Bone density and lifestyle characteristics in premenopausal and postmenopausal Chinese women (original) (raw)

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

• Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
• Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
• Cancel anytime View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

1. Richelson LS, Wahner HW, Melton LJ, Riggs BL. Relative contributions of aging and estrogen deficiency to postmenopausal bone loss. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1273–5.
   Google Scholar
2. Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE. The impact of menopausal age on future fragility fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 1991;6:429–33.
   Google Scholar
3. Aloia JF, Vaswani AN, Yeh JK, Ross P, Ellis K, Cohn SH. Determinants of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1700–4.
   Google Scholar
4. Drinkwater BL, Chesnut CH. Bone density changes during pregnancy and lactation in active women: a longitudinal study. Bone Miner 1991;14:153–60.
   Google Scholar
5. Wardlaw GM, Pike AM. The effect of lactation on peak adult shaft and ultra-distal forearm bone mass in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44:283–6.
   Google Scholar
6. Cummings SR, Kelsey JL, Nevitt MC, O'Dowd KJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev 1985;7:178–208.
   Google Scholar
7. Hernandez-Avila M, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Caffeine, moderate alcohol intake, and risk of fractures of the hip and forearm in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:157–63.
   Google Scholar
8. Jensen J, Christiansen C, Rodbro P. Cigarette smoking, serum estrogens and bone loss during hormone-replacement therapy early after menopause. N Engl J Med 1985;313:973–5.
   Google Scholar
9. MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D, Cole P, Brown J. Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1062–5.
   Google Scholar
10. Hu JF, Zhao XH, Jia JB, Parpia B, Campbell TC. Dietary calcium and bone density among middle aged and elderly women in China. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:219–27.
    Google Scholar
11. Wald NJ, Boreham J, Bailey A, Ritchie C, Haddow JE, Knight G. Urinary cotinine as marker of breathing other people's tobacco smoke. Lancet 1984;1:230–1.
    Google Scholar
12. Chen JS, Campbell TC, Li JY, Peto R. Diet, life-style, and mortality in China: a study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Beijing, P. R. China: Oxford University Press/Cornell University Press/China People's Medical Publishing House, 1991.
    Google Scholar
13. Awbrey BJ, Jacobson PC, Grubb SA, McCartney WH, Vincent LM, Talmage RV. Bone density in women: a modified procedure for measurement of distal radial density. J Orthop Res 1984;2:314–21.
    Google Scholar
14. Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. Chinese food composition table. Beijing, P.R. China: People's Medical Publishing House, 1991.
    Google Scholar
15. Chinese Nutrition Society. Chinese recommended dietary allowance (1989). Acta Nutr Sin 1990;12:1–9.
    Google Scholar
16. Mazess RB. On aging bone loss. Clin Orthop 1982;165:239–52.
    Google Scholar
17. Wyshak G. Hip fracture in elderly women and reproductive history. J Gerontol 1981;36:424–7.
    Google Scholar
18. Kreiger N, Kelsey JL, Holford TR, O'Connor T. An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:141–8.
    Google Scholar
19. Sowers M, Crutchfield M, Jannausch M, Updike S, Corton G. A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:841–5.
    Google Scholar
20. Koetting CA, Wardlaw GM. Wrist, spine, and hip bone density in women with variable histories of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1479–81.
    Google Scholar
21. Lissner L, Bengtsson C, Hansson T. Bone mineral content in relation to lactation history in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1991;48:319–25.
    Google Scholar
22. Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Sandier RB, LaPorte RE, Kuller LH, Sashin D. The relationship of endogenous estrogen to bone density and bone area in normal postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:752–61.
    Google Scholar
23. Picard D, Ste-Marie LG, Coutu D, et al. Premenopausal bone mineral content relates to height, weight and calcium intake during early adulthood. Bone Miner 1988;4:229–309.
    Google Scholar
24. Sowers MR, Clark MK, Hollis B, Wallace RB, Jannausch M. Radial bone mineral density in pre- and perimenopausal women: a prospective study of rates and risk factors for loss. J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:647–57.
    Google Scholar
25. Leino A, Impivaara O, Jarvisalo J, Helenius H. Factors related to risk of osteoporosis in 50-year-old women. Calcif Tissue Int 1991;49:S76–7.
    Google Scholar
26. Krall EA, Dawson-Hughes B. Smoking and bone loss among postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1991;6:331–8.
    Google Scholar
27. Slemenda CW, Hui SL, Longcope C, Johnston CCJ. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 1989;4:737–41.
    Google Scholar
28. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Hannan MT, Kannel WB, Meenan RF. Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:166–72.
    Google Scholar
29. Jensen GF. Osteoporosis of the slender smoker revisited by epidemiologic approach. Eur J Clin Invest 1986;16:239–42.
    Google Scholar
30. Lindquist O, Bengtsson C. Menopausal age in relation to smoking. Acta Med Scand 1979;205:73–7.
    Google Scholar
31. Nelson M, Mayer AB, Rutherford O, Jones D. Calcium intake, physical activity and bone mass in pre-menopausal women. J Human Nutr Diet 1991;4:171–7.
    Google Scholar
32. Stillman RJ, Lohman TG, Slaughter MH, Massey BH. Physical activity and bone mineral content in women aged 30 to 85 years. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986;18:576–80.
    Google Scholar
33. Kriska AM, Sandier RB, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Horn DL, Pambianco G. The assessment of historical physical activity and its relation to adult bone parameters. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:1053–61.
    Google Scholar
34. Lau E, Donnan S, Barker DJP, Cooper C. Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong. BMJ 1988;297:1441–3.
    Google Scholar
35. Cooper C, Wickham C, Coggon D. Sedentary work in middle life and fracture of the proximal femur. Br J Ind Med 1990;47:69–70.
    Google Scholar
36. Lacey JM, Anderson JJB, Fujita T, et al. Correlates of cortical bone mass among premenopausal and postmenopausal Japanese women. J Bone Miner Res 1991;6:651–9.
    Google Scholar

Download references