K, Pommier Y. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase mediated DNA cleavage induced by a new inhibitor: NSC 665517. Mol Pharmacol 1995; 48: 658.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Macdonald TL, Lehnert EK, Loper JT, Chow K-C, Ross WE. On the mechanism of interaction of DNA topoisomerase II with chemotherapeutic agents. In: Potmesil M, Kohn KW, eds. DNA Topoisomerase in Cancer. New York: Oxford University Press. 1991: 199–214.
  Google Scholar
• Eymin B, Solary E, Chevillard S, Dubrez L, Goldwasser F, Duchamp O, Genne P, Leteurtre F, Pommier Y. Cellular pharmacology of azatoxins (topoisomerase II and tubulin inhibitors) in P-glycoprotein-positive and negative cell lines. Int J. Cancer 1995; 63: 268–275.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rowe T, Kupfer G, Ross W. Inhibition of epipodophyllotoxin cytotoxicity by interference with topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 2483–2487.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Markovits J, Pommier Y, Mattem MR, Esnault C, Roques BP, Le Pecq JB, Kohn KW. Effects of the bifunctional antitumor intercalator ditercalinium on DNA in mouse leukemia L1210 cells and DNA topoisomerase H. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 5821–5826.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fesen M, Pommier Y. Mammalian topoisomerase II activity is modulated by the DNA minor groove binder distamyhcin in simian virus 40 DNA. J Biol Chem 1989; 19:11, 354–11, 359.
  Google Scholar
• Drake FH, Hofmann GA, Mong SM, Bartus JO, Hertzberg RP, Johnson RK, Mattem MR, Mirabelli CK. In vitro and intracellular inhibition of topoisomerase II by the antitumor agent merbarone. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 2578–2583.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ishida R, Miki T, Narita T, Yui R, Sato M, Utsumi KR, Tanabe K, Andoh T. Inhibition of intracellular topoisomerase II by antitumor bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine) derivatives: modes of cell growth inhibition distinct from that of cleavable complex-forming inhibitors. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4909–4916.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tanabe K, Ikegami R, Andoh T. Inhibition of topoisomerase II by antitumor agent bis(2,6dioxopiperazine). Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4903–4908.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bojanowski K, Lelievre S, Markovits J, Couprie J, Jacquemin-Sablon A, Larsen AK. Suramin is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II in vitro and in chinese hamster fibrosarcoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3025–3029.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gedik CM, Collins AR. Comparison of effects of fostriecin, novobiocin, and camptothecin, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases, on DNA replication and repair in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18: 1007–1013.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Frosina G, Rossi O. Effect of topoisomerase poisoning by antitumor drugs VM 26, fostriecin and camptothecin on DNA repair replication by mammalian cell extracts. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 1371–1377.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Boritzki TJ, Wolfard TS, Besserer JA, Jackson RC, Fry DW. Inhibition of type II topoisomerase by fostriecin. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37: 4063–4068.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jensen PB, Jensen PS, Demant EJF, Friche E, Sorensen BS, Sehested M, Wassermann K, Vindelov L, Westergaard O, Hensen HH. Antagonistic effect of aclarubicin on daunorubicininduced cytotoxicity in human small cell lung cancer cells: relationship to DNA integrity and topoisomerase II. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5093–5099.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Herman EH, Witiak K, Hellman K, Waravdekar VS. Biological properties of ICRF-159 and related bis(dioxopiperazine) compounds. In: Garattini A, Goldin F, Hawking F, Kopin IJ, eds. Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. New York: Academic. 1982: 249–291.
  Google Scholar
• Ishida R, Sato M, Narita T, Utsumi KR, Nishimoto T, Morita T, Nagata H, Andoh T. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II by ICRF-193 induces polyploidization by uncoupling chromosome dynamics from other cell cycle events. J Bio! Chem 1994; 26: 1341–1351.
