Regulation of apoptosis in immune cells (original) (raw)
References
Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR: Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68:251, 1980 Google Scholar
Walker NI, Harmon BV, Gobe GC, Kerry JFR: Patterns of cell death. Meth Achiev Exp Pathol 13:18–23, 1988 Google Scholar
Duke RC, Chervenak R, Cohen JJ: Endogenous endonuclease-induced DNA fragmentation: An early event in cell-mediated cytolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6361–6372, 1983 Google Scholar
Schmid DS, Tite JP, Ruddle NH: DNA fragmentation: Manifestation of target cell destruction mediated by cytotoxic T-cell lines, lymphotoxin-secreting helper T-cell clones, and cell-free lymphotoxin-containing supernatant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1881–1887, 1986 Google Scholar
Ucker DS: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and glucocorticoids activate an endogenous suicide process in target cells. Nature 327:62–63, 1987 Google Scholar
Wyllie AH: Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284:555–557, 1980 Google Scholar
Golstein P, Ojcius DM, Young JD: Cell death mechanisms and the immune system. Immunol Rev 121:29, 1991 Google Scholar
Cohen JJ, Duke RC, Fadok VA, Sellins KS: Apoptosis and programmed cell death in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 10:267–271, 1992 Google Scholar
Vaux, DL: Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:786–789, 1993 Google Scholar
Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine L, Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR, Clark EA, Smith CA, Grabstein KH, Cosman D, Spriggs MK: Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40. Nature 357:80–82, 1992 Google Scholar
Tsubata T, Wu J, Honjo T: B-cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is blocked by a T-cell signal through CD40. Nature 364:645–648, 1993 Google Scholar
Knox KA, Gordon J: Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is mandatory for CD40-mediated rescue of germinal center B cells from apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 23:2578–2584, 1993 Google Scholar
Mekori YA, Oh CK, Metcalfe DD: IL-3-dependent murine mast cells undergo apoptosis on removal of IL-3. Prevention of apoptosis by c-kit ligand. J Immunol 151:3775–3784, 1993 Google Scholar
Brandt JE, Bhalla K, Hoffman R: Effects of interleukin-3 and c-kit ligand on the survival of various classes of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 83:1507–1514, 1994 Google Scholar
Freeman GJ, Borriello F, Hodes RJ, Reiser H, Hathcock KS, Laszio G, McKnight AJ, Kim J, Du L, Lombard DB, Gray GS, Nadler LM, Sharpe AH: Uncovering of functional alternative CTLA-4 counter-receptor in B7-deficient mice. Science 262:907–909, 1993 Google Scholar
Freeman GJ, Gribben JG, Boussiotis VA, Ng JW, Restivo Jr, VA, Lombard LA, Gray GS, Nadler LM: Cloning of B7-2: A CTLA-4 counter-receptor that costimulates human T cell proliferation. Science 262:909–911, 1993 Google Scholar
Azuma M, Ito D, Yagita H, Okumura K, Phillips JH, Lanier LL, Somoza C: B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature 366:76–79, 1993 Google Scholar
Hathcock KS, Laszlo G, Dickler HB, Bradshaw J, Linsley P, Hodes RJ: Identification of an alternative CTLA-4 ligand costimulatory for T cell activation. Science 262:905–906, 1993 Google Scholar
Orrenius S, McConkey DJ, Bellomo G, Nicotera P: Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:281, 1989 Google Scholar
Arends MJ, Morris RG, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: The role of the endonuclease. Am J Pathol 136:593–597, 1990 Google Scholar
Knight CR, Rees RC, Griffin M: Apoptosis: A potential role for cytosolic transglutaminase and its importance in tumour progression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1096:312–315, 1991 Google Scholar
Liu Z-G, Smith SW, McLaughlin KA, Schwartz LM, Osborne BA: Apoptotic signals delivered through the T-cell receptor of a T-cell hybrid require the immediate-early gene Nur77. Nature 367:281–284, 1994 Google Scholar
