Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA (original) (raw)
Aldrich-Blake FPG (1968) A fertile hybrid between two_Cercopithecus_ spp. in the Budongo forest, Uganda. Folia Primatol (Basel) 9:15–21 Google Scholar
Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV (1980) Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–1108 Google Scholar
Alvarez W, Alvarez LW, Asaro F, Michel HV (1984) The end of the Cretaceous: Sharp boundary or gradual transition? Science 223:1183–1186 Google Scholar
Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MHL, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJH, Staden R, Young IG (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457–464 PubMed Google Scholar
Anderson S, de Bruijn MHL, Coulson AR, Eperon IC, Sanger F, Young IG (1982) The complete sequence of bovine mitochondrial DNA: conserved features of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. J Mol Biol 156:683–717 PubMed Google Scholar
Andrews P (1981) Species diversity and diet in monkeys and apes during the Miocene. In: Stringer CB (ed) Aspects of human evolution. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 25–61 Google Scholar
Andrews P, Cronin JE (1982) The relationship of_Sivapithecus_ and_Ramapithecus_ and the evolution of the orang-utan. Nature 297:541–546 PubMed Google Scholar
Aquadro CF, Greenberg BD (1983) Human mitochondrial DNA variation and evolution: analysis of nucleotide sequences from seven individuals. Genetics 103:287–312 PubMed Google Scholar
Barrell BG, Bankier AT, Drouin J (1979) A different genetic code in human mitochondria. Nature 282:189–194 PubMed Google Scholar
Bibb MJ, Van Etten RA, Wright CT, Walberg MW, Clayton DA (1981) Sequence and gene organization of mouse mitochondrial DNA. Cell 26:167–180 PubMed Google Scholar
Brown GG, Simpson MV (1982) Novel features of animal mtDNA evolution as shown by sequences of two rat cytochrome oxidase subunit II genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:3246–3250 PubMed Google Scholar
Brown WM, George M Jr, Wilson AC (1979) Rapid evolution of animal mitochndrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1967–1971 PubMed Google Scholar
Brown WM, Prager EM, Wang A, Wilson AC (1982) Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. J Mol Evol 18:225–239 PubMed Google Scholar
Cann RL, Brown WM, Wilson AC (1982) Evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: a preliminary report. In: Bonné-Tamir B, Cohen P, Goodman RN (eds) Human genetics, part A: the unfolding genome. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 157–165 Google Scholar
Chang LYE, Slightom JL (1984) Isolation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the β-type globin pseudogene from human, gorilla and chimpanzee. J Mol Biol 180:767–784 PubMed Google Scholar
Ciochon RL, Chiarelli AB (1980) Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. Plenum Press, New York Google Scholar
Ciochon RL, Corruccini RS (1983) New interpretations of ape and human ancestry, Plenum Press, New York Google Scholar
Colbert EH (1980) Evolution of the vertebrates, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York Google Scholar
Cronin JE, Boaz NT, Stringer CB, Rak Y (1981) Tempo and mode in hominid evolution. Nature 292:113–122 PubMed Google Scholar
Day MH, Wickens EH (1980) Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism. Nature 286:385–387 Google Scholar
Dickerson RE (1971) The structure of cytochrome c and the rates of molecular evolution. J Mol Evol 1:26–45 PubMed Google Scholar
Eisenberg JF (1981) The mammalian radiations: an analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation and behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Google Scholar
Feldesman MR (1982a) Morphometrics of the ulna of some Cenozoic “hominoids”. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:187 Google Scholar
Feldesman MR (1982b) Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some Cenozoic catarrhines: the late divergence hypothesis revisited. Am J Phys Anthropol 59:73–95 PubMed Google Scholar
Felsenstein J (1981) Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol 17:368–376 PubMed Google Scholar
Ferris SD, Wilson AC, Brown WM (1981a) Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2432–2436 PubMed Google Scholar
Ferris SD, Brown WM, Davidson WS, Wilson AC (1981b) Extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA of apes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6319–6323 PubMed Google Scholar
Ferris SD, Sage RD, Huang C-M, Nielsen JT, Ritte U, Wilson AC (1983) Flow of mitochondrial DNA across a species boundary. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 80:2290–2294 PubMed Google Scholar
Gojobori T, Ishii K, Nei M (1982) Estimation of average number of nucleotide substitutions when the rate of substitution varies with nucleotides. J Mol Evol 18:414–423 PubMed Google Scholar
Goodman M (1962) Immunochemistry of the primates and primate evolution. Ann NY Acad Sci 102:219–234 PubMed Google Scholar
Goodman M (1963) Serological analysis of the systematics of recent hominoids. Hum Biol 35:377–436 PubMed Google Scholar
Goodman M, Braunitzer G, Stangl A, Schrank B (1983) Evidence on human origins from haemoglobins of African apes. Nature 303:546–548 PubMed Google Scholar
Goodman M, Koop BF, Czelusniak J, Weiss ML, Slightom JL (1984) The η-globin gene. Its long evolutionary history of the β-globin gene family of mammals. J Mol Biol 180:803–823 PubMed Google Scholar
Gribbin J, Cherfas J (1982) The monkey puzzle. Bodley Head, London Google Scholar
Harris S, Barrie PA, Weiss ML, Jefereys AJ (1984) The primate ψβ1 gene. An ancient β-globin pseudogene. J Mol Biol 180:785–801 PubMed Google Scholar
Hasegawa M (1984) The origin and the evolution of man as inferred from DNA sequences: an introduction to molecular anthropology [in Japanese]. Kaimeisha, Tokyo Google Scholar
Hasegawa M, Yano T (1984) Phylogeny and classification of Hominoidea as inferred from DNA sequence data. Proc Jpn Acad 60B:389–392 Google Scholar
Hasegawa M, Yano T, Kishino H (1984a) A new molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA and the evolution of hominoids. Proc Jpn Acad 60B:95–98 Google Scholar
Hasegawa M, Yano T, Miyata T (1984b) Evolutionary implications of error amplification in self-replicating and protein synthesizing machinery. J Mol Evol 20:77–85 PubMed Google Scholar
Hasegawa M, Iida Y, Yano T, Takaiwa F, Iwabuchi M (1985) Phyogenetic relationships among eukaryotic kingdoms inferred by ribosmal RNA sequences. J Mol Evol (in press)
Johanson DC, White TD (1979) A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 202:321–330 Google Scholar
Johanson DC, White TD, Coppens Y (1978) A new species of the genus_Australopithecus_ (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28:1–14 Google Scholar
Johnson MJ, Wallace DC, Ferris SD, Rattazzi MC, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1983) Radiation of human mitochondrial DNA types analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. J Mol Evol 19:255–271 PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura M (1968) Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217:624–626 PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura M (1977) Preponderance of synonymous changes as evidence for the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Nature 267:275–276 PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111–120 PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura M (1981) Estimation of evolutionary distances between homologous nucleotide sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:454–458 PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura M (1983) The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Kimura M, Ohta T (1974) On some principles governing molecular evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:2848–2852 PubMed Google Scholar
Kohne DE (1970) Evolution of higher-organism DNA. Rev Biophys 33:1–48 Google Scholar
Kohne DE, Chiscon JA, Hoyer BH (1972) Evolution of primate DNA sequences. J Hum Evol 1:627–644 Google Scholar
Leakey MD, Hay RL, Curtis GH, Drake RE, Jackes MK, White TD (1976) Fossil hominids from the Laetolil Beds. Nature 262:460–466 PubMed Google Scholar
Lewin R (1983) Is the orangutan a living fossil? Science 222:1222–1223 PubMed Google Scholar
Liebhaber SA, Begley KA (1983) Structural and evolutionary analysis of the two chimpanzee α-globin mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 11:8915–8929 PubMed Google Scholar
Macdonald D (1984) The encyclopaedia of mammals, vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin, London, pp 396–397 Google Scholar
McKenna MC (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the mammalia. In: Luckett WP, Szalay FS (eds) Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach. Plenum Press, New York, pp 21–46 Google Scholar
Miyata T, Hayashida H, Kikuno R, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi M, Koike K (1982) Molecular clock of silent substitution: at least six-fold preponderance of silent changes in mitochondrial genes over those in nuclear genes. J Mol Evol 19:28–35 PubMed Google Scholar
Moore J (1984) Female transfer in primates. Int J Primatol 5:537–589 Google Scholar
Nagel U (1973) A comparison of anubis baboons, hamadryas baboons and their hybrids at a species border in Ethiopia. Folia Primatol (Basel) 19:104–165 Google Scholar
Nei M (1982) Evolution of human races at the gene level. In: Bonné-Tamir B, Cohen P, Goodman M (eds) Human genetics, part A: the unfolding genome. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 167–181 Google Scholar
Novacek MJ (1982) Information for molecular studies from anatomical and fossil evidence on higher eutherian phylogeny. In: Goodman M (ed) Macromolecular sequences in systematic and evolutionary biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 3–41 Google Scholar
Nozawa K, Shotake T, Kawamoto Y, Tanabe Y (1982) Electrophoretically estimated genetic distance and divergence time between chimpanzee and man. Primates 23:432–443 Google Scholar
Oxnard CE (1975) The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: Grounds or doubt? Nature 258:389–395 PubMed Google Scholar
Oxnard CE (1984) The order of man: a biomathematical anatomy of the primates. Yale University Press, New Haven Google Scholar
Pilbeam D (1982) New hominoid skull material from the Miocene of Pakistan. Nature 295:232–234 PubMed Google Scholar
Pilbeam D (1984) The descent of hominoids and hominids. Sci Am 250(3):60–69 Google Scholar
Powell JR (1983) Interspecific cytoplasmic gene flow in the absence of nuclear gene flow: evidence from_Drosophila_. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 80:492–495 PubMed Google Scholar
Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ Jr (1984) Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 81:801–805 PubMed Google Scholar
Raza SM, Barry JC, Pilbeam D, Rose MD, Shah SMI, Ward S (1983) New hominoid primates from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation, Potwar Plateau Pakistan. Nature 306:52–54 Google Scholar
Sarich VM, Cronin JE (1976) Molecular systematics of the primates. In: Goodman M, Tashian RE (eds) Molecular anthropology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 141–170 Google Scholar
Sarich VM, Cronin JE (1977) Generation length and rates of hominoid molecular evolution. Nature 269:354 Google Scholar
Sarich VM, Cronin JE (1980) South American mammal molecular systematics, evolutionary clocks, and continental drift. In: Ciochon RL, Chiarelli AB (eds) Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. Plenum Press, New York, pp 399–421 Google Scholar
Sarich VM, Wilson AC (1967) Immunological time scale for hominid evolution. Science 158:1200–1203 PubMed Google Scholar
Sarich VM, Wilson AC (1973) Generation time and genomic evolution in primates. Science 179:1144–1147 PubMed Google Scholar
Sarna-Wojcicki AM, Meyer CE, Roth PH, Brown FH (1985) Ages of tuff beds at East African early hominid sites and sediments in the Gulf of Aden. Nature 313:306–308 Google Scholar
Savage DE, Russell DE (1983) Mammalian paleofaunas of the world, Addison-Wesley, London Google Scholar
Schwartz JH (1984) The evolutionary relationships of man and orang-utans. Nature 308:501–505 PubMed Google Scholar
Scott AF, Heath P, Trusko S, Boyer SH, Prass W, Gooman M, Czelusniak J, Chang L-YE, Slightom JL (1984) The sequence of the gorilla fetal globin genes: evidence for multiple gene conversions in human evolution. Mol Biol Evol 1:371–389 PubMed Google Scholar
Shotake T (1981) Population genetical study of natural hybridization between_Papio anubis_ and_P. hamadryas_. Primates 22:285–308 Google Scholar
Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1984) The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. J Mol Evol 20:2–15 PubMed Google Scholar
Simons EL (1976) The fossil record of primate phylogeny. In: Goodman M, Tashian RE (eds) Molecular anthropology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 35–62 Google Scholar
Simons EL (1981) Man's immediate forerunners. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 292:21–41 Google Scholar
Spolsky C, Uzzell T (1984) Natural interspecies transfer of mitochondrial DNA in amphibians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:5802–5805 PubMed Google Scholar
Stern JT Jr, Susman RL (1981) Electromyography of the gluteal muscles in_Hylobates, Pongo_ and_Pan_: implications for the evolution of hominid bipedality. Am J Phys Anthropol 55:153–166 Google Scholar
Stern JT Jr, Susman RL (1983) The locomotor anatomy of_Australopithecus afarensis_. Am J Phys Anthropol 60:279–318 PubMed Google Scholar
Sugawara K (1982) Sociological comparison between two wild groups of anubis-hamadryas hybrid baboons. Afr Study Monogr 2:73–131 Google Scholar
Takahata N, Kimura M (1981) A model of evolutionary base substitutions and its application with special reference to rapid change of pseudogenes. Genetics 98:641–657 PubMed Google Scholar
Takahata N, Slatkin M (1984) Mitochondrial gene flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:1764–1767 PubMed Google Scholar
Templeton AR (1983) Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and the apes. Evolution 37:221–244 Google Scholar
White TD (1980) Evolutionary implications of Pliocene hominid footprints. Science 208:175–176 Google Scholar
White TD, Johanson DC, Kimbel WH (1981)Australopithecus africanus: its phyletic position reconsidered. S Afr J Sci 77:445–470 Google Scholar
Wilson AC, Carlson SS, White TJ (1977) Biochemical evolution. Annu Rev Biochem 46:573–639 PubMed Google Scholar
Yunis JJ, Prakash O (1982) The origin of man: a chromosomal pictorial legacy. Science 215:1525–1530 PubMed Google Scholar
Zihlman AL (1979) Pygmy chimpanzee morphology and the interpretaton of early hominids. S Afr J Sci 75:165–168 Google Scholar
Zihlman AL, Cronin JE, Cramer DL, Sarich VM (1978) Pygmy chimpanzee as a possible prototype for the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. Nature 275:744–746 PubMed Google Scholar
Zuckerkandl E, Pauling L (1962) Molecular disease, evolution, and genic heterogeneity. In: Kasha M, Pullman B (eds) Horizons in biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, pp 189–225 Google Scholar
Zuckerkandl E, Pauling L (1965) Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins. In: Bryson V, Vogel HJ (eds) Evolving genes and proteins. Academic Press, New York, pp 97–166 Google Scholar