The Ai project: historical and ecological contexts (original) (raw)
Asano T (1976) Some effects of a discrete trial procedure on differentiation learning by Japanese monkeys. Primates 17:53–62 Google Scholar
Asano T, Kumazaki K (1975) Self-initiated regulation of the room light by a chimpanzee (in Japanese). Annu Anim Psychol 25:35–42 Google Scholar
Asano T, Kojima T, Matsuzawa T, Kubota K, Murofushi K (1982) Object and color naming in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Proc Jpn Acad 58:118–122 Google Scholar
Bard K, Platzman K, Lester B, Suomi S (1992) Orientation to social and nonsocial stimuli in neonatal chimpanzees and humans. Infant Behav Dev 15:43–56 Google Scholar
Biro D, Matsuzawa T (1999) Numerical ordering in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): planning, executing, monitoring. J Comp Psychol 111:159–173 Google Scholar
Biro D, Matsuzawa T (2001a) Chimpanzee numerical competence: cardinal and ordinal skills. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 195–225
Biro D, Matsuzawa T (2001b) Use of numerical symbols by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): cardinals, ordinals, and the introduction of zero. Anim Cogn 4:193–200 Article Google Scholar
Biro D, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T (2003) Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments. Anim Cogn 6 (in press). DOI 10.1007/s10071–003–0183-x Google Scholar
Blough D (1961) Animal psychopysics. Sci Am 205:113–122 Google Scholar
Boesch C , Boesch-Achermann H (2000) The chimpanzees of the Tai Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Fagot J, Tomonaga M (1999) Global and local processing in humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): use of a visual search task with compound stimuli. J Comp Psychol 113:3–12 Article Google Scholar
Fujita K (1982) An analysis of stimulus control in two-color matching-to-sample behaviors of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Jpn Psychol Res 24:124–135 Google Scholar
Fujita K (1997) Perception of the Ponzo illusion by rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans: similarity and difference in the three primate species. Percept Psychophys 59:284–292 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fujita K, Matsuzawa T (1986) A new procedure to study the perceptual world of animals with sensory reinforcement: recognition of humans by a chimpanzee. Primates 27:283–291 Google Scholar
Fujita K, Matsuzawa T (1990) Delayed figure reconstruction by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). J Comp Psychol 104:345–351 Article Google Scholar
Gardner RA, Gardner BT (1969) Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 165:664–672 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar
Hamada Y, Chatani K, Udono T, Kikuchi Y, Gunji H (2003) A longitudinal study on hand and wrist skeletal maturation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), with emphasis on growth in linear dimensions. Primates 44:259–271 PubMed Google Scholar
Hashiya K, Kojima T (1997) Auditory-visual intermodal matching by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 39:182–190 Article Google Scholar
Hashiya K, Kojima T (2001) In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo, pp 487–508
Hayashi M, Matsuzawa T (2003) Cognitive development in object manipulation by infant chimpanzees. Anim Cogn 6 (in press). DOI 10.1007/s10071–003–0185–8
Hayes C (1951) The ape in our house. Harper, New York
Hirata S, Celli M (2003) Role of mothers in the acquisition of tool use behaviours by captive infant chimpanzees. Anim Cogn 6 (in press). DOI 10.1007/s10071–003–0187–6
Hirata S, Matsuzawa T (2001) Tactics to obtain a hidden food item in chimpanzee pairs (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 4:285–296 Article Google Scholar
Hirata S, Morimura N (2000) Naïve chimpanzees’ (Pan troglodytes) observation of experienced conspecifics in tool-using task. J Comp Psychol 114:291–296 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hirata S, Myowa M, Matsuzawa T (1999) Use of leaves as cushions to sit on wet ground by wild chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 44:215–220 Article Google Scholar
Hirata S, Watanabe K, Kawai M (2001a) “Sweet-potato washing” revisited. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 487–508
Hirata S, Yamakoshi G, Fujita S, Ohashi G, Matsuzawa T (2001b) Capturing and toying with Hyraxes (Dendrohyrax dorsalis) by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Bossou, Guinea. Am J Primatol 53:93–97 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Humle T, Matsuzawa T (2001) Behavioral diversity among wild chimpanzee populations of Bossou and neighboring areas, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa. Folia Primatol 72:57–68 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Humle T, Matsuzawa T (2002) Ant-dipping among the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and some comparisons with other sites. Am J Primatol 58:133–148 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Imanishi (2002) A Japanese view of nature: the world of living things by Kinji Imanishi. Routledge Curzon, New York (1st published 1941 in Japanese) Google Scholar
Inoue-Nakamura N, Matsuzawa T (1997) Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 111:159–173 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Itakura S (1992) A chimpanzee with the ability to learn the use of personal pronouns. Psychol Rec 42:157–172 Google Scholar
Itakura S (1996) An exploratory study of gaze monitoring in nonhuman primates. Jpn Psychol Res 38:174–180 Google Scholar
Itakura S, Matsuzawa T (1993) Acquisition of personal pronouns by a chimpanzee. In: Roitblat H, Herman L, Nachtigall P (eds) Language and communication: comparative perspectives. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., pp 347–363
Itani J (1963) Vocal communication of the wild Japanese monkey. Primates 4:11–66 Google Scholar
Iversen I, Matsuzawa T (1996) Visually guided drawing in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 38:126–135 Google Scholar
Iversen I, Matsuzawa T (1997) Model-guided line drawing in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 39:154–181 Article Google Scholar
Iversen I, Matsuzawa T (2001) Acquisition of navigation by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an automated finger maze task. Anim Cogn 4:179–192 Article Google Scholar
Iversen I, Matsuzawa T (2003) Development of interception of moving targets by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an automated task. Anim Cogn 6:169–183. DOI 10.1007/s10071–003–0175-x PubMed Google Scholar
Kawai M (1965) Newly acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet. Primates 6:1–30 Google Scholar
Kawai N (2001) Ordering and planning in sequential responding to Arabic numerals in a chimpanzee. Psychologia 44:60–69 Google Scholar
Kawai N, Matsuzawa T (2000). Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee. Nature 403:39–40 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kellog W, Kellog L (1967) The ape and the child. Hafner, New York (1st published 1933 by McGraw-Hill, New York)
Kimura T (1987) Development of chimpanzee locomotion on level surfaces. Hum Evol 2:107–119 Google Scholar
Kimura T (1991) Voluntary bipedal walking of infant chimpanzees. Hum Evol 6:377–390 Google Scholar
Kimura T (1996) Centre of gravity of the body during the ontogeny of chimpanzee bipedal walking. Folia Primatol 66:126–136 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kimura T, Hamada Y (1996) Growth of wild and laboratory born chimpanzees. Primates 37:237–251 Google Scholar
Kobayashi H, Koshima S (1997) Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature 387:767–768 CAS Google Scholar
Koehler W (1957) The mentality of apes. Penguin, Middlesex
Kojima S (1980) Short-term memory in the rhesus monkeys: a behavioral analysis of delayed-response performance. J Exp Anal Behav 33:359–368 Google Scholar
Kojima S (1990) Comparison of auditory functions in the chimpanzee and human. Folia Primatol 55:62–72 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kojima S (1992) Hearing and speech perception in the chimpanzee. In: Nishida T, McGrew W, Marler P, Pickford M, Waal F de (eds) Topics in primatology. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 249–255
Kojima S (2003a) A search for the origins of human speech: auditory and vocal functions of the chimpanzee. Kyoto University Academic Press, Kyoto
Kojima S (2003b) Experimental analyses of body image in the chimpanzee. Primates 44:231–238 PubMed Google Scholar
Kojima S, Kiritani S (1989) Vocal-auditory functions in the chimpanzee: vowel perception. Int J Primatol 10:199–213 Google Scholar
Kojima S, Tatsumi I, Kiritani S, Hirose H (1989) Vocal-auditory functions of the chimpanzee: consonant perception. Hum Evol 4:403–416 Google Scholar
Kojima S, Izumi A, Ceugniet M (2003) Identification of vocalizers by pant hoots, pant grunts and screams in a chimpanzee. Primates 44:225–230 PubMed Google Scholar
Kojima T (1984) Generalization between productive use and receptive discrimination of names in an artificial visual language by a chimpanzee. Intl J Primatol 5:161–182 Google Scholar
Kortlandt A (1986) The use of stone tools by wild-living chimpanzees and earliest hominids. J Hum Evol 15:77–132 Google Scholar
Kortlandt A, Holzaus E (1987) New data on the use of stone tools by chimpanzees in Guinea and Liberia. Primates 28:473–496 Google Scholar
Ladygina-Kohts N (2002) Infant chimpanzee and human child. Oxford University Press, New York (1st published 1935 in Russian)
Masataka N, Ishida T, Suzuki J, Matsumura S, Udono S, Sasaoka S (1990) Dominance and immunity in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Ethology 85:147–155
Matsuno T, Kawai N, Matsuzawa T (2003) Color classification by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a matching-to-sample task. Behav Brain Res DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00185-2
Matsuzawa T (1985b) Color naming and classification in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). J Hum Evol 14:283–291 Google Scholar
Matsuzawa T (1990a) Form perception and visual acuity in a chimpanzee. Folia Primatol 55:24–32 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Matsuzawa T (1990b) Spontaneous sorting in human and chimpanzee. In: Parker S, Gibson K (eds) Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: comparative and developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 451–468
Matsuzawa T (1994) Field experiments on use of stone tools in the wild. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, Waal FBM de, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 351–370
Matsuzawa T (1996) Chimpanzee intelligence in nature and in captivity: isomorphism of symbol use and tool use. In: McGrew W, Marchant L, Nishida T(eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 196–209
Matsuzawa T (1999) Communication and tool use in chimpanzees: cultural and social contexts. In: Hauser M, Konishi M (eds) The design of animal communication. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 645–671
Matsuzawa T (2001a) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg
Matsuzawa T (2001b) Primate foundations of human intelligence: a view of tool use in nonhuman primates and fossil hominids. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 557–574
Matsuzawa T (2002) Chimpanzee Ai and her son Ayumu: an episode of education by master–apprenticeship. In: Bekoff M, Allen C, Burghardt G (eds) The cognitive animal. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 189–195
Matsuzawa T (2003a) Koshima monkeys and Bossou chimpanzees: culture in nonhuman primates based on long-term researches. In: Waal F de, Tyack P (eds) Animal social complexity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 374–387
Matsuzawa T (2003b) From chimpanzees to the human mind. Science 300:2034–2035 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M (2001) For a rise of comparative cognitive science. Anim Cogn 4:133–135 Article Google Scholar
Matsuzawa T, Yamakoshi G (1996) Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa. In: Russon A, Bard K, Parker S (eds) Reaching into thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 211–232
Matsuzawa T, Biro D, Humle T, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G (2001) Emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees: education by master–apprenticeship. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 3–25
McGrew WC (1992) Chimpanzee material culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Morimura N, Matsuzawa T (2001) Memory of movies by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 115:152–158 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Murofushi K (1975) Variable criterion analysis of simple reaction time distributions in normal, chiasm-sectioned and chiasm-callosum-sectioned monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Annu Anim Psychol 25:1–17 Google Scholar
Murofushi K (1997). Numerical matching behavior by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): subitizing and analogue magnitude estimation. Jpn Psychol Res 39:140–153 Article Google Scholar
Myowa M (1996) Imitation of facial gestures by an infant chimpanzee. Primates 37:207–213 Google Scholar
Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Matsuzawa T (1999) Factors influencing imitation of manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 113:128–136 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Matsuzawa T (2000) Imitation of intentional manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 114:381–391 PubMed Google Scholar
Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Tomonaga M, Tanaka M, Matsuzawa T (2003) Preference for human direct gaze in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Cognition DOI: 10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00071-4
Nishida T (1990) The chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Nishimura T, Mikami A, Suzuki J, Matsuzawa T (2003) Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6930–6933 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ochiai T, Matsuzawa T (1997) Planting trees in an outdoor compound of chimpanzees for an enriched environment. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Orlando, Fla., pp 355–364
Okamoto S, Tomonaga M, Ishii K, Kawai N, Tanaka M, Matsuzawa T (2002) An infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) follows human gaze. Anim Cogn 5:107–114 PubMed Google Scholar
Oshiba N (1997) Memorization of serial items by Japanese monkeys, a chimpanzee, and humans. Jpn Psychol Res 39:236–252 Article Google Scholar
Povinelli D, Nelson K, Boysen S (1990) Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (_Pan troglodyte_s). J Comp Psychol 104:203–210 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Premack D, Woodruff G (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci 4:515–526 Google Scholar
Rumbaugh DM (1977) Language learning by a chimpanzee: the Lana Project. Academic, New York Google Scholar
Rumbaugh DM, Gill TV, Glasersfeld EC von (1973) Reading and sentence completion by a chimpanzee (Pan). Science 182:731–733 Google Scholar
Sato A, Kanazawa S, Fujita K (1997) Perception of object unity in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 39:191–199 Article Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh S, McDonald K, Sevcik R, Hopkins W, Rubert E (1986) Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). J Exp Psychol Gen 115:211–235 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sousa C, Matsuzawa T (2001) The use of tokens as rewards and tools by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 4:213–221 Article Google Scholar
Sousa C, Okamoto S, Matsuzawa T (2003) Behavioural development in a matching-to-sample task and token use by an infant chimpanzee reared by his mother. Anim Cogn 6 (in press). DOI 10.1007/s10071–003–0186–7
Stebbins W (1970) Animal psychophysics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Sugiyama Y, Koman J (1979a) Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20:323–339 Google Scholar
Sugiyama Y, Koman J (1979b) Tool-using and making behavior in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20:513–524 Google Scholar
Suzuki S, Matsuzawa T (1997) Choice between two discrimination tasks in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 39:226–235 Article Google Scholar
Takenaka O, Takasaki S, Kawamoto Y, Arakawa M Takenaka A (1993) Polymorphic microsatellite DNA amplification customized for chimpanzee paternity testing. Primates 34:27–35 Google Scholar
Takeshita H (2001) Development of combinatory manipulation in chimpanzee infants (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 4:335–346 Article Google Scholar
Takeshita H, Hooff J van (1996) Tool use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Arnhem Zoo community. Jpn Psychol Res 38:163–173 Google Scholar
Takeshita H, Walraven V (1996) A comparative study of the variety and complexity of object manipulation in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). Primates 37:423–441 Google Scholar
Tanaka M (1995) Object sorting in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): classification based on physical identity, complementarity, and familiarity. J Comp Psychol 109:151–161 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tanaka M (1996) Information integration about object-object relationships in chimpanzees. J Comp Psychol 110:323–335 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tanaka M (2001) Discrimination and categorization of photographs of natural objects by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 4:201–211 Article Google Scholar
Tanaka M (2003) Visual preferences by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for photos of primates measured by a free choice-order task: implication for influence of social experience. Primates 44:157–165 PubMed Google Scholar
Tomasello M, Kruger A, Ratner H (1993a) Cultural learning. Behav Brain Sci 16:495–552 Google Scholar
Tomasello M, Savage-Rumbaugh S, Kruger A (1993b) Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees. Child Dev 64:1688–1705 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1993a) Use of multiple-alternative matching-to-sample in the study of visual search in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 107:75–83 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1993b) A search for search asymmetry in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Percept Motor Skills 73:1287–1295 Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1998) Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Anim Cogn 1:25–35 Article Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1999a) Inversion effect in perception of human faces in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Primates 40:417–438 Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1999b) Visual texture segregation by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Behav Brain Res 99:209–218 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (1999c) Establishing functional classes in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) with a two-item sequential-responding procedure. J Exp Anal Behav 72:57–59 Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (2001) Visual search for biological motion patterns in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Psychologia 44:46–59 Google Scholar
Tomonaga M (2002) Action-based distractor effects on the manual response times of chimpanzees during discrimination tasks. Cogn Brain Res 13:235–240 Article Google Scholar
Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T (1992) Perception of complex geometric figures in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens): analyses of visual similarity on the basis of choice reaction time. J Comp Psychol 106:43–52 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T (2000) Sequential responding to Arabic numerals with wild cards by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 3:1–11 Article Google Scholar
Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T (2002) Enumeration of briefly presented items by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Anim Learn Behav 30:143–157 PubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T, Fujita K, Yamamoto J (1991) Emergence of symmetry in a visual conditional discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Psychol Rep 68:51–60 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tomonaga M, Itakura S, Matsuzawa T (1993) Superiority of conspecific faces and reduced inversion effect in face perception by a chimpanzee. Folia Primatol 61:110–114 CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tonooka R (2001) Leaf-folding behavior for drinking water by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. Anim Cogn 4:325–334 Article Google Scholar
Tonooka R, Matsuzawa T (1993) Hand preferences of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in simple reaching for food. Int J Primatol 16:17–35 Google Scholar
Tonooka R, Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T (1997) Acquisition and transmission of tool making and use for drinking juice in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Jpn Psychol Res 39:253–265 Article Google Scholar
Torigoe T (1985) Comparison of object manipulation among 74 species of nonhuman primates. Primates 26:182–194 Google Scholar
Waal F de (2001) The ape and the Sushi master: cultural reflections by a primatologists. Basic, New York Google Scholar
Watanabe K (2001) A review of 50 years of research on the Japanese monkeys of Koshima: status and dominance. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 405–417
Watanabe K, Mori A, Kawai M (1992) Characteristic features of the reproduction in Koshima monkeys, Macaca fuscata fuscata: a 34-year summary. Primates 33:1–32 CAS Google Scholar
Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew W, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin C, Wrangham R, Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wrangham R, McGrew W, Waal F de, Heltne P (1994) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Yamakoshi G (1998) Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: possible implications for ecological importance of tool use. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:283–295 ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yamakoshi G (2001) Ecology of tool use in wild chimpanzees: toward reconstruction of early hominid evolution. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Springer, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg, pp 537–556
Yerkes RM, Yerkes A (1929) The great apes. Yale University Press, New Haven