The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection (original) (raw)
References
EPICA community members (2004) Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 429:623–628 Article Google Scholar
Arctic Climatology Project (2000) Environmental working group arctic meteorology and climate atlas, CD-Rom. In: Fetterer F, Radionov V (eds) National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder
Barkstrom BR (1984) The earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 65:1170–1185 Article Google Scholar
Blackmon ML (1976) A climatological study of the 500 mb geopotential height of the northern hemisphere. J Atmos Sci 33:1607–1623 Article Google Scholar
Bony S, Dufresne J-L (2005) Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys Res Lett 32(20), L20806, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023851
Bony S, Emanuel J-L (2001) A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; evaluation using TOGA COARE data. J Atmos Sci 58:3158–3183 Article Google Scholar
Bony S, Lau K-M, Sud YC (1997) Sea surface temperature and large-scale circulation influences on tropical greenhouse effect and cloud radiative forcing. J Clim 10:2055–2077 Article Google Scholar
Bony S, Dufresne J-L, Le Treut H, Morcrette J-J, Senior C (2004) On dynamic and thermodynamic components of cloud changes. Clim Dyn 22:71–86 Article Google Scholar
Boucher O, Pham M (2002) History of sulfate aerosol radiative forcings. Geophys Res Lett 29:(9): Google Scholar
Braconnot P (1998) Tests de sensibilité, Note technique 0076, IPSL, http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/poles/ Modelisation/NotesTechniques.htm
Braconnot P, Hourdin F, Bony S, Dufresne J-L, Grandpeix J-Y, Marti O (2006) Impact of different convective cloud schemes on the simulation of the tropical seasonal cycle with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Clim Dyn (submitted)
Chen B, Bromwich DH, Hines KM, Pan X (1995) Simulations of the 1979–1988 polar climates by global climate models. Ann Glaciol 21:83–90 Google Scholar
Cosme E, Hourdin F, Genthon C, Martinerie P (2005) Origin of dimethylsulfide, non-sea-salt sulfate, and methanesulfonic acid in eastern Antarctica. J Geophys Res 110, (D9), D03302, doi:10.1029/2004JD004881
Deardorff JW (1966) The counter-gradient heat-flux in the lower atmosphere and in the laboratory. J Atmos Sci 23:503–506 Article Google Scholar
Dufresne J, Grandpeix J (1996) Raccordement des modèles thermodynamiques de glace, d’océan et d’atmosphère, Note Interne 205, L.M.D., juin
Dufresne J-L, Quaas J, Boucher O, Denvil F, Fairhead L (2005) Contrasts in the effects on climate of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols between the 20th and the 21st century, Geophys Res Lett 32, L21703, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023619
Emanuel KA (1991) A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J Atmos Sci 48:2313–2335 Article Google Scholar
Emanuel KA (1993) A cumulus representation based on the episodic mixing model: the importance of mixing and microphysics in predicting humidity. AMS Meteorol Monogr 24(46):185–192 Google Scholar
Emanuel KA, Neelin JD, Bretherton CS (1994) On large-scale circulations in convective atmospheres. Q J R Meteorol Soc 120:1111–1143 Article Google Scholar
Fichefet T, Maqueda MM (1997) Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics. J Geophys Res 102:12609–12646 Article Google Scholar
Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Collins M, Lewis SR, Read PL, Huot J-P (1999) Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km. J Geophys Res 104:24155–24176 Article Google Scholar
Fouquart Y, Bonnel B (1980) Computations of solar heating of the Earth’s atmosphere: a new parametrization. Contrib Atmos Phys 53:35–62 Google Scholar
Gates WL (1992) AMIP: the atmospheric model intercomparison project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 73:1962–1970 Article Google Scholar
Genthon C, Krinner G, Cosme E (2002) Free and laterally-nudged Antarctic climate of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Mon Weather Rev 130:1601–1616 Article Google Scholar
Grandpeix JY, Phillips V, Tailleux R (2004) Improved mixing representation in Emanuel’s convection scheme. Q J R Meteorol Soc 130:3207–3222 Article Google Scholar
Gregory D, Morcrette JJ, Jakob C, Beljaars ACM, Stockdale T (2000) Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System. Q J R Meteorol Soc 126:1685–1710 Article Google Scholar
Gregory J, Stouffer R, Raper S, Stott P, Rayner N (2005) An observationally based estimate of the climate sensitivity. J Clim 15(22):3117–3121 Article Google Scholar
Grenier H, Le Treut H, Fichefet T (2000) Ocean–atmosphere interactions and climate drift in a coupled general circulation model. Clim Dyn 16:701–717 Article Google Scholar
Guichard F, Petch JC, Redelsperger J-L, Bechtold P, Chaboureau J-P, Cheinet S, Grabowski W, Grenier H, Jones CG, Köhler M, Piriou J-M, Tailleux R, Tomasini M (2004) Modelling the diurnal cycle of deep precipitating convection over land with cloud-resolving models and single-column models. Q J R Meteorol Soc 130(604C):3139–3172 Article Google Scholar
Hauglustaine DA, Hourdin F, Jourdain F, Filiberti M-A, Walters S, Lamarque J-F, Holland EA (2004) Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: description and background tropospheric chemistry evaluation. J Geophys Res 109:4314–4357 Article Google Scholar
Heymsfield AJ, Platt C (1984) A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content. J Atmos Sci 41:846–855 Article Google Scholar
Horinouchi T, Pawson S, Shibata K, Langematz U, Manzini E, Giorgetta MA, Sassi F, Wilson RJ, Hamilton K, de Grandpré J, Scaife AA (2003) Tropical cumulus convection and upward-propagating waves in middle-atmospheric GCMs. J Atmos Sci 60:2765–2782 Article Google Scholar
Hosking JRM, Wallis JR (1997) Regional frequency analysis: an approach based on L-monents. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 224 pp
Hoskins BJ, Hsu HH, James IN, Masutani M, Sardeshmuck PD, White GH (1996) Diagnostics of the global atmospheric circulation based on ecmwf analysis 1979–1989, Technical document, WCRP/WMO
Hourdin F, Armengaud A (1999) The use of finite-volume methods for atmospheric advection of trace species. Part i: test of various formulations in a general circulation model. Mon Weather Rev 127:822–837 Article Google Scholar
Hourdin F, Issartel J-P (2000) Sub-surface nuclear tests monitoring through the CTBT xenon network. Geophys Res Lett 27:2245–2248 Article Google Scholar
Hourdin F, Le Van P, Forget F, Talagrand O (1993) Meteorological variability and the annual surface pressure cycle on Mars. J Atmos Sci 50:3625–3640 Article Google Scholar
Hourdin F, Talagrand O, Sadourny R, Régis C, Gautier D, McKay D (1995) General circulation of the atmosphere of Titan. Icarus 117:358–374 Article Google Scholar
Hourdin F, Lebonnois S, Luz D, Rannou P (2004) Titan’s stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics. J Geophys Res 109
Hourdin F, Idelkadi A, Talagrand O (2005) Eulerian backtracking of atmospheric tracers: II numerical aspects, QJRMS (in press)
Jacquart C, Choisnel E (1995) Un modèle de bilan hydrique simplifié à deux réservoirs utilisable en agrométéorologie. La Météorologie 8:4–17 Google Scholar
Jakob C, Siebesma AP (2003) A new subcloud model for mass-flux convection schemes: influence on triggering, updraft properties, and model climate. Mon Weather Rev 131:2765–2778 Article Google Scholar
James IN (1989) The Antarctic drainage flow: implications for hemispheric flow on the Southern hemisphere. Antarct Sci 1:279–290 Google Scholar
Kasahara A (1977) Computational aspects of numerical models for weather prediction and climate simulation. In: Chang J (ed) Methods in computational physics, vol 17, Academic, Amsterdam, pp 1–66
King J, Connolley W (1997) Validation of the surface energy balance over the antarctic ice sheets in the UK meteorological office unified climate model. J Clim 1273–1287
Klein SA, Jakob C (1999) Validation and sensitivities of frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model. Mon Weather Rev 127:2514–2531 Article Google Scholar
Krinner G, Genthon C (1998) GCM simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum surface climate of Greenland and Antarctica. Clim Dyn 14:741–758 Article Google Scholar
Krinner G, Genthon C (1999) Altitude dependence of the surface climate over the ice sheets. Geophys Res Lett 26:2227–2230 Article Google Scholar
Krinner G, Genthon C (2003) Tropospheric transport of continental tracers towards Antarctica under varying climatic conditions. Tellus 53:54–70 Google Scholar
Krinner G, Genthon C, Li Z-X, Le Van P (1997) Studies of the Antarctic climate with a stretched-grid general circulation model. J Geophys Res 102:13731–13745 Article Google Scholar
Krinner G, Mangerud J, Jakobsson M, Crucifix M, Ritz C, Svendsen J (2004) Enhanced ice sheet growth in Eurasia owing to adjacent ice dammed lakes. Nature 427:429–432 Article Google Scholar
Krinner G, Viovy N, de Noblet-Ducoudré N, Ogée J, Polcher J, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Sitch S, Prentice C (2005) A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere–biosphere system, Global Biogeochem Cycles 19, GB1015, 2005, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199
Krinner G, Magand O, Simmonds I, Genthon C, Dufresne J (2006) Simulated antarctic precipitation and surface mass balance of the end of the 20th and 21st centuries. Clim Dyn (submitted)
Laval K, Sadourny R, Serafini Y (1981) Land surface processes in a simplified general circulation model. Geophys Astrophys Fluid Dyn 17:129–150 Google Scholar
Le Treut H, Li ZX (1991) Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud optical properties. Clim Dyn 5:175–187 Google Scholar
Le Treut H, Li Z, Forichon M (1994) Sensitivity study of the LMD GCM to greenhouse forcing associated with two different cloud water parametrizations. J Clim 7:1827–1841 Article Google Scholar
Le Treut H, Forichon M, Boucher O, Li Z (1998) Sulfate aerosol indirect effect and CO 2 greenhouse forcing: equilibrium response of the LMD GCM and associated cloud feedbacks. J Climate 11:1673–1684 Article Google Scholar
Levrard B, Forget F, Montmessin F, Laskar J (2004) Recent ice-rich deposits formed at high latitudes on Mars by sublimation of unstable equatorial ice during low obliquity. Nature 431:1072–1075 Article Google Scholar
Li Z (1999) Ensemble atmospheric GCM simulation of climate interannual variability from 1979 to 1994. J Climate 12:986–1001 Article Google Scholar
Li ZX, Conil S (2003) A 1000-year simulation with the IPSL ocean-atmosphere coupled model. Ann Geophys 46(1):39–46 Google Scholar
Lindzen RS (1974) Wave-CISK in the tropics. J Atmosph Sci 31:156–179 Article Google Scholar
Lott F (1999) Alleviation of stationary biases in a gcm through a mountain drag parametrization scheme and a simple representation of mountain lift forces. Mon Weather Rev 127:788–801 Article Google Scholar
Lott F, Miller M (1997) A new sub-grid scale orographic drag parametrization: its formulation and testing. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123:101–128 Article Google Scholar
Lott F, Fairhead L, Hourdin F, Levan P (2005) The stratospheric version of LMDz: dynamical climatologies, arctic oscillation, and impact on the surface climate. Clim Dyn 25:851–868 Article Google Scholar
Louis JF (1979) A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorol 17:187–202 Article Google Scholar
Madec G, Delecluse P, Imbard M, Lévy M (1998) OPA 8.1, ocean general circulation model reference manual, Notes du pôle de modélisation, n. 11, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Marti O, Braconnot P, Bellier J, Benshila R, Bony S, Brockmann P, Cadule P, Caubel A, Denvil S, Dufresne JL, Fairhead L, Filiberti MA, Foujols MA, Fichefet T, Friedlingstein P, Grandpeix JY, Hourdin F, Krinner G, Lévy C, Madec G, Musat I, de Nolbet N, Polcher J, Talandier C (2005) The new IPSL climate system model: IPSL-CM4, Technical note, IPSL, available at http://www.dods.ipsl.jussieu.fr/omamce/IPSLCM4/DocIPSLCM4/
Morcrette JJ, Smith L, Fouquart Y (1986) Pressure and temperature dependence of the absorption in longwave radiation parametrizations. Contrib Atmos Phys 59(4):455–469 Google Scholar
Myneni R, Hoffman S, Glassy J, Zhang Y, Votava P, Nemani R, Running S, Privette J (2002) Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data. Remote Sens Environ 83:214–231 Article Google Scholar
Quaas J, Boucher O, Bréon FM (2004) Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model. J Geophys Res 109
Quadrelli R, Wallace JM (2004) A simplified linear framework for interpreting patterns of northern hemisphere wintertime climate variability. J Climate 17:3728–3744 Article Google Scholar
Rannou P, Hourdin F, McKay CP (2002) A wind origin for Titan’s haze structure. Nature 418:853–856 Article Google Scholar
de Rosnay P, Polcher J, Bruen M, Laval K (2002) Impact of a physically based soil water flow and soil–plant interaction representation for modeling large scale land surface processes. J Geophys Res 107, 10.1029/2001JD000634
Rossow WB, Schiffer RA (1999) Advances in understanding clouds from isccp. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 80:2261–2287 Article Google Scholar
Sadourny R (1975a) Compressible model flows on the sphere. J Atmos Sci 32:2103–2110 Article Google Scholar
Sadourny R (1975b) The dynamics of finite-difference models of the shallow-water equations. J Atmos Sci 32:680–689 Article Google Scholar
Sadourny R, Laval K (1984) January and July performance of the LMD general circulation model. In: Berger A, Nicolis C (eds) New perspectives in climate modeling. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 173–197 Google Scholar
Sawyer JS (1976) Observational characteristics of atmospheric fluctuations with a time scale of a month. Q J R Meteorol Soc 96:610–625 Google Scholar
Shuman C, Alley R, Anandakrishnan S, White J, Grootes P, Stearns C (1995) Temperature and accumulation at the Greenland Summit: comparison of high-resolution isotope profiles and satellite passive microwave brightness temperature trends. J Geophys Res 100:9165–9177 Article Google Scholar
Slingo JM (1987) The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ecmwf model. Q J R Meteorol Soc 113(477):899–927 Article Google Scholar
Smith SD (1988) Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J Geophys Res 93:15467–15472 Article Google Scholar
Sommeria G, Deardorff JW (1977) Subgrid-scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds. J Atmos Sci 34:344–355 Article Google Scholar
Suzuki T, Tanaka M, Nakajima T (1993) The microphysical feedback of cirrus cloud in climate-change. J Meteor Soc Jpn 71(6):701–714 Google Scholar
Taylor KE, Williamson D, Zwiers F (2000) The sea surface temperature and sea–ice concentration boundary conditions for AMIP II simulations, PCMDI Report No. 60 60 P.C.M.D.I.
Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:1297–1300 Article Google Scholar
Tiedtke M (1989) A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 117:1179–1800 Article Google Scholar
Van Leer B (1977) Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme : IV. A new approach to numerical convection. J Comput Phys 23:276–299 Article Google Scholar
Vaughan DG, Bamber J, Giovinetto M, Russel J, Cooper A (1999) Reassessment of net surface mass balance in Antarctica. J Clim 12:933–946 Article Google Scholar
Webb M, Senior C, Bony S, Morcrette JJ (2001) Combining ERBE and ISCCP data to assess clouds in the Hadley Centre, ECMWF and LMD atmospheric climate models. Clim Dyn 17:905–922 Article Google Scholar
Wigley T, Jones P, Raper S (1997) The observed global warming record: what does it tell us?. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94(16):8314–8320 Article Google Scholar
Wyant MC, Bretherton CS, Bacmeister JT, Kiehl JT, Held IM, Zhao MZ, Klein SA, Soden BJ (2006) A comparison of tropical cloud properties and responses in gcms using mid-tropospheric vertical velocity. Clim Dyn (submitted)
Xie P, Arkin PA (1997) A 17-year monthly analysis, based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and, numerical model outputs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2539–2558 Article Google Scholar
Xu K-M, Randall DA (1996) Evaluation of statistically based cloudiness parameterisations used in climate models. J Atmosph Sci 53:3103–3119 Article Google Scholar
Zhang MH, Lin WY, Klein SA, Bacmeister JT, Bony S, Cderwall RT, Del Genio AD, Hack JJ, Loeb NG, Lohmann v, Minnis P, Musat I, Pincus R, Stier P, Suarez MJ, Webb MJ, Wu JB, Xie MS, Zhang JH (2005) Comparing clouds and their seasonal variations in 10 atmospheric general circulation models with satellite measurements. J Geophys Res 110, D15S02, doi:10.1029/2004JD005021
Zhou TJ, Li ZX (2002) Simulation of the east asian summer monsoon using a variable resolution atmospheric gcm. Clim Dyn 19:167–180 Article Google Scholar