Woronica JD, Cainan B, Ngo V, Winoto A: Requirement for the orphan steroid receptor Nur77 in apoptosis of T-cell hybridomas. Nature 367:277–280, 1994 Google Scholar
Alderson MR, Armitage RJ, Maraskovsky E, Tough TW, Roux E, Schooley K, Ramsdell F, Lynch DH: Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 178:2231–2235, 1993 Google Scholar
Yoon JK, Lau LF: Transcriptional activation of the inducible nuclear receptor gene Nur77 by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 268:9148–9155, 1993 Google Scholar
Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S: Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356:314–317, 1992 Google Scholar
Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Itoh N, Yonehara S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S: The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J Immunol 125:871–876, 1992 Google Scholar
Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AM, Matzku S, Moller P, Falk W, Debatin KM, Krammer PH: Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245:301–305, 1989 Google Scholar
Debatin KM, Goldmann CK, Bamford R, Waldmann TA, Krammer PH: Monoclonal-antibody-mediated apoptosis in adult T-cell leukaemia. Lancet 335:497–500, 1990 Google Scholar
Warri AM, Huovinen RL, Laine AM, Martikainen PM, Harkonen PL: Apoptosis in toremifene-induced growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells_in vivo_ and_in vitro_. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1412–1418, 1993 Google Scholar
Linnik MD, Zobrist RH, Hatfield MD: Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebralischemia in rats. Stroke 24:2002–2009, 1993 Google Scholar
Mysler E, Bini P, Drappa J, Ramos P, Friedman SM, Krammer PH, Elkon KB: The apoptosis-1/Fas protein in human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 93:1029–1034, 1994 Google Scholar
Emlen W, Niebur J, Kadera R: Accelerated_in vitro_ apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 152:3685–3692, 1994 Google Scholar
Cheng J, Zhou T, Liu C, Shapiro JP, Brauer MJ, Kiefer MC, Barr PJ, Mountz JD: Identification of a soluble form of the fas molecule that protects cells from fas-mediated apoptosis. Science 263:1759–1761, 1994 Google Scholar
Bissonnette RP, Echeverri F, Mahboubi A, Green DR: Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359:552–554, 1992 Google Scholar
Fanidi A, Harrington EA, Evan GI: Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 359:554–556, 1992 Google Scholar
Shi Y, Glynn JM, Guilbert LJ, Cotter TG, Bissonnette RP, Green DR: Role for c-myc in activation-induced apoptotic cell death in T cell hybridomas. Science 257:212–214, 1992 Google Scholar
Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, Morris RG, Bird CC, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH: Thymocyte apoptosis induced by_p_53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362:849–852, 1993 Google Scholar
Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA, Jacks T:_p_53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362:847–849, 1993 Google Scholar
Lee JM, Bernstein A:_p_53 mutations increase resistance to ionizing radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5742–5746, 1993 Google Scholar
Wyllie AH: Apoptosis. Br J Cancer 67:205–208, 1993 Google Scholar
Arends MJ, McGregor AH, Toft NJ, Brown EJ, Wyllie AH: Susceptibility to apoptosis is differentially regulated by c-myc and mutated Ha-ras oncogenes and is associated with endonuclease availability. Br J Cancer 68:1127–1133, 1993 Google Scholar
Zacharchuk CM, Mercep M, June CH, Weissman AM, Ashwell JD: Variations in thymocyte susceptibility to clonal deletion during ontogeny. Implications for neonatal tolerance. J Immunol 147:460–465, 1991 Google Scholar
Waga S, Hannon GJ, Beach D, Stillman B: The p21 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases controls DNA replication by interaction with PCNA. Nature 369:574–578, 1994 Google Scholar
Nabori T, Mluir K, Wu DJ, Lois A, Takabayashi K, Carson DA: Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers. Nature 368:753–756, 1994 Google Scholar
Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, Liu Q, Harshman K, Tavtigian SV, Stockert E Day III, Rufus S, Johnson BE, Skolnick MH: A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science 264:436–440, 1994 Google Scholar
Harper JW, Adami GR, Wei N, Keyomarsi K, Elledge J: The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclindependent kinases. Cell 75:805–816, 1993 Google Scholar
Shi L, Nishioka WK, Th'ng J, Bradbury EM, Lynchfield DW, Greenberg AH: Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science 263:1143–1145, 1994 Google Scholar
Klas C, Debatin KM, Jonker RR, Krammer PH: Activation interferes with the APO-1 pathway in mature human T cells. Int Immunol 5:625–630, 1993 Google Scholar
Mountz JD, Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Wu J, Edwards III CK: Apoptosis defects analyzed in TcR transgenic and_fas_ transgenic_lpr_ mice. Int Rev Immunol 11:321–342, 1994 Google Scholar
Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S-I, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66:233–241, 1991 Google Scholar
Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W, Pawlita M, Li-Weber M, Richards S, Dhein J, Trauth BC, Postingl H, Krammer PH: Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the TNF/NGF receptor superfamily. J Biol Chem 267:10709, 1992 Google Scholar
Itoh N, Nagata S: A novel protein domain required for apoptosis. J Biol Chem 268:10932, 1993 Google Scholar
Calderhead DM, Buhlmann JE, van den Eertwegh AJM, Claassen E, Noelle RJ, Fell HP: Cloning of mouse Ox40: A T cell activation marker that may mediated T-B cell interactions. J Immunol 151:5261–5271, 1993 Google Scholar
Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG: The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76:959–962, 1994 Google Scholar
Dürkop H, Latza U, Hummel M, Eitelbach F, Seed B, Stein H: Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin's disease. Cell 68:421–427, 1992 Google Scholar
Cheng J, Liu C, Koopman WJ, Mountz JD: Chacterization of human fas gene. J Immunol 154 (in press)
Sehgal A, Patil N, Chao M: A constitutive promoter expression of the nerve growth factor receptor gene. Mol Cell Biol 8:3160, 1988 Google Scholar
Fuchs P, Strehl S, Dworzak M, Himmler A, Ambros PF: Structure of the human TNF receptor 1 (p60) gene (TNFR1) and localization to chromosome 12p13. Genomics 13:219, 1992 Google Scholar
Loenen WAM, Gravestein LA, Beumer S, Melief CJM, Hagemeijer A, Borst J: Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human CD27 gene. J Immunol 149:3937, 1992 Google Scholar
Craik CS, Rutter WJ, Fletterick R: Splice junctions: association with variation in protein structure. Science 220:1125, 1983 Google Scholar
Davidson WF, Dumont FJ, Bedigian HG, Fowlkes BJ, Morse HC III: Phenotype, functional and molecular genetic comparisons of abnormal lymphoid cells of C3H-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 136:4075–4084, 1986 Google Scholar
Allen RD, Marshall JD, Roths JB, Sidman C: Differences defined by bone marrow transplantation suggest the_lpr_ and_gld_ are mutations of genes encoding an interacting pair of molecules. J Exp Med 172:1367–1375, 1990 Google Scholar
Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S: Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75:1169–1178, 1993 Google Scholar
Farrah T, Smith CA: Emergine cytokine family. Nature 358:26–29, 1992 Google Scholar
Smith CA, Gruss H-J, Davis T, Anderson D, Farrah T, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Grabstein KH, Gliniak B, McAlister IB, Fanslow W, Alderson M, Falk B, Gimpel S, Gillis S, Din WS, Goodwin RG, Armitage RJ: CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF. Cell 73:1349–1360, 1993 Google Scholar
Goodwin RG, Alderson MR, Smith CA, Armitage RJ, VandenBos T, Jerzy R, Tough TW, Schoenborn MA, Davis-Smith T, Hennen K, Falk B, Cosman D, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Grabstein KH, Farrah T, Giri JG, Beckmann MP: Molecular and biological characterization of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Cell 73:447–456, 1993 Google Scholar
Banner DW, D'Arcy A, Janes W, Gentz R, Schoenfold H-J, Broger C, Loetscher H, Lesslauer W: Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kd TNF receptor-human TNF_β_ complex: Implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell 73:431–445, 1993 Google Scholar
Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Suda T, Nagata S: Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76:969–976, 1994 Google Scholar
Lynch D, Watson M, Alderson MR, Baum PR, Miller RE, Tough T, Gibson M, Davis-Smith T, Smith CA, Hunter K, Bhat D, Din W, Goodwin RG, Seldin MF: The mouse Fas-ligand gene is mutated in gld mice and is part of a TNF family gene cluster. Immunity 1:131–136, 1994 Google Scholar
Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Origin of CD4-CD8-B220+ T cells in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Clues from a T cell receptor beta transgenic mouse. J Immunol 150:3651–3667, 1993 Google Scholar
Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Abnormal thymocyte development and production of autoreactive T cells in TCR transgenic autoimmune mice. J Immunol 147:466–474, 1991 Google Scholar
Zhou T, Mountz JD, Edwards III CK, Berry K, Bluethmann H: Defective maintenance of T cell tolerance to a superantigen in MRL-lpr/lpr. J Exp Med 176:1063–1072, 1992 Google Scholar
Sobel ES, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA:lpr T cells are necessary for autoantibody production in_lpr_ mice. J Immunol 150:4160–4167, 1993 Google Scholar
Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA:Lpr and_gld_: Single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Annu Rev Immunol 9:243–269, 1991 Google Scholar
Debatin K-M, Süss D, Krammer PH: Differential expression of APO-1 on human thymocytes: Implications for negative selection? Eur J Immunol 24:753–758, 1994 Google Scholar
Lucas B, Vasseur F, Penit C: Production, selection, and maturation of thymocytes with high surface density of TCR. J Immunol 153:53–58, 1994 Google Scholar
Kabelitz D, Pohl T, Pechhold K: Activation-induced cell death (apoptosis) of mature peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunol Today 14:339–340, 1993 Google Scholar
Green DR, Scott DW: Activation-induced apoptosis in lympocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 6:476–487, 1994 Google Scholar
Arase H, Arase N, Kobayashi Y, Nishimura Y, Yonehara S, Onoe K: Cytotoxicity of fresh NK1.1+ Tcell receptor_α/β_ + thymocytes against a CD4+8+ thymocyte population associated with intact Fas antigen expression on the target. J Exp Med 180:423–432, 1994 Google Scholar
Punt JA, Osborne BA, Takahama Y, Sharrow SO, Singer A: Negative selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by T cell receptorinduced apoptosis requires a costimulatory signal that can be provided by CD28. J Exp Med 179:709–713, 1994 Google Scholar
Page DM, Kane LP, Allison JP, Hedrick SM: Two signals are required for negative selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. J Immunol 151:1868–1880, 1993 Google Scholar
Walker PR, Kwast-Welfeld J, Gourdeau H, Leblanc J, Neugebauer W, Sikorska M: Relationship between apoptosis and the cell cycle in lymphocytes: Roles of protein kinase C, tyrosine phosphorylation, and AP1. Exp Cell Res 207:142–149, 1993 Google Scholar
Takano Y, Okudaira M, Harmon BV: Apoptosis is induced by microtubule disrupting drugs in cultured human lymphoma cells: Inhibitory effects of phorbol ester and zinc sulphate. Pathol Res Practice 189:197–203, 1993 Google Scholar
Illera VA, Peradones CE, Stunz LL, Mower Jr DA, Ashman RF: Apoptosis in splenic B lymphocytes: Regulation by protein kinase C and IL-4. J Immunol 151:2965–2941, 1993 Google Scholar
Forbes IJ, Zalewski PD, Giannakia C, Cowled PA: Induction of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its prevention by phorbol ester. Exp Cell Res 198:367–371, 1992 Google Scholar
Baxter GD, Lavin MF: Specific protein dephosphorylation in apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation and heat shock in human lymphoid tumor lines. J Immunol 148:1949–1953, 1992 Google Scholar
Matsuzawa S, Tamura T, Mizuno Y, Kobayashi S, Okuyama H, Tsukitani Y, Uemura D, Kikuchi K: Increase in potential activities of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A in lymphoid tissues of autoimmune MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice. J Biochem 111:472–478, 1992 Google Scholar
Song Q, Lavin MF, Calyculin A: A potent inhibitor of phosphatase-1 and -2A, prevents apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 190:47–52, 1993 Google Scholar
Fruman DA, Mather PE, Burakoff SJ, Bierer BE: Correlation of Calcineurin phosphatase activity and programmed cell death in murine T cell hybridomas. Eur J Immunol 22:2513–2520, 1992 Google Scholar
Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M: A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 169:1747–1752, 1989 Google Scholar
Su X, Zhou T, Wu J, Jope R, Mountz JD: Dephosphorylation of a 65 kD protein associated with signaling for Fas-mediated apoptosis. FASEB J 8:A218, 1994 (abstr) Google Scholar
Yi T, Cleveland JL, Ihle JN: Protein tyrosine phosphatase containing SH2 domains: characterization, preferential expression in hematopoietic cells, and localization to human chromosome 12p12-p13. Mol Cell Biol 12:836–841, 1992 Google Scholar
Schultz LD, Schweitzer PA, Rajan TV, Yi T, Ihle JN, Matthews RJ, Thomas ML, Beier DR: Mutation at the murine motheaten locus are within the hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase (Hcph) gene. Cell 73:1445–1451, 1993 Google Scholar
Tsui HW, Siminovitch KA, de Souza L, Tsui FW: Motheaten and viable motheaten mice have mutations in the haematopoietic cell phosphatase gene. Nature Genet 4:124–129, 1993 Google Scholar
Yi T, Ihle JN: Association of hematopoietic cell phosphatase with c-Kit after stimulation with c-Kit ligand. Mol Cell Biol 13:3350–3359, 1993 Google Scholar
Yi T, Mui AL-F, Krystal G, Ihle JN: Hematopoietic cell phosphatase associates with the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor_β_ chain and down-regulates IL-3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and mitogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 13:7577–7583, 1993 Google Scholar
Kolesnick R, Golde DW: The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 77:325–329, 1994 Google Scholar
Cifone MG, DeMaria R, Roncaioli P, Rippo MR, Azuma M, Lanier LL, Santoni A, Testi R: Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase. J Exp Med 1547–1552, 1994
Ballou LR: Spingolipids and cell function. Immunol Today 13:339–343, 1992 Google Scholar
Fernandez-Botran R: Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation. FASEB J 5:2567–2571, 1991 Google Scholar
Josimovic-Alasevic O, Herrmann T, Diamantstein T: Demonstrations of two distinct forms of released low-affinity type interleukin 2 receptors. Eur J Immunol 18:1855–1861, 1988 Google Scholar
Schall TJ, Lewis M, Koller KJ, Lee A, Rice GC, Wong GWH, Gatanaga T, Granger GA, Lentz R, Raab H, Kohr WJ, Goeddel DV: Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumor necrosis factor. Cell 61:361–367, 1990 Google Scholar
Mosley B, Beckmann MP, March CJ, Idzerda RL, Gimpel SD, VandenBos T, Friend D, Alper A, Anderson D, Jackson J, Wignall JM, Smith C, Gallis B, Sims JE, Urdal D, Widmer MB, Park LS: The murine interleukin-4 receptor: molecular cloning and characterization of secreted and membrane bound forms. Cell 59:335–341, 1989 Google Scholar
Goodwin RG, Friend D, Ziegler SF, Jerzy R, Falk BA, Gompel S, Cosman D, Dower SK, March CJ, Namen AE, Park LS: Cloning of the human and murine interleukin-7 receptors: Demonstration of a soluble form and homology to a new receptor superfamily. Cell 60:941–947, 1990 Google Scholar
Kyte J, Doolittle RF: A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol 157:105–111, 1988 Google Scholar
Owen-Schaub LB, Yonehara S, Crump WL III, Grimm EA: DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell Immunol 140:197–203, 1992 Google Scholar
Aderka D, Wysenbeek A, Engelmann H, Cope AP, Brennan F, Molad Y, Hornik V, Levo Y, Maini RN, Feldmann M: Correlation between serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arth Rheum 36:1111–1120, 1993 Google Scholar
Harrington L, Affleck G, Urrows S, Tennen H, Higgins P, Zautra A, Hoffman S: Temporal covariation of soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels, daily stress, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arth Rheum 36:199–203, 1993 Google Scholar
Rubin LA: The soluble interleukin-2 receptor in rheumatic disease. Arth Rheum 33:1145–1148, 1990 Google Scholar
Gmelig-Meyling F, Dawisha S, Steinberg AD: Assessment of_in vivo_ frequency of mutated T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 175:297–300, 1992 Google Scholar
Sentman CL, Shutter JR, Hockenbery D, Kanagawa O, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67:879–888, 1991 Google Scholar
Strasser A, Harris AW, Cory S: Bcl-2 transgene inhibits T cell death and perturbs thymic self-censorship. Cell 67:889–899, 1991 Google Scholar
Williams GT, Lau LF: Activation of the inducible orphan receptor gene nur77 by serum growth factors: Dissociation of immediate-early and delayed-early responses. Mol Cell Biol 13:6124–6136, 1993 Google Scholar
Abu-Shakra SR, Cole AJ, Drachman DB: Nerve stimulation and denervation induce differential patterns of immediate early gene mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 18:216–220, 1993 Google Scholar
Gubits RM, Burke RE, Casey-McIntosh G, Bandele A, Munell F: Immediate early gene induction after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 18:228–238, 1993 Google Scholar
Mittelstadt PR, DeFranco AL: Induction of early response genes by cross-linking membrane Ig on B lymphocytes. J Immunol 150:4822–4832, 1993 Google Scholar
Lee HJ, Kokontis J, Wang KC, Chang C: The use of a DNA-binding domain replacement method for the detection of a potential TR3 orphan receptor response element in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 194:97–103, 1993 Google Scholar
Davis IJ, Hazel TG, Chen RH, Blenis J, Lau LF: Functional domains and phosphorylation of the orphan receptor Nur77. Mol Endocrinol 7:953–964, 1993 Google Scholar
Yoon JK, Lau LF: Transcriptional activation of the inducible nuclear receptor gene nur77 by nerve growth factor and membrane depolarization in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 268:9148–9155, 1993 Google Scholar
Scearce LM, Laz TM, Hazel TG, Lau LF, Taub R: RNR-1, a nuclear receptor in the NGFI-B/Nur77 family that is rapidly induced in regenerating liver. J Biol Chem 268:8855–8861, 1993 Google Scholar
Rangnekar VV, Waheed S, Rangnekar VM: Interleukin-1-inducible tumor growth arrest is characterized by activation of cell type-specific “early” gene expression programs. J Biol Chem 267:6240–6248, 1992 Google Scholar
Law SW, Conneely OM, DeMayo FJ, O'Malley BW: Identification of a new brain-specific transcription factor, NURR1. Mol Endocrinol 6:2129–2135, 1992 Google Scholar
Franklin RA, Tordai A, Patel H, Gardner AM, Johnson GL, Gelfand EW: Ligation of the T cell receptor complex results in activation of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/MAPK cascade in human T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 93:2134–2140, 1994 Google Scholar
Schwartzman RA, Cidlowski JA: Mechanism of tissue-specific induction of internucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage activity and apoptosis by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 133:591–599, 1993 Google Scholar
Gaido ML, Cidlowski JA: Identification, purification, and characterization of a calcium-dependent endonuclease (NUC18) from apoptotic rat thymocytes. NUC18 is not histone H2B. J Biol Chem 266:18580–18585, 1991 Google Scholar
Burnstein KL, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA: Evaluation of the role of ligand and thermal activation of specific DNA binding by_in vitro_ synthesized human glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 5:1013–1022, 1991 Google Scholar
Schwartzman RA, Cidlowski JA: Internucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage activity in apoptotic thymocytes: Detection and endocrine regulation. Endocrinology 128:1190–1197, 1991 Google Scholar
Caron-Leslie LA, Cidlowski JA: Similar actions of glucocorticoids and calcium on the regulation of apoptosis in S49 cells. Mol Endocrinol 5:1169–1179, 1991 Google Scholar
Caron-Leslie LM, Schwartzman RA, Gaido ML, Compton MM, Cidlowski JA: Identification and characterization of glucocorticoid-regulated nuclease(s) in lymphoid cells undergoing apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:661–671, 1991 Google Scholar
Reap EA, Sobel ES, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA: Conventional B cells, not B-1 cells, are responsible for producing autoantibodies in_lpr_ mice. J Exp Med 177:69–78, 1993 Google Scholar
Krieg AM, Gause WC, Gourley MF, Steinberg AD: A role for endogenous retroviral sequences in the regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Immunol 143:2448–2456, 1989 Google Scholar
Kreig AM, Gourley MF, Steinberg AD: Association of murine lupus and thymic full-length endogenous retroviral expression maps to a bone marrow stem cell. J Immunol 146:3002–3010, 1991 Google Scholar
Mountz JD, Talal N: Retroviruses, apoptosis and autogenes. Immunol Today 14:532–536, 1993 Google Scholar
Adachi M, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Nagata S: Aberrant transcription caused by the insertion of an early transposable element in an intron of the Fas antigen gene of_lpr_ mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1756–1761, 1993 Google Scholar
Wu J, Zhou T, He J, Mountz JD: Autoimmune disease in mice due to integration of an endogenous retrovirus in an apoptosis gene. J Exp Med 178:461–468, 1993 Google Scholar
Chu J-L, Drappa J, Parnassa A, Elkon KB: The defect of Fas mRNA expression in MRL-lpr mice is associated with insertion of the retrotransposon, ETn. J Exp Med 178:723–730, 1993 Google Scholar
Stransky G, Vernon J, Aicher WK, Moreland LW, Gay RE, Gay S: Virus-like particles in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheum 32:1044–1048, 1993 Google Scholar
Wu J, Zhou T, Zhang J, Mountz JD: Correction of autoimmune disease in CD2-fas transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2344–2348, 1994 Google Scholar
Lang G, Wotton D, Owen MJ, Sewell WA, Brown MH, Mason DY, Crumpton MJ, Kioussis D: The structure of the human CD2 gene and its expression in transgenic mice. EMBO J 7:1675–1682, 1988 Google Scholar
Greaves DR, Wilson FD, Lang G, Kioussis D: Human CD2 3′-flanking sequences confer high-level, T cell-specific, positionindependent gene expression in transgenic mice. Cell 56:979–984, 1989 Google Scholar
Hadden JW, Malec PH, Coto J, Hadden EM: Thymic involution in aging. Prospects for correction. Ann NY Acad Sci 673:231–239, 1992 Google Scholar
Powers DC, Belshe RB: Effect of age on cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory as well as serum and local antibody responses elicited by inactivated influenza virus vaccine. J Infect Dis 167:584–592, 1993 Google Scholar
Flurkey K, Miller RA, Harrison DE: Cellular determinants of age-related decrements in the T-cell mitogen response of B6CBAF1 mice. J Geron 47:B115–120, 1992 Google Scholar
Kirschmann DA, Murasko DM: Splenic and inguinal lymph node T cells of aged mice respond differently to polyclonal and antigen-specific stimuli. Cell Immunol 139:426–437, 1992 Google Scholar
Song LJ, Nagel JE, Chrest FJ, Collins GD, Adler WH: Comparison of CD3 and CD2 activation pathways in T cells from young and elderly adults. Aging 4:307–315, 1993 Google Scholar
McElhaney JE, Meneilly GS, Beattie BL, Helgason CD, Lee SF, Devine RD, Bleackley RC: The effect of influenza vaccination on IL2 production in healthy elderly: implications for current vaccination practices. J Gerontol 47:M3–8, 1992 Google Scholar
Ernst DN, Weigle WO, Noonan DJ, McQuitty DN, Hobbs MV: The age-associated increase in IFN-gamma synthesis by mouse CD8+ T cells correlates with shifts in the frequencies of cell subsets defined by membrane CD44, CD45RB, 3G11, and MEL-14 expression. J Immunol 151:575–587, 1993 Google Scholar
Ershler WB: Interleukin-6: a cytokine for gerontologists. J Am Geriat Soc 41:176–181, 1993 Google Scholar
al-Rayes H, Pachas W, Mirza N, Ahern DJ, Geha RS, Vercelli D: IgE regulation and lymphokine patterns in aging humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90:630–636, 1992 Google Scholar
Daynes RA, Araneo BA: Natural regulators of T-cell lymphokine production_in vivo_. J Immunother 12:174–179, 1992 Google Scholar
Okumura M, Fujii Y, Takeuchi Y, Inada K, Nakahara K, Matsuda H: Age-related accumulation of LFA-1 high cells in a CD8+CD45RA high T cell population. Eur J Immunol 23:1057–1063, 1993 Google Scholar
Howard CJ, Sopp P, Parsons KR: L-selectin expression differentiates T cells isolated from different lymphoid tissues in cattle but does not correlate with memory. Immunology 77:228–234, 1992 Google Scholar
Thoman ML, Ernst DN, Hobbs MV, Weigle WO: T cell differentiation and functional maturation in aging mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 330:93–106, 1993 Google Scholar
Shi J, Miller RA: Differential tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation in mouse T lymphocyte subsets. Effect of Age. J Immunol 151:730–739, 1993 Google Scholar
Heyeck SD, Berg LJ: Developmental regulation of a murine T-cell-specific tyrosine kinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:669–673, 1993 Google Scholar
Patel HR, Miller RA: Age-associated changes in mitogen-induced protein phosphorylation in murine T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 22:253–260, 1992 Google Scholar
Witkowski J, Miller RA: Increased function of P-glycoprotein in T lymphocyte subsets of aging mice. J Immunol 150:1296–1306, 1993 Saini A, Sci Y: Age-related impairment of early and late events of signal transduction in mouse immune cells. Life Sci 52:1759–1765, 1993 Google Scholar
Hadden EM, Malec P, Sosa M, Hadden JW: Mixed interleukins and thymosin fraction V synergistically induce T lymphocyte development in hydrocortisone-treated aged mice. Cell Immunol 144:228–236, 1992 Google Scholar
Candore G, Di Lorenzo G, Caruso C, Modica MA, Colucci AT, Crescimanno G, Ingrassia A, Sangiorgi GB, Salerno A: The effect of age on mitogen responsive T cell precursors in human beings is completely restored by interleukin-2. Mech Age Dev 63:297–307, 1992 Google Scholar
Goso C, Frasca D, Doria G: Effect of synthetic thymic humoral factor (THF-gamma 2) on T cell activities in immunodeficient ageing mice. Clin Exp Immunol 87:346–351, 1992 Google Scholar
Fridkis-Hareli M, Abel L, Globerson A: Patterns of dual lymphocyte development in co-cultures of foetal thymus and lymphohaemopoietic cells from young and old mice. Immunology 77:185–188, 1992 Google Scholar
Li YM, Brunke DL, Dantzer R, Kelley KW: Pituitary epithelial cell implants reverse the accumulation of CD4−CD8− lymphocytes in thymus glands of aged rats. Endocrinology 130:2703–2709, 1992 Google Scholar
Mehr R, Abel L, Ubezio P, Globerson A, Agur Z: A mathematical model of the effect of aging on bone marrow cells colonizing the thymus. Mech Age Dev 67:159–172, 1993 Google Scholar
Mountz JD, Zhou T, Edwards III CK: Correction of age related T cell dysfunction in CD2-fas transgenic mice. FASEB J 8:A205, 1994 (abstr) Google Scholar
Löms Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Sternsdorf T, Liese J, Bolohradsky B, Weber C, Wedel A, Schreck R, Bauerle P, Ströbel M: Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits NF-κB mobilization and TNF production in human monocytes. J Immunol 151:6986–6993, 1993 Google Scholar
Parmely MJ, Zhou W-W, Edwards III CK, Borcherding DR, Silverstein R, Morrison DC: Adenosine and a related carbocyclic nucleoside analogue selectively inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α production and protect mice against endotoxin challenge. J Immunol 151:389–396, 1993 Google Scholar