The flux of CO2 and CH4 from lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska (original) (raw)

References

• Abelson, P. H., 1989. The Arctic: A key to world climate. Science 243: 873.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., 1987. Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems: past, present and future. Quat. Sci. Rev. 6: 165–177.
  Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., J. O. Luken, D. A. Mortensen & K. M. Peterson, 1982. Arctic tundra: A source or sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in a changing environment? Oecologia 53: 7–11.
  Article Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., K. M. Peterson, J. O. Luken & D. A. Mortensen, 1984. Interaction of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and soil nitrogen on the carbon balance of tundra microcosms. Oecologia 65: 26–29.
  Article Google Scholar
• Bliss, L. C., O. W. Heal & J. J. Moore, 1981. Tundra ecosystems: A comparative analysis. IBP Handbook 25. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 715 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Bolin, B., B. R. Doos, J. Jager & R. A. Warrick, 1986. The greenhouse effect, climate change, and ecosystems. SCOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 541 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Bower, P. & D. McCorkle, 1980. Gas exchange, photosynthetic uptake, and carbon budget for a radiocarbon addition to a small enclosure in a stratified lake. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 37: 464–471.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Broecker, H. C., J. Peterman & W. Siems, 1978. The influence of wind on CO2-exchange in a wind-wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers. J. Mar. Res. 36: 595–610.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Broecker, W. S. & T.-H. Peng, 1974. Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus 16: 21–35.
  Google Scholar
• Broecker, W. S., T.-H. Peng, G. Mathieu, R. Heslein & T. Torgersen, 1980. Gas exchange rate measurements in natural systems. Radiocarbon 22: 676–683.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Buck, A. L., 1981. New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. J. appl. Meteorol. 20: 1527–1532.
  Article Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, P. C. Miller, W. D. Billings & P. I. Coyne, 1980. Carbon and nutrient budgets and their control in coastal tundra. In J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen & F. K. Bunnell (eds), An Arctic Ecosystem, the Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska. IBP Handbook 12. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg: 458–482.
  Google Scholar
• Cornwell, J. C., 1985. Sediment accumulation rates in an Alaskan arctic lake using a modified 210Pb technique. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 42: 809–814.
  Google Scholar
• Cornwell, J. C. & G. W. Kipphut, 1992. Biogeochemistry of manganese- and iron-rich sediments in Toolik Lake, Alaska. Hydrobiologia 240: 45–59.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Coyne, P. I. & J. J. Kelley, 1974. Carbon dioxide partial pressures in arctic surface waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19: 928–938.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Coyne, P. I. & J. J. Kelley, 1975. CO2 exchange over the Alaskan arctic tundra: meteorological assessment by an aerodynamic method. J. appl. Ecol. 12: 587–611.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Emerson, S., 1975a. Chemically enhanced CO2 gas exchange in a eutrophic lake: A general model. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 743–753.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Emerson, S., 1975b. Gas exchange rates in small Canadian shield lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 754–761.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Grotch, S. L., 1988. Regional intercomparison of general circulation model predictions and historical climate data. DOE/NBB-0084 TR041. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington. 291 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Hartman, B. & D. E. Hammond, 1984. Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay. J. Geophys. Res. 89: 3593–3603.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Heal, O. W., P. W. Flanagan, D. D. French & S. F. MacLean, Jr., 1981. Decomposition and accumulation of organic matter in tundra. In L. C. Bliss, O. W. Heal & J. J. Moore (eds), Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis. IBP Handbook 25. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 587–633.
  Google Scholar
• Herczeg, A. L., 1987. A stable carbon isotope study of dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a softwater lake. Biogeochemistry 4: 231–263.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hesslein, R. H., W. S. Broecker, P. D. Quay & D. W. Schindler, 1980. Whole-lake radiocarbon experiment in an oligotrophic lake at the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 37: 454–463.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Hobbie, J. E., 1980. Limnology of tundra ponds. IBP Handbook 13. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, 514 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Hoover, T. E. & P. C. Berkshire, 1969. Effects of hydration on carbon dioxide exchange across air-water interface. J. Geophys. Res. 74: 456–474.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Himmelblau, D. M., 1964. Diffusion of dissolved gases in liquids. Chem. Rev. 64: 527–550.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jähne, B., K. H. Fischer, J. Imberger, P. Libner, W. Weiss, D. Imboden, U. Lemnin & J. M. Jaquet, 1984. Parametrization of air/lake gas exchange. In W. Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka (eds), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces. D. Reidel, Dordrecht: 459–466.
  Google Scholar
• Kalff, J. & H. E. Welch, 1974. Phytoplankton production in Char Lake, a natural polar lake, and in Meretta Lake, a polluted polar lake, Cornwallis Island, Northwest Territories. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 31: 621–636.
  Google Scholar
• Kanwisher, J., 1963. On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea. Deep-Sea Res. 10: 195–207.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Kling, G. W., G. W. Kipphut & M. C. Miller, 1991. Arctic lakes and streams as gas conduits to the atmosphere: implications for tundra carbon budgets. Science 251: 298–301.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kling, G. W., W. J. O'Brien, M. C. Miller & A. E. Hershey, 1992. The biogeochemistry and zoogeography of lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska. Hydrobiologia 240: 1–14.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Lachenbruch, A. H. & B. V. Marshall, 1986. Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan arctic. Science 234: 689–696.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Liss, P. S., 1973. Process of gas exchange across an air-water interface. Deep-Sea Res. 20: 221–238.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Livingston, G. P. & L. A. Morrissey, 1990. An interannual comparison of arctic methane emissions: a climatic warming scenario. p. 105 In International Conference on the Role of the Polar Regions in Global Change, June 11–15, 1990, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 230 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D. A., K. Bryan, Jr. & R. C. Leahy, 1958. Effects of an arctic environment on the origin and development of freshwater lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3: 192–214.
  Article Google Scholar
• Merlivat, L. & L. Memery, 1983. Gas exchange across an air-water interface: Experimental results and modeling of bubble contribution to transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 88: 707–724.
  Google Scholar
• Miller, M. C., G. R. Hater, P. Spatt, P. Westlake & D. Yeakel, 1986. Primary production and its control in Toolik Lake, Alaska. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 74: 97–131.
  Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer, K. J., A. E. Giblin, G. R. Shaver & J. A. Laundre, 1991. Effects of temperature and substrate quality on element mineralization in six arctic soils. Ecology 72: 242–253.
  Article Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. J., J. E. Hobbie, A. E. Hershey, M. A. Lock, T. E. Ford, J. Robie Vestal, V. L. McKinley, M. A. J. Hullar, R. M. Ventullo & G. S. Volk, 1985. Transformation of a tundra river from heterotrophy to autotrophy by addition of phosphorus. Science 229: 1383–1386.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. J., J. E. Hobbie & T. L. Corliss, 1986. Carbon flow in a tundra stream ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 43: 1259–1270.
  Google Scholar
• Plummer, L. N. & E. Busenberg, 1982. The solubilities of calcite, aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90 °C, and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO2-CO2-H2O. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 1011–1040.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Post, W. M., 1990. Report of a workshop on climate feedbacks and the role of peatlands, tundra, and boreal ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. Publ. No. 3289. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, 32 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Rudd, J. W. M. & R. D. Hamilton, 1978. Methane cycling in a eutrophic shield lake and its effects on whole lake metabolism. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 337–348.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Schell, D. M., 1983. Carbon-13 and carbon-14 abundances in Alaskan aquatic organisms: delayed production from peat in Arctic food webs. Science 219: 1068–1071.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Schell, D. M. & P. J. Ziemann, 1983. Accumulation of peat carbon in the Alaska arctic coastal plain and its role in biological productivity. pp. 1105–1110. In Permafrost, Fourth International Conference, National Academy Press, Washington. 1524 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Schindler, D. W., G. J. Brunskill, S. Emerson, W. S. Broecker & T.-H. Peng, 1972. Atmospheric carbon dioxide: its role in maintaining phytoplankton standing crops. Science 177: 1192–1194.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sellmann, P. V., J. Brown, R. I. Lewellen, H. McKim & C. Merry, 1975. The classification and geomorphic implications of thaw lakes of the arctic coastal plain, Alaska. Report 344. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab, Hanover, 24 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R. & F. S. Chapin, III, 1986. Effect of NPK fertilization on production and biomass of Alaskan tussock tundra. Arct. Alp. Res. 18: 261–268.
  Article Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R., K. J. Nadelhoffer & A. E. Giblin, 1992. Biogeochemical diversity and element transport in a heterogeneous landscape, the North Slope of Alaska. In M. Turner & R. Gardner eds, Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag. In press.
• Smith, S. D. & E. P. Jones, 1985. Evidence for wind-pumping of air-sea gas exchange based on direct measurements of CO2 fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 869–875.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Stumm, W. & J. J. Morgan, 1981. Aquatic chemistry, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 780 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung & T. Takahashi, 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247: 1431–1438.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Torgersen, T., G. Mathieu, R. H. Hesslein & W. S. Broecker, 1982. Gas exchange dependency on diffusion coefficient: direct 222Rn and 3He comparisons in a small lake. J. Geophys. Res. 87: 546–556.
  Google Scholar
• Wanninkhof, R., J. R. Ledwell & W. S. Broecker, 1985. Gas exchange-wind speed relation measured with sulfur hexafluoride on a lake. Science 227: 1224–1226.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Wanninkhof, R., J. R. Ledwell & W. S. Broecker, 1987. Gas exchange on Mono Lake and Crowley Lake, California. J. Geophys. Res. 92: 14567–14580.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Wanninkhof, R., P. J. Mulholland & J. W. Elwood, 1990. Gas exchange rates for a first-order stream determined with deliberate and natural tracers. Water Resour. Res. 26: 1621–1630.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. F., 1974. Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2: 203–215.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Welch, H. E. & M. A. Bergmann, 1985. Winter respiration of lakes at Saqvaqjuac, N.W.T. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 42: 521–528.
  Article Google Scholar
• Welch, H. E., J. W. M. Rudd & D. W. Schindler, 1980. Methane addition to an Arctic lake in winter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 100–113.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Wetzel, R. G. & G. E. Likens, 1979. Limnological analyses. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 357 pp.
  Google Scholar
• Whalen, S. C. & W. S. Reeburgh, 1990a. Consumption of atmospheric methane by tundra soils. Nature 346: 160–162.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Whalen, S. C. & W. S. Reeburgh, 1990b. A methane flux transect along the Trans-Alaska pipeline Haul Road. Tellus B42: 237–245.
  Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, E., R. Battino & R. J. Wilcock, 1977. Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water. Chem. Rev. 77: 219–262.
  Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references