  Google Scholar
• Takasuga Y, Andoh T, Yamashita J, Yagura T. ICRF-193, an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, demonstrates that DNA replication in sperm nuclei reconstituted in Xenopus egg extracts does not require chromatin decondensation. Exp Cell Res 1995; 217: 378–384.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Narita T, Yaguchi S, Komatsu T, Takase M, Hoshino A, Inaba M, Tsukagoshi S. Antitumor activity of MST-16, a novel derivative of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine), in murine models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 26: 193–197.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Narita T, Koide Y, Yaguchi S, Kimura S, Izumisawa Y, Takase M, Inaba M, Tsukagoshi S. Antitumor activities and schedule dependence of orally administered MST-16, a novel derivative of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 28: 235–240.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ohno R, Yamada K, Hirano M, Shirakawa S, Tanaka M, Oguri T, Kodera Y, Mitomo Y, Ikeda Y, Yokomaku S, et al. Phase II study: treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with an oral antitumor derivative of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine). J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 435–438.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ichihashi T, Kiyoi H, Fukutani H, Kubo K, Yamauchi T, Naoe T, Yamada K, Ohno R. Effective treatment of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma with a novel oral antitumor agent, MST-16. Oncology 1992; 49: 333–335.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ohno R, Masaoka T, Shirakawa S, Sakamoto S, Hirano M, Hanada S, Yasunage K, Yokomaku S, Mitomo Y, Nagai K, et al. Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with MST-16, a new oral antitumor drug and a derivative of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine). The MST-16 Study Group. Cancer 1993; 71: 2217–2221.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Seifert CF, Nesser ME, Thompson DF. Dexrazoxane in the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity [published erratum appears in Ann Pharmacother 1994 Dec;28(12):1413]. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 1063–1072.
  Google Scholar
• Buss JL, Hasinoff BB. Ferrous ion strongly promotes the ring opening of the hydrolysis intermediates of the antioxidant cardioprotective agent dexrazoxane (ICRF-187). Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 317: 121–127.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Buss JL, Hasinoff BB. The one-ring open hydrolysis product intermediates of the cardioprotective agent ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane) displace iron from iron-anthracycline complexes. Agents Actions 1993; 40: 86–95.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cooney DA, Covey JM, Kang GJ, Dalai M, McMahon JB, Johns DG. Initial mechanistic studies with merbarone (NSC 336628). Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 3395–3398.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen M, Beck WT. Differences in inhibition of chromosome separation and G2 arrest by DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors merbarone and VM-26. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1509–1515.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen M, Beck WT. Teniposide-resistant CEM cells, which express mutant DNA topoisomerase IIa, when treated with the non-complex-stabilizing inhibitors of the enzyme, display no cross-resistance and reveal aberrant functions of the mutant enzyme. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5946–5953.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Flanigan RC, Saiers JH, Wolf M, Kraut EH, Smith AY, Blumenstein B, Crawford ED. Phase II evaluation of merbarone in renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 1994; 12: 147–149.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Poplin EA, Tangen CM, Harvey WH, Macdonald JS. Hepatoma/merbarone. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Invest New Drugs 1994; 12: 337–340.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jones DV, Jr., Ajani JA, Winn RJ, Daugherty KR, Levin B, Krakoff IH. A phase II study of merbarone in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Cancer Invest 1993; 11: 667–669.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kraut EH, Bendetti J, Balcerzak SP, Doroshow JH. Phase II trial of merbarone in soft tissue sarcoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Invest New Drugs 1992; 10: 347–249.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ajani JA, Winn R, Baez L, Pollock T, Maher T, Hallinan-Fueger B, Newman J. Phase II study of merbarone (NSC 336628) in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer Invest 1994; 12: 488–490.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chang AY, Kim K, Glick J, Anderson T, Karp D, Johnson D. Phase II study of taxol, mer-barone, and piroxantrone in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Results (see comments). J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 388–394.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jackson RC, Fry DW, Boritzki TJ, Roberts BJ, Hook KE, Leopold WR. The biochemical pharmacology of CI-920, a structurally novel antibiotic with antileukemic activity. Adv Enzyme Regul 1985; 23: 193–215.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Scheithauer W, Von Hoff DD, Clark GM, Shillis JL, Elslager EF. In vitro activity of the novel antitumor antibiotic fostriecin (CI-920) in a human tumor cloning assay. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1986; 22: 921–926.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Baguley BC, Calveley SB, Crowe KK, Fray LM, O’Rourke SA, Smith GP. Comparison of the effects of flavone acetic acid, fostriecin, homoharringtonine and tumour necrosis factor alpha on colon 38 tumours in mice. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 263–269.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Roberge M, Tudan C, Hung SM, Harder KW, Jirik FR, Anderson H. Antitumor drug fostriecin inhibits the mitotic entry checkpoint and protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 6115–6121.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Guo XW, Th’ng JP, Swank RA, Anderson HJ, Tudan C, Bradbury EM, Roberge M. Chromosome condensation induced by fostriecin does not require p34cdc2 kinase activity and histone H1 hyperphosphorylation, but is associated with enhanced histone H2A and H3 phosphorylation. EMBO J 1995; 14: 976–985.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar