A tumor suppressor role for PP2A-B56α through negative regulation of c-Myc and other key oncoproteins (original) (raw)
References
Sansal, I., & Sellers, W. R. (2004). The biology and clinical relevance of the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 2954–2963. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Van Hoof, C., & Goris, J. (2004). PP2A fulfills its promises as tumor suppressor: Which subunits are important. Cancer Cell, 5, 105–106. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schonthal, A. H. (2001). Role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A in cancer. Cancer Letters, 170, 1–13. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Galaktionov, K., Lee, A. K., Eckstein, J., Draetta, G., Meckler, J., Loda, M., et al. (1995). CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes. Science, 269, 1575–1577. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yan, Z., Fedorov, S. A., Mumby, M. C., & Williams, R. S. (2000). PR48, a novel regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, interacts with Cdc6 and modulates DNA replication in human cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 20, 1021–1029. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li, X., Scuderi, A., Letsou, A., & Virshup, D. M. (2002). B56-associated protein phosphatase 2A is required for survival and protects from apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 3674–3684. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lin, X. H., Walter, J., Scheidtmann, K., Ohst, K., Newport, J., & Walter, G. (1998). Protein phosphatase 2A is required for the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 14693–14698. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mayer-Jaekel, R. E., Ohkura, H., Gomes, R., Sunkel, C. E., Baumgartner, S., Hemmings, B. A., et al. (1993). The 55 kd regulatory subunit of Drosophila protein phosphatase 2A is required for anaphase. Cell, 72, 621–633. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sakai, A., & Fujiki, H. (1991). Promotion of BALB/3T3 cell transformation by the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 82, 518–523. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nagao, M., Sakai, R., Kitagawa, Y., Ikeda, I., Sasaki, K., Shima, H., et al. (1989). Role of protein phosphatases in malignant transformation. Princess Takamatsu Symposia, 20, 177–184. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zheng, B., Woo, C. F., & Kuo, J. F. (1991). Mitotic arrest and enhanced nuclear protein phosphorylation in human leukemia K562 cells by okadaic acid, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor and tumor promoter. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 10031–10034. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kremmer, E., Ohst, K., Kiefer, J., Brewis, N., & Walter, G. (1997). Separation of PP2A core enzyme and holoenzyme with monoclonal antibodies against the regulatory A subunit: Abundant expression of both forms in cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 1692–1701. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xu, Y., Xing, Y., Chen, Y., Chao, Y., Lin, Z., Fan, E., et al. (2006). Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme. Cell, 127, 1239–1251. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shenolikar, S. (1994). Protein serine/threonine phosphatases—new avenues for cell regulation. Annual Review of Cell Biology, 10, 55–86. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen, W., Possemato, R., Campbell, K. T., Plattner, C. A., Pallas, D. C., & Hahn, W. C. (2004). Identification of specific PP2A complexes involved in human cell transformation. Cancer Cell, 5, 127–136. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Millward, T. A., Zolnierowicz, S., & Hemmings, B. A. (1999). Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 24, 186–191. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Virshup, D. M. (2000). Protein phosphatase 2A: A panoply of enzymes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 12, 180–185. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schonthal, A. H. (1998). Role of PP2A in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, D1262–D1273. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jaumot, M., & Hancock, J. F. (2001). Protein phosphatases 1 and 2A promote Raf-1 activation by regulating 14-3-3 interactions. Oncogene, 20, 3949–3958. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Abraham, D., Podar, K., Pacher, M., Kubicek, M., Welzel, N., Hemmings, B. A., et al. (2000). Raf-1-associated protein phosphatase 2A as a positive regulator of kinase activation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 22300–22304. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yang, J., Wu, J., Tan, C., & Klein, P. S. (2003). PP2A:B56epsilon is required for Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during embryonic development. Development, 130, 5569–5578. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li, H. H., Cai, X., Shouse, G. P., Piluso, L. G., & Liu, X. (2007). A specific PP2A regulatory subunit, B56gamma, mediates DNA damage-induced dephosphorylation of p53 at Thr55. The EMBO Journal, 26, 402–411. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen, J., St-Germain, J. R., & Li, Q. (2005). B56 regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A mediates valproic acid-induced p300 degradation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 525–532. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goodman, R. H., & Smolik, S. (2000). CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development. Genes and Development, 14, 1553–1577. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dozier, C., Bonyadi, M., Baricault, L., Tonasso, L., & Darbon, J. M. (2004). Regulation of Chk2 phosphorylation by interaction with protein phosphatase 2A via its B′ regulatory subunit. Biology of the Cell, 96, 509–517. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Liang, X., Reed, E., & Yu, J. J. (2006). Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with Chk2 and regulates phosphorylation at Thr-68 after cisplatin treatment of human ovarian cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 17, 703–708. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ito, A., Kataoka, T. R., Watanabe, M., Nishiyama, K., Mazaki, Y., Sabe, H., et al. (2000). A truncated isoform of the PP2A B56 subunit promotes cell motility through paxillin phosphorylation. The EMBO Journal, 19, 562–571. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ito, A., Koma, Y., Sohda, M., Watabe, K., Nagano, T., Misumi, Y., et al. (2003). Localization of the PP2A B56gamma regulatory subunit at the Golgi complex: Possible role in vesicle transport and migration. American Journal of Pathology, 162, 479–489. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Koma, Y. I., Ito, A., Watabe, K., Kimura, S. H., & Kitamura, Y. (2004). A truncated isoform of the PP2A B56gamma regulatory subunit reduces irradiation-induced Mdm2 phosphorylation and could contribute to metastatic melanoma cell radioresistance. Histology and Histopathology, 19, 391–400. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ma, J., Arnold, H. K., Lilly, M. B., Sears, R. C., & Kraft, A. S. (2007). Negative regulation of Pim-1 protein kinase levels by the B56beta subunit of PP2A. Oncogene, 26, 5145–5153. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Allen, J. D., & Berns, A. (1996). Complementation tagging of cooperating oncogenes in knockout mice. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 7, 299–306. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Margolis, S. S., Perry, J. A., Forester, C. M., Nutt, L. K., Guo, Y., Jardim, M. J., et al. (2006). Role for the PP2A/B56delta phosphatase in regulating 14-3-3 release from Cdc25 to control mitosis. Cell, 127, 759–773. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ahn, J. H., McAvoy, T., Rakhilin, S. V., Nishi, A., Greengard, P., & Nairn, A. C. (2007). Protein kinase A activates protein phosphatase 2A by phosphorylation of the B56delta subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 2979–2984. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Firulli, B. A., Howard, M. J., McDaid, J. R., McIlreavey, L., Dionne, K. M., Centonze, V. E., et al. (2003). PKA, PKC, and the protein phosphatase 2A influence HAND factor function: A mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation. Molecular Cell, 12, 1225–1237. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
White, R. J. (2005). RNA polymerases I and III, growth control and cancer. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 6, 69–78. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cole, M. D. (1986). The myc oncogene: Its role in transformation and differentiation. Annual Review of Genetics, 20, 361–384. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Luscher, B., & Eisenman, R. N. (1990). New light on Myc and Myb. Part I. Myc. Genes and Development, 4, 2025–2035. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Baudino, T. A., McKay, C., Pendeville-Samain, H., Nilsson, J. A., Maclean, K. H., White, E. L., et al. (2002). c-Myc is essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and tumor progression. Genes and Development, 16, 2530–2543. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Davis, A. C., Wims, M., Spotts, G. D., Hann, S. R., & Bradley, A. (1993). A null c-myc mutation causes lethality before 10.5 days of gestation in homozygotes and reduced fertility in heterozygous female mice. Genes and Development, 7, 671–682. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nesbit, C. E., Tersak, J. M., & Prochownik, E. V. (1999). MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease. Oncogene, 18, 3004–3016. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Felsher, D. W., & Bishop, J. M. (1999). Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages. Molecular Cell, 4, 199–207. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pelengaris, S., Littlewood, T., Khan, M., Elia, G., & Evan, G. (1999). Reversible activation of c-Myc in skin: Induction of a complex neoplastic phenotype by a single oncogenic lesion. Molecular Cell, 3, 565–577. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126, 663–676. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Coppola, J. A., & Cole, M. D. (1986). Constitutive c-myc oncogene expression blocks mouse erythroleukaemia cell differentiation but not commitment. Nature, 320, 760–763. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yeh, E., Cunningham, M., Arnold, H., Chasse, D., Monteith, T., Ivaldi, G., et al. (2004). A signalling pathway controlling c-Myc degradation that impacts oncogenic transformation of human cells. Nature Cell Biology, 6, 308–318. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Flinn, E. M., Busch, C. M., & Wright, A. P. (1998). myc boxes, which are conserved in myc family proteins, are signals for protein degradation via the proteasome. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18, 5961–5969. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jones, T. R., & Cole, M. D. (1987). Rapid cytoplasmic turnover of c-myc mRNA: Requirement of the 3″ untranslated sequences. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 7, 4513–4521. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kelly, K., Cochran, B. H., Stiles, C. D., & Leder, P. (1983). Cell-specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet-derived growth factor. Cell, 35, 603–610. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sears, R., Leone, G., DeGregori, J., & Nevins, J. R. (1999). Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Molecular Cell, 3, 169–179. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sears, R., Nuckolls, F., Haura, E., Taya, Y., Tamai, K., & Nevins, J. R. (2000). Multiple Ras-dependent phosphorylation pathways regulate Myc protein stability. Genes and Development, 14, 2501–2514. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Arnold, H. K., & Sears, R. C. (2006). Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56alpha associates with c-myc and negatively regulates c-myc accumulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 2832–2844. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seth, A., Gonzalez, F. A., Gupta, S., Raden, D. L., & Davis, R. J. (1992). Signal transduction within the nucleus by mitogen-activated protein kinase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 24796–24804. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pulverer, B. J., Fisher, C., Vousden, K., Littlewood, T., Evan, G., & Woodgett, J. R. (1994). Site-specific modulation of c-Myc cotransformation by residues phosphorylated in vivo. Oncogene, 9, 59–70. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Noguchi, K., Kitanaka, C., Yamana, H., Kokubu, A., Mochizuki, T., & Kuchino, Y. (1999). Regulation of c-Myc through phosphorylation at Ser-62 and Ser-71 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 32580–32587. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lutterbach, B., & Hann, S. R. (1994). Hierarchical phosphorylation at N-terminal transformation-sensitive sites in c-Myc protein is regulated by mitogens and in mitosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 5510–5522. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cross, D. A., Alessi, D. R., Cohen, P., Andjelkovich, M., & Hemmings, B. A. (1995). Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature, 378, 785–789. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Welcker, M., Orian, A., Jin, J., Grim, J. A., Harper, J. W., Eisenman, R. N., et al. (2004). The Fbw7 tumor suppressor regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylation-dependent c-Myc protein degradation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 9085–9090. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yada, M., Hatakeyama, S., Kamura, T., Nishiyama, M., Tsunematsu, R., Imaki, H., et al. (2004). Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of c-Myc is mediated by the F-box protein Fbw7. The EMBO Journal, 23, 2116–2125. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Malempati, S., Tibbitts, D., Cunningham, M., Akkari, Y., Olson, S., Fan, G., et al. (2006). Aberrant stabilization of c-Myc protein in some lymphoblastic leukemias. Leukemia, 20, 1572–1581. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chen, J., Martin, B. L., & Brautigan, D. L. (1992). Regulation of protein serine-threonine phosphatase type-2A by tyrosine phosphorylation. Science, 257, 1261–1264. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xie, H., & Clarke, S. (1993). Methyl esterification of C-terminal leucine residues in cytosolic 36-kDa polypeptides of bovine brain. A novel eucaryotic protein carboxyl methylation reaction. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 13364–13371. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lee, J., & Stock, J. (1993). Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit is methyl-esterified at its carboxyl terminus by a novel methyltransferase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 19192–19195. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Favre, B., Zolnierowicz, S., Turowski, P., & Hemmings, B. A. (1994). The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A is carboxyl-methylated in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 16311–16317. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bryant, J. C., Westphal, R. S., & Wadzinski, B. E. (1999). Methylated C-terminal leucine residue of PP2A catalytic subunit is important for binding of regulatory Balpha subunit. Biochemical Journal, 339(Pt 2), 241–246. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tolstykh, T., Lee, J., Vafai, S., & Stock, J. B. (2000). Carboxyl methylation regulates phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A by controlling the association of regulatory B subunits. The EMBO Journal, 19, 5682–5691. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yu, X. X., Du, X., Moreno, C. S., Green, R. E., Ogris, E., Feng, Q., et al. (2001). Methylation of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit is essential for association of Balpha regulatory subunit but not SG2NA, striatin, or polyomavirus middle tumor antigen. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 12, 185–199. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Okamoto, K., Li, H., Jensen, M. R., Zhang, T., Taya, Y., Thorgeirsson, S. S., et al. (2002). Cyclin G recruits PP2A to dephosphorylate Mdm2. Molecular Cell, 9, 761–771. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bhasin, N., Cunha, S. R., Mudannayake, M., Gigena, M. S., Rogers, T. B., & Mohler, P. J. (2007). Molecular basis for PP2A regulatory subunit B56alpha targeting in cardiomyocytes. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 293, H109–H119. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li, X., Yost, H. J., Virshup, D. M., & Seeling, J. M. (2001). Protein phosphatase 2A and its B56 regulatory subunit inhibit Wnt signaling in Xenopus. The EMBO Journal, 20, 4122–4131. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hart, M. J., de los Santos, R., Albert, I. N., Rubinfeld, B., & Polakis, P. (1998). Downregulation of beta-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, beta-catenin and GSK3 beta. Current Biology, 8, 573–581. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ikeda, S., Kishida, S., Yamamoto, H., Murai, H., Koyama, S., & Kikuchi, A. (1998). Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin. The EMBO Journal, 17, 1371–1384. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sakanaka, C., Weiss, J. B., & Williams, L. T. (1998). Bridging of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by axin and inhibition of beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 3020–3023. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seeling, J. M., Miller, J. R., Gil, R., Moon, R. T., White, R., & Virshup, D. M. (1999). Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Science, 283, 2089–2091. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reya, T., & Clevers, H. (2005). Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature, 434, 843–850. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruvolo, P. P., Clark, W., Mumby, M., Gao, F., & May, W. S. (2002). A functional role for the B56 alpha-subunit of protein phosphatase 2A in ceramide-mediated regulation of Bcl2 phosphorylation status and function. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 22847–22852. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruvolo, P. P., Deng, X., & May, W. S. (2001). Phosphorylation of Bcl2 and regulation of apoptosis. Leukemia, 15, 515–522. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Deng, X., Gao, F., Flagg, T., Anderson, J., & May, W. S. (2006). Bcl2's flexible loop domain regulates p53 binding and survival. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 4421–4434. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Deng, X., Gao, F., Flagg, T., & May Jr., W. S. (2004). Mono- and multisite phosphorylation enhances Bcl2's antiapoptotic function and inhibition of cell cycle entry functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 153–158. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xin, M., & Deng, X. (2006). Protein phosphatase 2A enhances the proapoptotic function of Bax through dephosphorylation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 18859–18867. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Chiang, C. W., Kanies, C., Kim, K. W., Fang, W. B., Parkhurst, C., Xie, M., et al. (2003). Protein phosphatase 2A dephosphorylation of phosphoserine 112 plays the gatekeeper role for BAD-mediated apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 23, 6350–6362. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
He, T. C., Sparks, A. B., Rago, C., Hermeking, H., Zawel, L., da Costa, L. T., et al. (1998). Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science, 281, 1509–1512. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ozaki, S., Ikeda, S., Ishizaki, Y., Kurihara, T., Tokumoto, N., Iseki, M., et al. (2005). Alterations and correlations of the components in the Wnt signaling pathway and its target genes in breast cancer. Oncology Reports, 14, 1437–1443. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shiina, H., Igawa, M., Shigeno, K., Terashima, M., Deguchi, M., Yamanaka, M., et al. (2002). Beta-catenin mutations correlate with over expression of C-myc and cyclin D1 genes in bladder cancer. Journal of Urology, 168, 2220–2226. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wang, S. S., Esplin, E. D., Li, J. L., Huang, L., Gazdar, A., Minna, J., et al. (1998). Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. Science, 282, 284–287. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Takayasu, H., Horie, H., Hiyama, E., Matsunaga, T., Hayashi, Y., Watanabe, Y., et al. (2001). Frequent deletions and mutations of the beta-catenin gene are associated with overexpression of cyclin D1 and fibronectin and poorly differentiated histology in childhood hepatoblastoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 7, 901–908. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li, Q., Dashwood, W. M., Zhong, X., Nakagama, H., & Dashwood, R. H. (2007). Bcl-2 overexpression in PhIP-induced colon tumors: Cloning of the rat Bcl-2 promoter and characterization of a pathway involving beta-catenin, c-Myc and E2F1. Oncogene, 26, 6194–6202. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eischen, C. M., Packham, G., Nip, J., Fee, B. E., Hiebert, S. W., Zambetti, G. P., et al. (2001). Bcl-2 is an apoptotic target suppressed by both c-Myc and E2F-1. Oncogene, 20, 6983–6993. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eischen, C. M., Woo, D., Roussel, M. F., & Cleveland, J. L. (2001). Apoptosis triggered by Myc-induced suppression of Bcl-X(L) or Bcl-2 is bypassed during lymphomagenesis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 21, 5063–5070. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Patel, J. H., & McMahon, S. B. (2007). BCL2 is a downstream effector of MIZ-1 essential for blocking c-MYC-induced apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 5–13. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Bath, M. L., & Cory, S. (1990). Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2. Nature, 348, 331–333. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Letai, A., Sorcinelli, M. D., Beard, C., & Korsmeyer, S. J. (2004). Antiapoptotic BCL-2 is required for maintenance of a model leukemia. Cancer Cell, 6, 241–249. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pallas, D. C., Shahrik, L. K., Martin, B. L., Jaspers, S., Miller, T. B., Brautigan, D. L., et al. (1990). Polyoma small and middle T antigens and SV40 small t antigen form stable complexes with protein phosphatase 2A. Cell, 60, 167–176. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mumby, M. (1995). Regulation by tumour antigens defines a role for PP2A in signal transduction. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 6, 229–237. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sontag, E., Fedorov, S., Kamibayashi, C., Robbins, D., Cobb, M., & Mumby, M. (1993). The interaction of SV40 small tumor antigen with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates the map kinase pathway and induces cell proliferation. Cell, 75, 887–897. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hahn, W. C., Dessain, S. K., Brooks, M. W., King, J. E., Elenbaas, B., Sabatini, D. M., et al. (2002). Enumeration of the simian virus 40 early region elements necessary for human cell transformation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 22, 2111–2123. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rundell, K., & Parakati, R. (2001). The role of the SV40 ST antigen in cell growth promotion and transformation. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 11, 5–13. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yu, J., Boyapati, A., & Rundell, K. (2001). Critical role for SV40 small-t antigen in human cell transformation. Virology, 290, 192–198. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tamaki, M., Goi, T., Hirono, Y., Katayama, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2004). PPP2R1B gene alterations inhibit interaction of PP2A-Abeta and PP2A-C proteins in colorectal cancers. Oncology Reports, 11, 655–659. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kalla, C., Scheuermann, M. O., Kube, I., Schlotter, M., Mertens, D., Dohner, H., et al. (2007). Analysis of 11q22-q23 deletion target genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Evidence for a pathogenic role of NPAT, CUL5, and PPP2R1B. European Journal of Cancer, 43, 1328–1335. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Calin, G. A., di Iasio, M. G., Caprini, E., Vorechovsky, I., Natali, P. G., Sozzi, G., et al. (2000). Low frequency of alterations of the alpha (PPP2R1A) and beta (PPP2R1B) isoforms of the subunit A of the serine-threonine phosphatase 2A in human neoplasms. Oncogene, 19, 1191–1195. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ruediger, R., Pham, H. T., & Walter, G. (2001). Disruption of protein phosphatase 2A subunit interaction in human cancers with mutations in the A alpha subunit gene. Oncogene, 20, 10–15. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Yeh, L. S., Hsieh, Y. Y., Chang, J. G., Chang, W. W., Chang, C. C., & Tsai, F. J. (2007). Mutation analysis of the tumor suppressor gene PPP2R1B in human cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 17, 868–871. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ruteshouser, E. C., Ashworth, L. K., & Huff, V. (2001). Absence of PPP2R1A mutations in Wilms tumor. Oncogene, 20, 2050–2054. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Colella, S., Ohgaki, H., Ruediger, R., Yang, F., Nakamura, M., Fujisawa, H., et al. (2001). Reduced expression of the Aalpha subunit of protein phosphatase 2A in human gliomas in the absence of mutations in the Aalpha and Abeta subunit genes. International Journal of Cancer, 93, 798–804. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Patturajan, M., Nomoto, S., Sommer, M., Fomenkov, A., Hibi, K., Zangen, R., et al. (2002). DeltaNp63 induces beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and signaling. Cancer Cell, 1, 369–379. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Martens, E., Stevens, I., Janssens, V., Vermeesch, J., Gotz, J., Goris, J., et al. (2004). Genomic organisation, chromosomal localisation tissue distribution and developmental regulation of the PR61/B′ regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A in mice. Journal of Molecular Biology, 336, 971–986. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Salahshor, S., & Woodgett, J. R. (2005). The links between axin and carcinogenesis. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 58, 225–236. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar